Construction Cosh

CONSTRUCTION
SITE PREMISES
GENERAL PROVISIONS
 Protection to every workingman against

the dangers of injury, sickness or death
through safe and healthful working
conditions, thereby assuring the
conservation of valuable manpower
resources and the prevention of loss or
damage to lives and properties.
Department of Labor and Employment

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
Real factor in the economic success of

any construction job.
Methods of prevention
Ample evidence
profitable
lower cost and greater efficiency

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE
REQUIREMENTS
 Accident prevention is a legal requirement
 Complete understanding between the owner
and the contractor
 Practical experience in running construction
jobs
 Accident prevention as part of advance
planning
 Protection of workers and the public
 Applicable gov’t standard regulations

CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS
Open Excavation
Falling Objects
Welding Operations
Dust Dirt
Temporary Wirings
Temporary Overhead Electrical Lines

Construction Site Requirement
 Construction premises shall have

adequate fire, emergency or danger
sign and safety instructions of
standard colors and sizes visible at all
times

Construction Safety Signage
Any, but not limited to, emergency or danger sign,

warning sign or safety instruction, of standard
colors and sizes in accordance with the
specifications for standard colors of signs for
safety instructions and warnings in building
premises as described in Table II of the OSH
Standards.

Warning/Safety Sign
A visual alerting device in the form of a

label, placard or other marking which
advises the observer of the nature and
degree of potential hazards which can
cause injury or death

Warning Signs
Safety Signs and Labels : ANZI Z535.4
Color Codes : ANZI Z535.1
Safety Symbols : ANZI Z535.3

Warning Signs
Should alert persons to the following:

Specific hazards
Degree or level of seriousness
Probable consequence of involvement
with the hazards
How hazards can be avoided

Warning Signs
LOCATION
Safety signs shall be placed such that they will:
Be readily visible to the intended viewer
Alert the viewer to the potential hazard in time
to take appropriate action
PROTECTION
Against foreseeable damage, fading or visual
obstruction caused by abrasion, ultra-violet light, or
substance such as lubricants, chemical and dirt.

Warning Signs
DIMENSION
S  L2/2000
Where:
S & L= expressed in the same unit of measurement
S = Area of Safety Sign
L = Distance of Observation

PANEL
Area of safety sign having distinctive

background color different from adjacent
areas of the sign, which is clearly
delineated by a line, border or margin.

THREE (3) PANELS PER SIGN
Signal Word
Message
Symbol

Panel Signs
SIGNAL WORD PANEL

Area of safety sign that contains the signal word
and the safety alert symbol
MESSAGE PANEL
Area of the safety sign that contains the word
messages which identify the hazard, indicate how
to avoid the hazard and advise of the probable
consequence of not avoiding the hazard

Panel Signs
SYMBOL/PICTORIAL PANEL
Area of the safety sign that
contains the symbol/pictorial

SAFETY COLOR CODE
 Will supplement the proper guarding

or warning of hazardous conditions
 Not a substitute for engineering or

administrative controls, including
training, to eliminate identifiable
hazards

STANDARD COLOR OF SIGNS
SAFETY RED: Fire Protection.
To call attention to fire protection equipment
apparatus and facilities
Fire stations and equipment (fire extinguishers,
pumps, buckets, hose, hydrant)
Fire extinguishing systems (valves, alarm, sprinkler
piping)
Fire protection materials (doors, blankets)
To identify Dangers, Stop signals (red lights placed
on barricades at temporary obstructions or on
temporary construction; stop button for electrical
switches used for emergency stopping of machinery.
SAFETY GREEN: Safety. Designating Safety
Location of first aid equipment; location of

safety devices; safety bulletin boards

Safety WHITE: Traffic. White, black, or a

combination of these are the basic colors for the
designation of traffic and housekeeping marking.
Solid white, solid black, single color stripping or
alternate stripes of black and white.
Housekeeping – location of refuse cans; white corners for rooms
and passageways, drinking fountains and food dispensing
equipment location
Traffic – location and width of aisleways; deadends of aisles and
passageways; stairways and directional signs

