A STUDY ON STRESS AMONG SHARE AUTO DRIVERS IN MADURAI

CITY
BY
J.JEEVA
(Register No –20BSW24)
A research project report submitted to
Madurai Institute of Social Sciences(Autonomous)in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SOCIAL WORK
Under the Supervision and Guidance of
MRS.J.ARULMOZHI
Aassistant Professor
Department of Social Work

MADURAI INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Run by Capt. DVR Foundation for HRD

(An Autonomous College & Research Centre
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University)
Re- accredited with B+ Grade by NAAC
No.9 Alagar kovil Road,
Madurai - 625 002
2023
 MADURAI INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

(An Autonomous College and Research Centre,

Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University)

Accredited with ‘B+’ by NAAC

No.9, Alagar Kovil Road, Madurai – 625 002.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the research project entitled “A STUDY ON STRESS AMONG SHARE
AUTO DRIVERS IN MADURAI CITY” submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the Degree of Bachelor of Social Work department is a record done by J.Jeeva is a bonafide. It
was supervised and approved by me.

Mrs.J.Arulmozhi Mrs.P.Meenaloshini

Research Guide Research Coordinator (UG)

Dr. P.Jayakumar

Principal (i/c)
J.Jeeva

188,Kaliamman Kovil Street,

Fathima nagar,Virudhunagar.
Contact number : 6379307744
Email ID : mkjjjeeva@gmail.com

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the data and findings related to my study will not be published in any
journal, or part of my project will not be submitted for any publication without the permission of
the Principal, Madurai Institute of Social Sciences, Madurai.

Place: Madurai Signature of Researcher

Date: (J.Jeeva)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very much thankful to Dr. (Capt.) D.V.P. Raja, Founder and Chairman of Madurai
Institute of Social Sciences for giving me the opportunity to do this research.

I am very much thankful to Mr. D.V. Dharma Singh, Secretary, Governing Board, Madurai
Institute of Social Sciences for giving me the opportunity to do this research.

I am very much thankful to Dr. P.Jayakumar, Principal in charge, Madurai Institute of Social
Sciences for the valuable inputs to carry out the project.

I am very much thankful to Dr.V.Gurumoorthi, Research Co-Ordinator,and

Mrs.P.Meenaloshini,BSW Research coordinator, Madurai Institute of Social Sciences for the
guidance and motivation to carry out the project.

It is indeed my pleasure to thank Mr.S.Charles, Assistant Professor and Head of the Department
and other Faculty Members of Social Work Department, Madurai Institute of Social Sciences
for their guidance during discussion and suggestion offered to complete this research program
completely.

I would like to acknowledge to my guide Mrs.J.Arulmozhi, Assistant Professor, Department of

Social Work Madurai Institute of Social Sciences for the effective support and guidance, to carry
out my research.

I am very much thankful to the Respondents who cooperated with me to complete the research
process.

Last but not least I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the most important people in
my life, My Family and My Friends for providing their complete physical, mental and social
support that laid as a fuel in me to progress in life as well as in this research work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NUMBER

I Introduction -

II Review of Literature –

III Research Methodology –

IV Data Analysis and Interpretation –

V Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion –

Appendix

I. Reference –
II. Tool for Data Collection

List of tables
Table .No Pg
Title .No

4.1 Distribution of respondent based on their Gender 23

4.2 Distribution of respondent based on their age 24

4.3 Distribution of respondent based on their religion 25

4.4 Distribution of respondent based on their Types of family 26

4.5 Distribution of respondent based on their Education 27

4.6 Distribution of respondent based on their marital status 28

4.7 Distribution of respondent based on their Economic status 29

4.8 Distribution of respondent based on their you have loan from bank 30
 4.9 Distribution of respondent based on their auto have own or rent 31

