_ § exaMPLE 11-3 The Condensation of Steam in a Condenser The surface area of 2, 5 ste overall heat transfer coetticent is 2100 WATE Dota ihe nas J fiow rate of the cooling water needed and ¢ fom in the condenser. ind the rate of condensation of the ‘SOLUTION Steam is condensed by cooling water in the condenser of a power ee ss Fa rate of the cooling water and the rate of condensation are ~~ Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions éxist. is vel insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings i neat Schatees in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is No fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 30°C is hy = 2431 ki/kg and the specific heat of cold water at the average temperature of 18°C is c, = 4184 J/kg:K (Table A~9). ‘Analysis The schematic of the condenser is given in Fig. 11-20. The con- denser can be treated as a counter-flow heat exchanger since the temperature of one of the fluids (the steam) remains constant. The temperature difference between the steam and the cooling water at the two ends of the condenser is AT, = Tain — Teo = GO ~ 22)°C = 8°C AT = Ts, ou ~ Te,in = (30 — 14)°C = 16°C. That is, the temperature difference between the two fluids varies from 8°C at one end to 16°C at the other. The proper average temperature difference between the two fluids is the lag mean temperature difference (not the arith- metic), which is determined from i AT,- AT, _ 8-16 _ ATia = i (AT IAT») In 8/16) } s Thisisa ite less than the arithmetic mean temperature difference of (8 + 16) = 12. Then the heat transfer rate in the condenser is determined from 0 °C) = W = 1087kW 0 = VA, AT; = (2100 W/m?-K)(45 m?)(11.5°C) = 1.087 X 10° 08 Steam 30°C. ie Cool ‘wate 2 FIGURE 11- Schematic for Example 11oy CE MSCs Therefore, steam will lose heat at a rate of 1087 KW as it flows throu ‘condensef, and the cooling water will gain practically all of it, since hey Calis free ot the cooing water andthe rate ofthe conderstg of the steam are determined from Q= [rit Tout ~ Tloaing wter = (CP dan to be 1087 ki/s ‘hcg st = 5, = Ty) 7 rd TITRG K)22 ~ 14FC Shas and 1087 ki/s S O45 ky 2431 Kiikg ee Therefore, we need to circulate about 72 kg of cooling water for each 1 jg steam condensing to remove the heat released during the condensation proces: _DRIMPLE 11-4 Heating Water in a Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger ‘A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20°C to ory at a rate of 1.2 kgls. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal wate available at 160°C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled a and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the # heat exchanger is 640 W/m?-K, determine the length of the heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating. ‘ . SOLUTION Water is heated in a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger by geothermal water. The required length of the heat exchanger is to be determined, Hot Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is ee pore well insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible. 3 Changesin the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There iso fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. . Properties We take the specific heats of water and geothermal fluid to be 4.18 and 4.31 ki/kg:K, respectively. Analysis The-schematic of the heat exchanger is given in Fig. 11-21. The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger can be determined from Q = [he (Tau ~ Taber = (1 PK(80 = 209°C = 301K FIGURE 11-21 Q = [rnc )Iwater = (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kI/kg-K)(80 ) Schematie for Example 124 Noting that all of this heat is supplied by the geothermal water, the outet temperature of the geothermal water is determined to be = begs — Teale —? Tou = To ~ pg, 160°C — 301 kW. 2 kg/sy(4.31 KilkgK) u = 125°Cing the inlet and outlet temperatures ecreature ditference for this counterion ment occ eons er becomes af = Thu Te AT, = Tria = ou = (160 ~ 80°C = gore (125 ~ 209°C = 1os°¢ and = AN Ah _ 80-105 dT = = In(A7/AT,) ~ in BOOS) = 91°C ‘ren the surface area of the heat exchanger is determined to be @ 301, 2 UA,ATig —> A, = 301,000W_ e UAT, AO Wim?