earthquake with a large magnitude and the bearing support system is damaged, so that residents can act for emergency evacuation and emergency vehicles can pass 28. soon as postible. For this purpose, structure for protecting a superstructure from settling of an approach bank shiall be installed, especially for tall bearings. For example, installing a reserve rubber bearings or concrete pedestals for purposé of the structure. Itis claimed that if the settlement of the road surface after an earthquake is no more than 50 ~100 mm, there’ will be no critical damage to the movement of emergency vehicles just after the disaster, but it would be better to Specify a limit for each route. ‘When the unseating prevention structures and excessive displacement stoppers are capable of supporting the superstructure even: if the bearings ‘are damaged; or if foundations for jack operation are installed for construction or maintenance purposes, it would be better to use these together rather than separately installing structures to ‘prevent the’superstructure from settling; “aswell a#’avoiding.complications atop the pier. If structures for preventing the superstructure from settling caziresist the vertical oad from the superstructure, there is no need to consider horizontal design seismic forces. 16.5: Excésgive Displacement Stopper (D For the: following’ bridges: excessive displacement stoppers \jworking “in the perpendicular direction to the bridge axis, shall be installed in the girderend supports; in addition to the unseating prevention eystem working in the longitudinal direction to the bridge axis. 1) Skew bridges with a small skew angle meeting Equation (16.5.1) SIDS BPE LU : 65.1) where L; Length of a continuous superstructure (m): ‘B: Whole width of the superstructure (m) 6: Skew angle (degree) 2) Curved bridges satisfying Equation (16.5.2) IS 1-cos 9 L+eosp >BIL - 46.5.2) 348,where ‘L: Length of a continuous superstructure (in) B: Whole width of the superstructure (x) ¢: Fan-shaped angle (degree) 8) Bridges with narrow substructure crown in the bridge axis direction 4) Bridges with a emall number of bearing supports on a substructure 5) Bridges with piers likely to move in the perpendicular direction to the bridge axis as a result of liquefaction induced ground flow specified in Section 8.3. (2) Bridges specjfied in 3), 4)'and 5) of the above (1) shalll have excessive displacement stoppers installed at intermediate supports, (B) Excessive displacement stoppers in the perpendicular direction to the bridge axis shall be designed in accordance with the provisions in Section 15.5. ) As unseating of a bridge inay hardly happen due to the movement of the girder in the transverse direction to the bridge:axis, there is no need to install a unseating prevention system in this direction when ‘Type B bearings are used. Howevér, as indicated in the explanation for Section 16.1, bridges such as skew bridges, curved bridges, bridges in which.the. substructure is narrow at the top, bridges with fewer bearings on one bearing Jine,.or bridges im which unseating due to movement transverse to. the bridge axis may.happen because piers may move in, this, direction under the effects of liquefaction-induced ground flow, excessive displacement stopper should be installed if Type B bearings are used. When ‘Type A bearings are used, an excessive displacement stopper can be applied, for supplement the bearing supports, additional excessive displacement stopper is no need to install. Equations (16.5.1) and (16.5.2) indicato a condition that the superstructure can rotate without being restricted by the adjoining girders or the abutment parapets depending on the geometric conditions of the superstructure, as shown in Fig.C-16.5.1 to Fig.C-13.5.3. From, characteristics of the restraints we know whether the superstructure might rotate or not is little affected by the portions adjoining the two ends of the superstructure without being restricted by girders or abutment parapets. Fig.C-16.5.4 and Fig.C-16.5.5 show the relation of Equations (16.5.1) and (16.5.2), respectively.‘@) in case 2 DBA 290° can roiaie) ——-B) Incase. DBA'< 90° (cammotrotae) Ee eee eee eae eee eae ce eee eee Adjoining Girders or Abutment Bridges such as skew bridges; curved bridges; bridges in which the substructureis narrow at the top; bridges with fewer beatitigs on ohe béarihg line; oF bridges in’ which ‘unéeating due to movement transverse’ to the'btidge axis may happen ‘because: pists may: move “in: both ‘lotigittidinal ‘ahd’ tranisverse* diréctions’: under the effects of. liquefaction-induced ground flow, excessive displacerent stopper should be installed at intertitediate supports in addition to end supports.(9) Rotation around D 3B < AFR: Can rowate: (6) Roxstioa around B ae D> Giz canot rote Fig. 0-16.52 Conditions in Which a Skew Bridge with Unparallel Bearing Lines at ‘Two Ends of the Superstructure can Rotatea e G) CB> DF: Cannot rotate (i) CB< DH: Can rorate Fig. C-16.5.3 Conditions in which a curved Bridge can Rotate without Being Affected by Adjoining Girders or Abutment (8) With the same function as the excessive displacement stopper in the bridge axis direction, one in the transverse direction to the bridge axis shall be designed in accordance with Seetion 15.5. Where design allowance length of excessive displacement stopper in the transverse direction to the bridge axis shall be the amount of movement of the bearing support for Level 2 Barthquake Ground Motion. If movement in this direction caused by changes in temperature necds not to anticipate, expansion spacing can be determined in such a manner that any relative movement in the same direction ‘between the superstructure and the substructure is not restricted. 348Fig. ©-16.5.5 Conditions in which a Curved Bridge Require an Excessive Displacement ‘Stopper in the Transverse Direction to the Bridge Axis