4.10 Distribution of respondent based on their money you have earn per day 32

4.11 Distribution of respondent based on their attaching the OLA or UBBER 33

4.12 Distribution of respondent based on their Problem share Auto 34

4.13 Accident you have drive the auto 35

4.14 Are you support from your family 36

4.15 Life insurance 37

4.16 You have any police case 38

4.17 Feel any stress while 39

4.18 Affect from the stress 40

4.19 Face a critical situation 41

4.20 Any business 42

4.21 Blood pressurs sugar 43

4.22 Habit of having alcohol taking 44

4.23 How do you handle your stress 45

4.24 Average hours of driving 46

4.25 Social economic class 47

4.26 Charge the rent auto 48

4.27 Physical pain from driving auto 49

4.28 Fed stress about your future and family 50

4.29 Drive auto for money 51

4.30 Stress feel in life 52

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT
Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought
that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous.Stress is your body's reaction to a
challenge or demand. In short bursts, stress can be positive, such as when it helps you avoid
danger or meet a deadline. But when stress lasts for a long time, it may harm your
health.Stress can be defined as a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult
situation. Stress is a natural human response that prompts us to address challenges and
threats in our lives. Everyone experiences stress to some degree.

DEFINITION

Beehr and Newman define job stress as "a condition arising from the interaction of people
and their jobs and characterized by changes within people that force them to deviate from
their normal functioning."Stress is defined as an adaptive response to an external situation
that results in physical, psychological, and/or behavioral deviations for organizational
participants.

MEANING

Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought
that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is your body's reaction to a
challenge or demand. In short bursts, stress can be positive, such as when it helps you avoid
danger or meet a deadline

STRESS
Stress is a normal universal human experience and a routine part of human lives. It is a
normal reaction to difficult situations or an uncertain environment, but becomes a problem
when environmental demands exceed a person's adaptive capacity to cope. These
environmental demands are seen as a threat to the well-being of a person when they are not
certain about their physical, emotional, and psychological ability to deal with the events.
Stress is the physical reaction of the human body that prepares an individual

to meet life's threatening situations and to fight back. This "fight or flight" response is
inherited from the "eave person" who had to fight wild beasts or flee from physical
dangers in order to survive. Today, Stress can be defined as a state of worry or mental
tension caused by a difficult situation. Stress is a natural human response that prompts us
to address challenges and threats in our lives. Everyone experiences stress to some degree.
The way we respond to stress, however, makes a big difference to our overall well-being.
Stress affects both the mind and the body. A little bit of stress is good and can help us
perform daily activities. Too much stress can cause physical and mental health problems.
Learning how to cope with stress can help us feel less overwhelmed and support our mental
and physical well-being. stress management guide – Doing what matters in times of stress –
aims to equip people with practical skills to cope with stress. A few minutes each day are
enough to practice the guide’s self-help techniques. The guide can be used alone or with its
accompanying audio exercises. Most of us manage stress well and continue to function. If
we have difficulties coping with stress, we should seek help from a trusted health-care
provider or from another trusted person in our community. An auto rickshaw is a
motorized version of the pulled rickshaw or cycle rickshaw. Most have three wheels and do
not tilt. They are known by many terms in various countries including auto, auto rickshaw,
baby taxi, mototaxi, pigeon, jonnybee, bajaj, chandgari, lapa, tuk-tuk, tum-tum, Keke-
napep, Maruwa, 3wheel, pragya, bao-bao, easy bike, cng and The auto rickshaw is a
common form of transport around the world, both as a vehicle for hire and for private use.
They are especially common in countries with tropical or subtropical climates, since they
usually are not fully enclosed, and are found in many developing countries because they are
relatively inexpensive to own and operate. There are many different auto rickshaw designs.
The most common type is characterized by a sheet-metal body or open frame resting on
three wheels; a canvas roof with drop-down side curtains; a small cabin at the front for the
driver operating handlebar controls; and a cargo, passenger, or dual purpose space at the
rear. Another type is a motorcycle that has an expanded sidecar or, less often, is pushing or
pulling a passenger compartment.