SAFETY YELLOW: Caution. To designate caution and

for marking physical hazards, such as striking
against, stumbling, falling, tripping and caught in
between. Solid yellow, yellow and black stripes,
yellow and black checkers or yellow with suitable
contrasting background
Construction equipment, such as bulldozers, tractors; handrails,

guardrail or top and bottom of treads of stairways where caution is
needed; lower pulley blocks and cranes; piping systems containing
dangerous materials

 SAFETY ORANGE: Alert. To designate

dangerous parts of machines and energized
equipment which may cut, crush, shock or
otherwise injure, and to emphasize such
hazards when enclosure doors are open or
when gear, belt, or other guards around
moving equipment are open or removed,
exposing unguarded hazards
 To designate the sign “Do not open or remove” (the inside of
movable guards; safety starting buttons and boxes; exposed
parts of gears, pulleys, rollers, cutting device; inside of the
box door or cover of open fuse, power and electrical switches
boxes)
SAFETY BLUE: Precaution. To designate caution,

limited to warning against starting use of, or the
movement of equipment which is under repair or
being worked upon
“Men at Work”
“Under Repair”

SAFETY PURPLE: Radiation. To designate

radiation hazards. Yellow is used in
combination with purple for markers, such
as tags, labels, signs and floor markers

Where Signages are Needed
Usage of PPE prior to entry to the project

site
Potential risks of falling object
Potential risks of falling
Explosives and flammable substances are
used or stored
Tripping or slipping hazards

Danger from toxic or irritant airborne

contaminants/substances may exist
Contact with or proximity to
electrical/facility equipment
Contact with dangerous moving parts of
machineries and equipment
Fire alarms and fire fighting equipment

Instructions on the usage of specific

construction equipment
Periodic updating of man-hours lost

Worker’s Welfare Facilities
Source of drinking water

Sanitary and washing facilities
Living accommodation
Separate sanitary, washing and
sleeping facilities for men and
women

Construction Safety Premises
•Construction Site
Housekeeping

Clear Points
1. Housekeeping means there is a place for

everything and everything is in place. It is
everybody’s business to observe it in the
workplace.
2. Housekeeping is important because it lessens
accidents and related injuries and illnesses; it
therefore improves productivity, and
minimizes direct and indirect costs of
accidents/illnesses.

Clear Points
3. The 5S is a very practical, simple and proven
approach to improving housekeeping in the
workplace.

What are the signs of DISORDER
1. Cluttered and poorly arranged areas

2. Untidy piling of materials
3. Piled-on material damaging other material
4. Items no longer needed
5. Blocked aisle ways
6. Material stuffed in corners and out-of-the-way
places
7. Materials gathering rust and dirt from disuse

What are the signs of DISORDER
8. Excessive quantities of items

9. Overcrowded bins and containers
10. Overflow storage areas and shelves
11. Broken containers and damaged materials

Deteriorating housekeeping may be
the first evidence of a deteriorating
safety and health program.

Rule 1060 OSHS
• Premises of establishments
• Good housekeeping shall be maintained
at all times thru cleanliness of building,
yards, machines and equipment, regular
waste disposal and orderly processes,
operations, storage and filling of
materials.

The 5S of Good Housekeeping
Seiri (Sort/eliminate)
Seiton (Systematize/organize)
Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish)
Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)
Shitsuke (Self-discipline/training)

Why 5S?
• Safety
• Quality Improvement
• Efficiency
• Productivity Improvement
• Workers feel good in their second home
• Easy knowledge of process abnormalities
• Work Improvement
• Company Image – cleanliness/orderliness/beautification

Seiri
“Take out unnecessary items and dispose”
Step 1
• Look around your
workplace and
dispose all
unnecessary items
Step 2
• Set aside items with
Disposal Notice
decide if they are
necessary or not

Seiton
“Arrange necessary items in good order for use”
Step 1
• Eliminate unnecessary items from
your workplace
• Think of what things should remain
in the workplace, taking into
account the flow of work, from the
point of view of safe and efficient
operation
Step 2
• Decide with your colleagues where
to put things. The principle is to put
most frequently needed items
close to the user.