-KyOT9° =>! Toprovide this much heat transfer surface area, the length of the tube must be 4 A,=aDL —> L= 2 = 512m =D” 7.015 m) 109 m pscussion The inner tube of this counter-flow heat exchanger (and thus the heat exchanger itself) needs to be over 100 m long to achieve the desired heat transfer, which is impractical. In cases like this, we need to use a plate heat ~ | exchanger or a multipass shell-and-tube heat exchanger with multiple passes - | oitube bundles. ae AMPLE 11-5. Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass Heat Exchanger 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger’ is used to heat glycerin fram 20°C to 50°C by hot water, which enters the thin-walled 2-cm-diameter {tubes at'80°C and leaves at 40°C (Fig. 11-22). The total length of the tubes in the heat exchanger is 60 m. The convection heat transfer coefficient is # 25Win?-K on the glycerin (shell) side and 160 Wm?-K on the water (tube) sida. Detemne the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger (a) before any foul- and (b) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m?-K/W occurs on the ter surfaces of the tubes. SOLUTION Giycerin is heated in a 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat ‘exchanger by hot water. The rate of heat transfer for the cases of fouling and "fouling are to be determined. Assompions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well insulated so that heat loss to the Surroundings is negligible. 3 Changes in the inte and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Heat transter Tients and fouling factors are constant and uniform. § The thermal resis- of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly “onductive, | cous slyeein 2c a ae Hot HN ec] aa S0°C FIGURE 11-22 Schematic for Example 11-5,es are said to be thin-walled, and thus it j Analysis The tub face areas of the tube 880 and outer surface tubes to b sh a © equal, Than assume the inner heat transfer surface area becomes A, = WDL = (0.02 m)(60 m) = 3.77 me js heat exchanger can be determing from = UAF MT in,ce The rate of heat transfer in thi: and ATin,cr is the log mean tem where Fis the correction factor ygement. These two quantities are ati termina ference for the counter-flow arrant from AT, = Thin — Teo = (80 — 50)°C = 30°C AT, = Thou ~ Tein = (40 — 20)°C = 20°C ap = ARE A, 30-20 ay, inc? = 55 (ATJAT, ~ In 0720)” and 40 - 80 2 =80 = 0.67 20 +50 2° FS091 Fig. tiy 40-80 (a) In the case of no fouling, the overall heat transfer coefficient Uis 1 1 > UG esa = 716 Wim?-K 1 h, 60 Wim? K 25 Wim?K * Then the rate of heat transfer becomes. 0 = UAE AT ip, ce = (21.6 Whm?-K)(3.77 m\(0.91)24.7°0) = 1830 (b) When there is fouling on one of the surfaces, we have = 21,3 Wim?-K and o= ; y= 1908" = UAF AT, cp = (21.3 Wim?-K)(3.77 m2 y0.91)247) ; foul - : of Discussion Note that the rate of heat transfer decreases a5 ret real! as expected. The decrease is not dramatic, however, because O! low convection heat transfer coefficients involved._— 669. CHAPTER LL 6 exaMPLE 11-6 Cooling of Water in-an Automos ' tive Radiator °C «test is conducted to determi test is mine the overall Ny { Fomotive radiator that is a compact cfoss-ioe Kansfer coetficent in an = jth both fluids (air and water) unmixed Fig witerto-ar heat exchanger § ao tubes of internal diameter 0.5 cm and length eae The radiator has —t jatefimed matrix. Hot water enters the tubes at apse in cle spaced (ed Sq Share # nd leaves at 65°C. Air flows across the radiator throws te of 0-6 KS ore Ss | £2 peated from 20°C to 40°C. Determine tty MoUgh the intertin spaces Ss S 9S |} 2ontu.of this radiator based on the inner sorte, eral heat transfer coeffi- ¥ ea of the tubes, Le tg , oe SOLUTION. During an experiment involving an a = measured. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on ti js to be determined. FIGURE 11-23 assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exis Schematic for Example 11-6. and potertial energies of fluid streams are negli constant. properties The specific heat of water atthe aver TIS'C is 4.195 kilkg-k (Table A-9), Jnapsis The rate of heat transfer in this radi is determined from an energy balance on cae a 2 Changes in the kinetic ible. 3 Fluid properties are ‘age temperature of (90 + 65)/2 = rnc p(Tin — Tou) water = (0.6 kg/s)(4.195 kI/kg-K)(90 = 65)°C. = 62.93 KW The tube-side heat transfer area is the total surface area of the tubes, and is. determined from 408 m* = (40)77(0.005 m)(0.65 m) Knowing the rate of heat transfer and the surface area, the overall heat transfer coefficient can be determined from é AVF BT mcr = UAF ATince —> Ur= where F is the correction factor and Tin, cis the log mean temperature dit- ference for the counter-flow arrangement. These two quantities are found to be (90 — 40)°C = S0*C = (65 — 20°C = 45°C AT, ~ AT, _ 50-45 _ yg sec Tin, cr = IAT VAT) In S045) and 65 — 90 B= = 0.36 20 — 90 F=097 (Fig. 11-19¢) .80 2-0. 65 — 90Substituting, the overall heat transfer coefficient U; is determined to be pss @ nee S20 M, = 3347 Win? ‘AF AT m,ce (0.408 m2)(0.97)(47.5°C) e Discussion Note that the overall heat transfer coefficient on the air side will be much lower because of the large surface area involved on that side. 11-5 » THE EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD. The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method discussed in See tion 11-4 is easy to use in heat exchanger analysis when the inlet mid outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids are known or can be oer heal from an energy balance. Once AThm, the mass flow rates, and the ove hes! transfer coefficient are available, the heat transfer surface are2 © exchanoer ean ha Antnnt- 3 6ro Pas enone yo) Oil 150°C o Stes 2c Water 02 kes FIGURE 11-31 Schematic for Example 11-9. Then the maximum heat transfer rate is determined from Eq. 11-32 to be in a Multipass Ie EXAMPLE 11-9 Cooling Hot Ol! by water in a Multip : Heat Exchanger : ell-pass and B-tube: a is cooled by water in 2 G-tube —— he i Bere ‘ee abes ‘are thin-walled 7d are made of cipper, wa an inter. Chae ns ta em, The length of each tube pass The, Heat exchanger g 1 6m and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 310 Wim?-K. Water flows through the shell at a ‘of 0.2 kB/s, and the oil ; a roa toh wie gate fait the oil enter at temperatures of 20°C and 150r¢, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the { outlet temperatures of the water and the cil. yy water in a heat exchanger. The mass given, The rate of heat transfer and SOLUTION Hot oil is to be cooled b flow rates and the inlet temperatures are the outlet temperatures are to be determined. ‘Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible. 3 The thickness of the tube is negligible since it is thin-walled. 4 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 5 The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform. Properties We take the specific heats of water and oil to be 4.18 and 2.13 Ki/kg-*C, respectively. ‘Analysis The schematic of the heat exchanger is given in Fig. 11-31. The outlet temperatures are not specified, and they cannot be determined from ‘an energy balance. The use of the LMTD method in this case will involve tedious iterations, and thus the e-NTU method is indicated. The first step in the e-NTU method is to determine the heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids and identify the smaller one: Cy = ritgcpn = (0.3 Keg/s)(2.13 kI/kg-°C) = 0.639 kW/K, Ce = tinelye = (0.2 ke/s)(4.18 ki/kg-*C) = 0.836 KW/K Therefore, Coin _ 0.639 639 KW/K and c = —™* = | Ga 0.836 Cet Qmax = Crin(Tr,in ~ Te, in) = (0.639 KW/K)(150 — 20)°C = 83.1 kW That is, the maximum possible heat transfer rate!in this heat exchanger Is: 83.1 KW. The heat transfer surface area is Ay = n(DL) = 877(0.014 m)(5 m) = 1.76 m? Then the NTU of this heat exchanger becomes UA, _ (310 W/m?