Drivers History
Provides reports to help its insurance clients underwrite policies and investigate insurance
claims. These reports contain information and data collected from open public sources and
government agencies regarding driving violations issued to specific individuals. Clients that
are employers or potential employers can also use these reports to help determine whether
someone qualifies, or remains qualified, for a particular job.Drivers History is a subsidiary
of TransUnion.Driver is a surname of German origin, which referred to someone from the
ancient celtic tribe oftrveri who once inhabited the lower valley of the Moselle between
France, Belgium and Germany. The name was originally Trever and has other variants
such as Treviri, Triver, Trevor, or Trier. In England, it is an occupational surname
meaning the driver of horses or oxen attached to a cart or plough, or of loose cattle. It is
recorded since the thirteenth century.

Auto driver
challenging to give a single precise definition for the term driver. In the most fundamental
sense, a driver is a software component that lets the operating system and a device
communicate with each other.suppose an application needs to read some data from a
device. The application calls a function implemented by the operating system, and the
operating system calls a function implemented by the driver. The driver, which was written
by the same company that designed and manufactured the device, knows how to
communicate with the device hardware to get the data. After the driver gets the data from
the device, it returns the data to the operating system, which returns it to the
application.Not all drivers have to be written by the company that designed the device.In
many cases, a device is designed according to a published hardware standard. Therefore,
the driver can be written by Microsoft and the device designer doesn't have to provide a
driver.Not all drivers communicate directly with a device.For a given request (like reading
data from a device), there are often several drivers layered in a driver stack that
participate in the request. The conventional way to visualize the stack is with the first
participant at the top and the last participant at the bottom, as shown in this diagram.
Some of the drivers in the stack might participate by transforming the request from one
format to another. These drivers don't communicate directly with the device; they just
manipulate the request and pass the request along to drivers that are lower in the Stack.

Function driver
The one driver in the stack that communicates directly with the device is called the
function driver.

Auto rickshaw drivers in India have different life style. They work on daily basis and can
mough money to spend with their family. Rickshaw drivers with their humble behavior
and hard work, car muney by taking the passengers to their destination. He is unable to
buy his own rickshaw on his bases that's why, he takes loan from bank to buying rickshaw
the rent it for a rickshaw's owner He works day in, day out. The hard work by rickshaw
driver does not match the money for their fulfillment Most of the times people try to pay
him less Rickshaw drivers want easy cash so he takes more passengers in a day and hard
work. His life is simple life as he as to stand near road intersection and wait for passengers.
He is one of the reasons for traffic.

Types of auto driver

Auto rickshaw drivers in India have different life style. They work on daily basis and can
mough money to spend with their family. Rickshaw drivers with their humble behavior
and hard work, car muney by taking the passengers to their destination. He is unable to
buy his own rickshaw on his bases that's why, he takes loan from bank to buying rickshaw
the rent it for a rickshaw's owner He works day in, day out. The hard work by rickshaw
driver does not match the money for their fulfillment Most of the times people try to pay
him less Rickshaw drivers want easy cash so he takes more passengers in a day and hard
work. His life is simple life as he as to stand near road intersection and wait for passengers.
He is one of the reasons for traffic.
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITRATURE
REVIEW OF LITRATURE

Uit, S. Chardan, (1995)

Stress is a state of mind which retlects Certain biochemical reactions in the human body and is
projected by a sense of anxiety, tension and Depression and is caused by such demands by the
Environmental forces or internal tactors that cannot be met by the resources available to the
person.

Levi(1996)

Stress is cost by a multitude ot demands (Stressors) such an inadequate fit between what we need
and what we capable of, and what our environment offers and what it demands of us.

Lexa(2004)

People may feel stressed when their resources in the from at their comfrehansion and capabilities
about the situation are tound to be inadequated to cofe with the hassles and difficulties in
environment.

Siegrist J. Rodel A., (2006)

Stress as a latent construt that indicates a stats of elevated activation of the autonomil rervous
system with coordinated manifestations at the affective, cognitive, and behavioral levels.

Stephen P. Robbins at (2007)

A dynamic condition in which an individual is contronted with an opportunity, constraint or
demand related to what he/she is perceived to be both uncertain and important.

R. Abualrub (2008)
Stress is the key component and nhas positive significant correlation with high turrever and
turnover intentions, absenteeism and costs substantial health problems work stress definitions.

Comish R. and Swirdle B. (1994)

Occupational stress,in particular, is the inability to cofe with pressure in a job, because of a poor
fit between someone’s abilities and his/her. Work requirements and corditions.It is a mental and
try social condition which affect an individual’s productitity effectiveness, fersonal health and
quality of work.

P. Anna Raja and Nima m joseph (2007)

Work stress means the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the
requirments of a job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the workers.

Chen,J.C. and Silverthone,C.(2008)

Labeled job stress as a work related Paychological Pressure and a workers ability to respond and
grip thw specificSiuation at Work Place Skillfully.

Salami O.S. (2010)

Occupational stress can be defined as the exprerience of unpleasant regative emotions such as
tension, anxiety, frustration, anger and depression resulting from as fects of work.

Moorheas, G. And Griffin, R.W(2001)

Stress is caused by a stimulus, that the Stimulus can be either physical or psychological and that
the individual responds to the stimulus in some way. Factors affecting the adoption of vehicle
sharing systems by young drivers

Dimitrios Efthymiou, Constantinos Antoniou, Paul Waddell

Transport policy 29, 64-73, 2013

Transportation patterns in big cities are redefined by the growing trend of car ownership and
usage costs (e.g. the initial cost of buying a car, the constantly growing fuel prices,additional
maintenance and insurance costs and the increased parking demand and time of travel). Under
these circumstances, the demand for alternative vehicle-sharing transportation modes, such as
carsharing or bikesharing, increases. Companies and authorities planning to develop such
schemes need to know the factors driving their adoption, so that they can optimally ...

Quality and User Experience 6, 1-21, 2021

Driving stress can impact the driving performance that has an impact on the overall driving
experiences. It is a vital area to focus on when the traffic scenario is challenging in terms of
having traffic congestion, unruly drivers, and a lack of law enforcement. In Bangladesh, these
issues are frequent on the roads. That is why we looked at self-reported stress scores of
professional drivers, their personality analysis and conducted mixed- method (quantitative and
qualitative) user studies that provided us a clear indication of driving stress. Then the findings
motivated us to design and develop a low-cost real-time stress measurement wearable through
human-centered computing, users' feedback, and experiences. This wearable unit can understand
bodily stress from physiological factors using Heart Rate Variability along with road conditions.
This technology can help in supporting drivers in increasing self-awareness regarding driving
stress, which will have a positive impact on drivers' wellbeing and overall driving performance.
Naseeb B Baroody Jr, John M Thomason

The Physician and Sportsmedicine 3 (9), 36-42, 1975

Naseeb B. Baroody, Jr., MD John M. Thomason, MD he fever of the racetrack especially at

stock-car racesmay be more than just a figure of speech. Heat may in fact be one of the most
serious hazards the stock- car driver has to face. Our past studies 1 on stock-car drivers in the
Darlington Southern 500 race showed that temperatures inside the cars are usually higher than
130 F and that the drivers' physiologic responses are severely altered as a result. To investigate
this subject more thoroughly we studied six experienced stock- car drivers, two of whom had
participated in our previous study. The ages of the men ranged from 26 to 38. Before and after
the race each driver had a general physical examination, and blood pressures were measured in
the supine, sitting, and standing positions. Blood studies included SMA 12, biochemical profile,
serum electrolytes, and complete blood count. Other measurements included urinalysis, urine
sodium and potassium excretions (single specimen), and body temperature. Each driver was
weighed immediately before and after the race. Five of the six