Seiton
“Arrange necessary items in good order for use”
Step 3
• Make a list of things with their
location and put it on
locker/cabinets and inform
everyone in the workplace.
Step 4
• Indicate the places where fire
extinguishers are located,
passages of forklifts/carts, and
wherever necessary, warnings
signs for safety precautions,
etc

Seiso
“Clean your workplace”
The following are suggested for

Seiso (Sweep) operation:
• Do not wait until things get dirty.
Clean your workplace, including
machines and equipment tools
and furnitures, regularly so that
they do not have a chance to get
dirty
• Put aside 3 minutes everyday for

Seiso (Sweep)

Seiketsu
“Maintain high standard of housekeeping”
• Maintain a workplace that is

free from germs and stains.
Make a schedule for
thorough cleaning of your
workplace.
• Seiketsu is significant for

works with food products,
pharmaceutical products,
electronic components, etc.

Shitsuke
“Do things spontaneously w/o being told or ordered”
• Make every one

practice 4S’s
spontaneously and
willingly as a habit or a
way of life
• Practice 4S’s regularly

until such time when
everyone becomes fond
of 5S

How is 5S implemented?
• Training
• Committees
• Planning
• Self-diagnosis and objective
setting
• Monitoring
• Evaluation

How is 5S sustained?
• Continuous promotions
• mascot, logo, slogan contests
• publicity boards
• newsletter
• staff meetings
• monthly themes
• competitions
• Benchmarking
• External Visits
• Implementation Plan
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
What is Electricity?
• A fundamental entity of nature consisting of

negative and positive kinds composed of
electrons and protons, usually measured in
electrostatic units

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
What is Electricity?
• Is our most versatile form of energy. Failure to
ensure that safe design, considerations, work
procedures, servicing and maintenance
operation are established often result in bodily
harm (including fatalities),property damage or
both

OHM’S LAW
Voltage
Current = -----------------
Resistance
By corresponding units of measure:
Volts
Ampere = -----------------
Ohms

How do we distinguish High and Low Voltage?
• High Voltage
• 660 and Up Volts
• Low Voltage
• 1 to 659 Volts

Where do accident usually Happen?
High Voltage or Low Voltage
Reasons:
• It is were the public moves
• Workmen are less experienced
• It is treated less dangerous

DANGERS FROM ELECTRICITY
• Shock
• Burn
• Fire

What is electrical Hazard?
• An electrical source of danger
• A potential risk for an electrical

accident

What are the types of Electrical Hazard?
There are two types:
Physical hazard- is a problem in which the equipment

or area surrounding it poses a threat due to physical
condition
Behavioral hazard- is when a person, by the way

they act or behave, poses a threat for electrical
accident

Examples of physical Hazard
• Wet floors
• Bare or frayed wires
• Overloaded circuits
• An electrical cord under a rug or trap.
• Energized equipment with exposed circuits

Examples of behavioral Hazard?
• Indifference
• Lack of knowledge
• Working while stressed
• Taking shortcuts or risk

RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS
Most metals ………………………...…>0 to 50 ohms

Human body (wet, ear to ear) ………100 ohms
Human body (damp, hand to foot) …400 to 600 ohms
Human body (wet skin) ………….…1000 ohms
Human body (dry skin) ………….…100,000 to 800,000
ohms
Dry wood …………………………….100,000 ohms
Wet wood …………………….……...1,000 ohms
Rubber …………………….100,000,000,000,000 ohms

ELECTRIC SHOCK OCCURRENCE
MECHANISM
• Breakdown of insulation
• Human body comes in contact with bare
conductor
• Current flows through the human body

EFFECT TO THE HUMAN BODY
 Disturbance to normal body function

 Burns on body tissue
 Secondary accident
 Involuntary grip
 Ventricular fibrillation
 Death

FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRIC
SHOCK
• Amount of current flow

• Duration of current flow
• Current pathway
• Body condition

PERSONAL SENSITIVITY TO
ELECTRIC SHOCK
• Age
• Skin condition
• Sex
• Heart condition

PROTECTIVE MEANS
• Use of grounding system
• Decrease the line to earth voltage
• Use equipment with double insulating
structure
• Installation of earth leakage circuit breaker
• Equipment utilizing extra low voltage
• Remote control system

PROTECTIVE MEANS
• Proper Installation of Electrical Circuit

• Insulation
• Grounding
• Fuse/Circuit Breaker
• Lock-Out Tag-Out (LOTO)
• Regular Inspection and Maintenance Use of
PPE