-K)(1.76 m?) Cs 639 WK NTU = 854 The effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to c = 0.764 an NTU = 0.854 is determined from Fig. 11-27c to be ; 0.47id also determine the effectiveness from the third relation in Table 11-4 we oo curately but with more labor. Then the actual rate of heat transfer more pecomes ; 8 = Onan = OATISHA RW) = 39.1 kW Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot fluid streams are de- nally, termined to De B= CAT ou ~ Toi) —? Too = Ton + 2 39.1 kW = 20°C + ———_ = 66.8°C 0.836 KW/K : & Q O = CNT — Taos) —? Tamu = Tain 2 : 39.1 kW = 150°C —- ————_ _ = 88.8°C 0.639 kW/K Therefore, the temperature of the cooling water will rise from 20°C to 66.8°C ’it cools the hot oil from 150°C to 88.8°C in this heat exchanger.Ca { EXAMPLE 11-1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient i of a Heat Exchanger ‘ i Hot oil is to be cooled ‘in a ‘double-tube counter- _ # The copper inner tubes have a diameter of 2 cmand ne F inner diameter of the outer tube (the Shell) is 3 cm. Water flows through the f tube at a rate of 0.5 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a rate of 0.8 kg/s. = Taking the average temperatures of the water and the oil to be 45°C and ' 80°C, respectively, determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat a exchanger.: . 2 SOLUTION Hot oil is cooled by water in a double-tube counter-flow heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer coefficient is to be em oa Assumptions 1 The thermal resistance of the inner tube ee eae the tube material is highly conductive and its ee aes a er eater the oil and water flow are fully developed. 3 Propertie are constant ies : ple A-9) Properties The properties of water at 45°C are (Table / flow heat exchanger. gligible thickness, The p=990.1 kg/m? —- Pr= 3.91 -6 m/s k= 0637 Wim p=plp= 0,602 X 10°° mrry Een esse Mot o Ox keh | Cold water OS kgs 1 FIGURE 11-11 ‘Schematic for Example 11-1, pie A-13) ‘The properties of ol at 80° 27° Ta pr = 4993 p = 852 kel y= 3.794 X 1075 mls "Kk k= 0.138 Wim eae i Oe st exchanger is gl h tic of the hea! epuenin gay aa The efor eoeicient Ucan be determ overall heat ; i " uo hs at transfer coefficients inside and outsg ae determined using the forced convection where hand hare the convection the tube, respectively, which are t0 —— i she diameter of the tube lic di jar tube is tl y= D= 0. number are 0.5 ke/s 0 BS = 1.61 ms Vv (090. ke/m')(477(0.02 m)]— —— and VD _ (1.61 mis)(0.02 m) _ 55 99 ~ Re= = 0,602 x 10°S m/s 2ae which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow of water is turbulent. As ing the flow to be fully developed, the Nusselt number can be determi v Nu= 2 = 0.023 Re® Pr" = 0,023(53,490)8(3.91)"* = 240.6 Then, a) k 0.637 W/m-K ae ENG EOS Wik £ D ~~ 002m Now we repeat the analysis above for oil. The properties of oil at 80 p= 852 kg/m? v= 315 X 10-6 mls k= 0.138 Wim-K Pr= 490 (240.6) = 7663 Wim?K The hydraulic diameter for the annular space is D, =D, ~ D, = 0.03 - 0.02 = 0.01 m © The average velocity and the Reynolds number in this case are te tin Mote 0.8 ke/s Stes 2] (852 kgim®) [4 (0.03? — 0.025) m* YD _ 239 ms¥0.01m) _ yy“ vy 3.794 x 10S msng to D/D, = 0.02/0.03 = 0.667 can be determined from Nu correspond ; able 11-3 by interpolation to be Nu = 5.45 and i wn = 0.138 W/m-K an 0 Dy 001m (5.45) = 75.2 Whm?-K Then the overall heat transfer coefficient for this heat exchanger becomes je eS cee eae =a 1 1 1 = 74.5 Win’ K Bp a ey +———T h, No 7663 Wim?-K 75.2 Wim?-K Discussion Note that U ~ h, in this case, since h; > fy. This confirms our overall heat transfer coefficient in a heat exchanger eatlier statement that the is dominated by the smaller heat transfer coe tween the two values is large. To improve the overall heat transf in this heat exchanger, we must use SO! side, such as a finned surface. ficient when the difference be- ficient and thus the heat transfer er coef cement techniques on the oil me enhan