Riccardo Coppola, Maurizio Morisio

ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 49 (3), 1-36, 2016

The connected car-a vehicle capable of accessing to the Internet, of communicating with smart
devices as well as other cars and road infrastructures, and of collecting real- time data from
multiple sources-is likely to play a fundamental role in the foreseeable Internet of Things. In a
context ruled by very strong competitive forces, a significant amount of car manufacturers and
software and hardware developers have already embraced the challenge of providing innovative
solutions for new-generation vehicles. Today's cars are asked to relieve drivers from the most
stressful operations needed for driving, providing them with interesting and updated
entertainment functions. In the meantime, they have to comply with the increasingly stringent
standards about safety and reliability. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the
possibilities offered by connected functionalities on cars and the associated technological issues
and problems, as well as to enumerate the currently available hardware and software solutions
and their main features.

Johanna Zmud, Ipek N Sener, Jason Wagner Transportation Research

Record 2565 (1), 57- 64, 2016

This study gathered empirical evidence on adoption patterns of self-driving vehicles, their likely
use, and how that use might influence the amount of travel, mode choice, auto ownership, and
other travel behavior decisions. Because self-driving vehicles were not yet on the market, a car
technology acceptance model was applied to understand adoption and use. Researchers
implemented a two-stage data collection effort. An online survey was conducted with 556
residents of metropolitan Austin, Texas, to determine intent to use. Four intent-to-use categories
were determined: extremely unlikely, 18%; somewhat unlikely, 32%; somewhat likely, 36%; and
extremely likely, 14%. Of those who indicated intent to use, qualitative interviews were
conducted to ascertain the impact on their travel behavior. Most respondents would rather own a
self-driving vehicle than use one such as Car2Go or Uber taxi. In addition, respondents reported
that using a self-driving vehicle would make no change in where people would choose to live in
Austin (80%), no change to their annual vehicle miles of travel (66%), and no change to the
number of vehicles owned (55%).
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Title of the study

A study on Stress among share auto drivers in Madurai city

3.2 Aim

To analyze the stress faced by share auto drivers.

3.3 Objective

To know the socio demographic profile of the respondents.

To enhance the safety and well-being of share auto drivers.

To understand the level of stress of share auto drivers

To give suggestions to reduce the psychological stress problem.

3.4 Significance of the study

From this research to analyze the psychological stress on the share auto drivers can be
determined and what causes of stress affect to share auto drivers also can be determined. The
result of this study can serve as how to reduce the psychological stress among share auto drivers.

3.5 Statement of the problem

Auto-rickshaws are an important part of urban mobility and a step to improving sustainable
transportation, as well as quality of life in Indian cities. Integrating auto- rickshaw services as a
feeder mode complements public transportation systems, ensuring connectivity and easy access
throughout the city. Autorickshaws also bridge the gap between public transport and door-to-
door services, providing an alternative to private vehicles. Stress is a feeling of strain and
pressure or any unpleasant emotion and feeling. About 43% of adults suffer adverse effects from
stress. Stress plays an important role in almost all diseases. An "occupational disease" is any
disease contracted primarily as a result of an exposure to risk factors arising from work activity.
"Work- related diseases" have multiple causes, where factors in the work environment may play
a role, together with other risk factors, in the development of such diseases. Auto-rickshaw
driver is exposed to many kinds of risks owing to his profession, such as stressful occupational
conditions. environmental pollution and substance abuse such as smoking, tobacco and alcohol
use Increased workloads, overtime, hostile work environments, and shift work are just a few of
the many causes of stressful working conditions Auto rickshaw drivers may suffer from some
kind of stress due to following reasons like finance, driving, health related issues, family issues,
marital issues etc., all this may pose risk to the driver and fellow passengers.

3.6 Need for the study

Auto rickshaw is one of the main modes of public transport in the urban and semi urban regions.
Auto rickshaw drivers may suffer from some kind of stress due to following reasons like finance,
driving, health related issues, family issues, marital issues etc., all this may pose risk to the driver
and fellow passengers. So we will help the share auto drivers recover from that psychological
stress through this study.

3.7 VARIABLE MAP

Dependent variable measured by using the interview schedule.

3.8 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDANT VARIABLE

a)Age-

b)Gender-

c)Type of family- i)Stress

d)Education of father- ii)Share auto driver

e)Educational Qualification-

f)Housing arrangements-
g)Monthly income-

3.9 Research Design

The Researcher will be using the descriptive research design as a research design. Descriptive
research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It
can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions. A descriptive research
design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or 24 more variables. The
researcher will be using simple random sampling as a sampling technique. A simple random
sample is a randomly selected subset of a population. In this sampling method, each member of
the population has an exactly equal chance of being selected. List all the share auto drivers on the
Madurai East special reference to krishnapuram colony.

3.10 Pertest

The researcher will develop questionnaire to in Share auto union and try to find out the
correction of the tool

3.11 CHAPTERISATION

Chapter 1 - Introduction.

Chapter 2 - Review of literature.

Chapter 3 - Research Methodology.

Chapter 4 - Data Analysis and Interpretation.

Chapter 5 - Findings,Suggestion and Conclusion.

Chapter 6 - Appendix and Reference.

 CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
 CHAPTER V
FINDINGS,SUGGSTIONS&
CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-V

Findings

 80% of the respondents were male.

 52%of the respondents age were between 39-48years
 48% of the respondents were belonging to hidu
 70% of the respondents were belonging to Nuclear family
 72% of the respondents were belonging to Above 5th
 56% of the respondents were belonging to Married
 44% of the respondents were belonging to BPL
 52% of the respondents were belonging to yes
 90% of the respondents were belonging to Own
 58% of the respondents were belonging to 300-500 years
 46% of the respondents were belonging to Ubber
 46% of the respondents were belonging to Political atrocity
 54%of respondent were belonging to Another motivators.
 60% of the respondents were belonging to Yes
 80% of the respondents were belonging to Yes
 52% of the respondents were belonging to Yes
 60% of the respondents were belonging to yes,
 56% of the respondents were belonging to Own thought
 48% of the respondents were belonging to Minimaxing
 40% of the respondents were belonging to Other
 30%of respondent were belonging to sugar
 80% of the respondents were belonging to Yes
 60% of the respondents were belonging to I will change mind
 56% of the respondents were belonging to 8 hrs
 40% of the respondents were belonging to Middle
 50% of the respondents were belonging to Yes
 78% of the respondents were belonging to Yes
 68% of the respondents were belonging to Yes
 60% of the respondents were belonging to Yes
 50% of the respondents were belonging to family sutitation
Suggestion

 Create supportive networks: Share auto drivers can create networks of support and
solidarity to share their experiences and help each other cope with stress. This could be
done through online forums, chat groups, or even physical meet-ups.
 Practice self-care: Encourage drivers to take regular breaks, get enough sleep, eat healthy
meals, and exercise regularly.
 Schedule regular check-ins: Set aside time to talk with fellow drivers and check-in with
each other about how they're feeling.
 Promote mental health awareness: Provide drivers with mental health resources and
information about how to recognize stress, anxiety, and depression.
 Encourage drivers to take time off: Offer incentives for drivers to take time off from
work and focus on their mental health.
 Provide stress-management training: Implement courses and workshops to teach drivers
techniques for managing stress and staying resilient.
 Invest in safety measures: Invest in safety measures such as dashcams and GPS trackers
to ensure drivers feel more secure and protected.
 Offer financial assistance: Offer financial assistance to drivers who are having difficulty
making ends meet. This could be in the form of loans or grants.
Conclusion

The conclusion is that stress levels among share auto drivers are high due to a variety of factors.
These include long working hours, low wages, and lack of job security. Poor working conditions,
inadequate health and safety measures, and conflicts with passengers are also contributing to the
stress levels of share auto drivers. This issue needs to be addressed through better regulation,
improved working conditions, and better pay. Additionally, measures should be taken to promote
better communication between drivers and passengers to reduce conflict and promote mutual
respect.
APPENDIX
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