REMINDERS
• Strictly follow established standards
• Install temporary or permanent electrical
installations properly
• Place warning signs
• Use protective devices
• Replace protective device with the same kind
and rating

REMINDERS
• Observe proper maintenance schedules
• Conduct regular inspections
• Only qualified personnel are allowed
• Use appropriate electrical test instruments
• Always assume that the circuit is energized

REMINDERS
• Observe LOTO
• Use insulated tools
• Do not work alone on any part of the circuit
• Use the proper PPE

What is fire?
Fire is a chemical reaction between a
flammable or combustible substance
and oxygen.
It is frequently referred to as “rapid
oxidation with the evolution of light
and heat.”
To produce fire, three things must be
present at the time: _Fuel___, Heat____
and ______.
Oxygen

Triangle of Fire
HEAT

Classes of Fuel
Class A Class B Class C Class D

wood, paper, gasoline, Overloaded Magnesium
dried grass, kerosene, electrical sodium,
etc. paints, wires and potassium,
thinners, oil, equipment etc.
etc. Fire spread with
the presence of
class A & B
materials

All About Fuel
(Any material that will burn is classified as fuel)
Flash point - is the lowest temperature at

which it gives off sufficient vapor to form an
ignitable mixture with air and produce a flame
when there is an ignition source.
Flammable material – a material having a

flashpoint below 100F (37.8C).
Combustible material – a material having a
flashpoint at or above100F (37.8C).
Principles of Fire Prevention
and Control
 Prevent the Outbreak of Fire

 Provide for Early Detection
 Prevent the Spread of Fire
 Provide for Prompt Extinguishment
 Provide for Prompt and Orderly Evacuation

Extinguishments of Fire
• Removal of Fuel
• Limiting Oxygen
• Cooling the Heat

Extinguishing Medium
• Class A - Water is the Best

Extinguisher
• Class B - Metal cover, wet sack, towel,
cloth or blanket, sand and
soil
• Class C - Main switch is the first
consideration. Then what is
useful for A & B can be
used here.

Fire Extinguisher
Permanent Portable
 Fire hydrant and
hose
 Sprinkler System
 Automatic
extinguishing
system

Fire Extinguisher
Pull
Aim
PASS - Word Squeeze
Sweep

Portable Fire Extinguishers
First-aid fire fighting equipment designed

for use on fires in their early stages
Needed even if the property is equipped
with automatic sprinklers, standpipe
and hose, other fixed protection
equipment
Designed to be used closed to the burning
materials

Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers
• Water
• Foam
• Carbon Dioxide
• Dry Chemical
• Halogenated Agents


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CONSTRUCTION

 Protection to every workingman against

Department of Labor and Employment

Real factor in the economic success of

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

 Construction premises shall have

Department of Labor and Employment

Any, but not limited to, emergency or danger sign,

Department of Labor and Employment

A visual alerting device in the form of a

Department of Labor and Employment

Safety Signs and Labels : ANZI Z535.4

Color Codes : ANZI Z535.1

Safety Symbols : ANZI Z535.3

Department of Labor and Employment

Should alert persons to the following:

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Area of safety sign having distinctive

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

SIGNAL WORD PANEL

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

 Will supplement the proper guarding

 Not a substitute for engineering or

Department of Labor and Employment

SAFETY GREEN: Safety. Designating Safety

Location of first aid equipment; location of

Department of Labor and Employment

Safety WHITE: Traffic. White, black, or a

Department of Labor and Employment

SAFETY YELLOW: Caution. To designate caution and

Construction equipment, such as bulldozers, tractors; handrails,

Department of Labor and Employment

 SAFETY ORANGE: Alert. To designate

SAFETY BLUE: Precaution. To designate caution,

Department of Labor and Employment

SAFETY PURPLE: Radiation. To designate

Department of Labor and Employment

Usage of PPE prior to entry to the project

Department of Labor and Employment

Danger from toxic or irritant airborne

Department of Labor and Employment

Instructions on the usage of specific

Department of Labor and Employment

Source of drinking water

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

1. Housekeeping means there is a place for

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

1. Cluttered and poorly arranged areas

Department of Labor and Employment

8. Excessive quantities of items

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment