PETRONAS & FLOWMETER SELECTION CRITERIA (© 2007 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS) ‘Ailrighs reserved. No part ofthis document may be reproduced, stored in a ratrioval {ystom or ansmited n any form or by ay means (eletronie,machanial, photocopying, ‘cording oratherwse without the permission othe copyright ownerfa ed ee ee ae tettehion fuses] stnece onmm|me| Ries) [eto | GGG | Ao» [raw | neu pean vr | oo ” ammo i nr |e = = 0 ee ee ese = nad a oe | = de me | | gramen| ta] cee) PT eminnes ESSE] ” SIT one ee ba 5\4 itm) MMOL) o) sa | DP. e Flowmeter + Mount the DP above the taps for gases (except for steam) + If you mount the DP below the taps for steam, the sensing lines will fil up with condensate and freeze in the winter + Mount the DP below the taps for liquids. Most liquids freeze, solidify, plug or leak + If you steam trace the sensing lines, the liquid will boil and solidify + If you insulate the sensing lines, the chloride in the insulation will corrode the stainless steel tubing if it gets wet + If construction keeps track of how much it costs to install instruments, never use orifices and DP transmitters. All the parts and labour are charged to your account. If you buy “in-line” flowmeters, piping pays for installing them ene ren]\4 Rule of Thumb (Continue) an + For all waste disposal-type projects (otherwise known as sewer jobs) and for acids and bases, get magnetic flowmeters. Buy platinum electrodes and Teflon liners (it never corrodes) + For all petroleum-type liquids, get turbine meters with upstream strainers. This excludes the tar or crude from the bottom of distillation columns, which isn't worth measuring anyway + Use vortex meters for steam up to 8 inch pipe size. You can’t use 10 inch unless you build it yourself ( now industries have 12” vortex ). Once the pipe gets above 8 inches, it's easier to measure boiler feedwater flow and convert it to steam (pph = 500 x gpm x SG). ne rn}A PETRONAS AV Bm re Cod of Turndown Ratio is a range of accurate measurement dP 100% 0% 10% 50% 100% ‘Turndown Ratio 10:1\4 Straight Line Requirement a | Flow Element Pipe Bend Peace \ i "Required | | Required Upstream =! ywrietream | 1 Pipe Length ae ' i\4 Vee Ce oie ad of A ratio of velocity forces driving the fluid to the viscous forces restraining the fluid VD p Where = velocity of pipe R =. D = internal diameter of pipe ae p = density of fluid i [= viscosity of fluid Relation between Rp and Flow Profile Laminar Flow (R, < 2000) Turbulent Flow (R,> 4000) leerPETRONAS AV Permanent Pressure Loss of STATIC PRESSURE Permanent Prossure Loss Prossure At Vena Contracta E=2 Unstable Region. No Pressure Taps ‘Shall Be Placed here Pressure profile across an orifice plate ne rn}Pa . PETRONAS AV Orifice Plate Types | Concentric of Turndown Ratio: 3:1 to 4:1 Recommended Services: Clean liquid vapor or gas, high temperature and, cryogenic service, steam, viscous liquid Limitation: + Performance effected by edge and tap wear 3/1 to 4/1 range + High pressure loss + Subject to upstream condition ConcentricPETRONAS AV Orifice Plate Types | Eccentric of Turndown Ratio: 3:1 to 4:1 Recommended Services: Use for fluid containing solid material or foreign particles (dirty and 2 phase flows) Limitation: + Performance effected by edge and tap wear 3/1 to 4/1 range + High pressure loss + Subject to upstream condition\4 Orifice Plate Types | Segmental an Turndown Ratio: 3:1 to 4:1 Recommended Services: Useful for fluids containing solid material Limitation: + Performance effected by edge and tap wear 3/1 to 4/1 range + High pressure loss + Subject to upstream condition Segmental _——\4 ei Merwe CN CUCL ea Cr here rene @ Advantages + Simple and robust design + Rugged, stand abusive flow condition well + Cost-effective + Low maintenance + Suitable for steam, gas and liquid isadvantages + Higher permanent pressure loss than Venturi and Flow Nozzle + Wear-prone if abrasion or deposits are allowed to affect its geometry + Low rangeability / turn down ratio + Low accuracy + Requires impulse lines and separate transmitters ene rcrm|Celi eae Cel) Sharp-edged Quadrant-edged Use to recover —_Use with flange Pressure drop —_tap or corner tap after Vena and to assist in Contracta creating Vena Contracta on viscous fluid PETRONAS & Conical Use with only corner tap and to assist in creating Vena Contracta on viscous fluidPETRONAS AV Integral of Transmitter INTRA AUTOMATION® Application: The Integral Orifice Assembly is a segment of a line to measure ‘small flows, and line size of up to 2”. It is suitable for liquids and gases ar , PETRONAS Se et eo fof tis design to minimize pressure drop and self cleaning due _| |] tone sharp edges Ftecorom Built to specifications of the ASME MFC-3M and 180 5167 with an angled inlet and exit cone on a cylindrical throat sectionVenturi Tube | Typical Type Inlet Inlet Cone Throat Outlet Cone Dae fof -In general Venturies are used for liquid,gas and steam for Reynolds > 100 , 000 -No straightening vanes are| required by standards -Low permanent lossPETRONAS AV POURS ECC U te et ae Net crd of Advantages + Low permanent pressure loss than Orifice plate + Resistant against internal wear and tear + Less susceptible to upstream disturbances + Good performance at high Beta ratios and in larger sizes, + Can be used for slurries and dirty fluids Disadvantages + High initial investment and installation costs + Larger overall length + Bulky and heavy thus higher cost to transport ne rn}PETRONAS AV Flow Nozzle of » © G& Cross Sectional View External View In-Pipe View Throat Tap Type ASME “Low Beta” TypePETRONAS AV Flow Nozzle | Throat Type of Throat Tap Type ASME “Low Beta” Type ‘Coefficient value restricted +Have highest accuracies to Reynolds number 10 000 ‘Allow very limited beta ratio range of or greater 0.45 to 0.55 sHandle over 50% more flow «More expensive compare to ASME for a given size and type differential reading\ +ISA -1932 nozzle uses comer taps -Nozzles tap are located on the pipe wall 1D upstream and 11/2 D downstream ne rn)- PETRONAS AV Flow Nozzle | Advantages & Disadvantages of Advantages + Compact design + Able to handle very high flow velocities + Low permanent pressure loss + Resistant to abrasion + Suitable for dirty fluids and slurries Disadvantages + Difficult to install and to remove + High cost Calibration required for best accuracy ne rn}\4 aia EY LMI LiLeE-LCe a | Static pressure Tap Stagnation Point Pop, Stagnation point Static Taps SSS== ‘StreamlinesAveraging Pitot Tube Impulse Connection Leaking Gian Presse Chamber ~teotton vate PETRONAS & Averaging the stagnation (or total) pressure measured at various pressure ports along the length of the probe. Thermocouple Instruments Limited ©Pe aa OME oes PETRONAS AV prec Advantages + Economical method of measuring flow even in large diameter pipes + Negligible pressure loss + Convenient for temporary measurement and pipe velocity traverses +Standard differential readout device for all size Disadvantages + Lower accuracy than Orifice plates + Not suitable for hygienic applications + Correct alignment is critical + Subject to contamination and fouling ne rn}PETRONAS AV Sera of C High Pressure Tap High Pressure TapPETRONAS AV a eee PCC U ee Se eee Nerd of Advantage + No moving parts Disadvantage + Low accuracyPETRONAS AV Dall Tube or Lo-Loss Tube of\4 Det tt a of Advantages “Very low permanent pressure loss +Commonly used on C3 & C4 compressors suction flow Disadvantage + Requires absolutely leak-proof piping leading to the pressure taps because the dP value is extremely sensitive to any flow occurring there\4 Bee ace PETRONAS & force-sensitive transduction element target (disk, cylinder, or bristle)PETRONAS AV Target Meter | Advantages & Disadvantages of Advantages + Suitable for any type of liquid, gas or steam cryogenics + High reliability (life tests up to 20,000 cycle) + Can be used on any line size from 0.5” and above with any type of mounting + Change of range/fluid type simply by changing targets + Can accept bi-directional flow where signal polarity indicates direction Disadvantage + Calibration must be verified in field ne rn}PETRONAS AV Vortex Flowmeter of Vortices Wefxd x 0.17 Blutt Body \V,= flow velocity (Vortex Shedder Bar) 0.17 = Strouhal constant (Romains fixed as long as R, 20k < Tmil)PETRONAS AV Nea gee PC CU ee ee ae Net Crd of Advantages + Universally applicable for volumetric flow measurement of steam, liquid and gas + Largely unaffected by changes in pressure, temperature and viscosity + Large turn down ratio (40:1 liquids; 80:1 gas and steam) + Simple installation and minimal maintenance + Wide temperature range + Good accuracy + Long term repeatability Disadvanta + Expensive + Accuracy is highly affected by pulsating flow and swirl + Measurement with low flow velocities not possible Cannot be used for highly viscous fluids Ne css nronrion x orraro. PETRONAS AV Magnetic Flowmeter of Magnet Coil EMF Pick-up EMF Pick-up Insulating LaPETRONAS AV Magnetic Flowmeter | Advantages & Disadvantages of Advantages + No moving parts + Virtually independent of pressure, temperature and viscosity + Bi-directional + Easy to setup + No pressure loss + Straight through measuring tube with no moving parts Disadvantages + High cost + Fluid must be conductive + Requires separate converter with power supply Deposits inside the measuring tube or on the electrodes can cause error ne rcrn|\4 aaa ad of Turbine Meter (c Ty Turbine Meter "ENE a (HELIFLU™ TZN) - Special design that is insensitive to viscosity changes and swirls ne rn}Turbine Meter | Advantages & Disadvantages PETRONAS & ‘Advantages + Suitable for both gas and liquid + High accuracy + Low permanent pressure loss + Easy to install + Low weight relative to pipe size Disadvantag + Incompatible with viscous or dirty fluids + Easily affected by pulsating flow and swirl + Requires fully developed flow profile hence long straight upstream line + Bearing wear causes shifts in performance + Expensive\V Positive Displacement (PD) Meters rene @ Oval Gear Meter Rotating Paddle Meter Oscillating Piston Meter &). eee BiRotor Meter YeeG 1g Vane Meter Positioned-Vane MeterPETRONAS AV ae Cm c lee MPL RUC le} of ‘Advantage * Very high accuracy and repeatability (particularly Vane and Piston) + Can be used of conductive or non-conductive fluids and gases + Eminently suitable for measuring flow of highly viscous liquids (sliding vane), + Measurement is independent of viscosity over wide ranges + Insensitive to upstream and down stream piping effects, no or min length required + Inlet and outlet conditions do not influence measurement isadve ges * Not suitable for contaminated or 2-phase liquids + Inherently some design produce pulsating flow in the pipe + Able to measure flow only in 1 direction + Malfunction can cause blockage of piping system + Additional load by mechanical friction (chemically aggressive medium) fend to be expensive compared to equivalent flow rate technologies arr PETRONAS AV Ultrasonic Flowmeter of Transit Time Doppler ShiftUltrasonic Flowmeter | Advantages & PETRONAS & pre acc ‘Advantages + Meter cost is low (Doppler shift type) + Independent of pipe size + No pressure loss + Suitable for corrosive fluid + Better accuracy than most conventional + High life expectancy Disadvantages + Doppler Shift meter has low accuracy, not suitable for clean liquids + Transmit time meter requires clean liquids + High capital cost for Transmit Time meter Relatively difficult to setup Ne css nronrion x orraroan PETRONAS Coriolis Flowmeter fof Empty Tubes With Fluid Flow ee eeePETRONAS AV Coriolis Flowmeter | Advantages & Disadvantages of ‘Advantages + Universally applicable for measuring the flow of liquids and gases + Direct measurement of mass flow + Independent of fluid density and viscosity + Very high accuracy and rangeability + Not affected by flow profile + Easy to install and setup and minimal maintenance Disadvantages + Pressure loss across meter may be high. + High initial investment + Sensitive to pipe vibration ited temperature rangeThermal Dispersion Flowmeter noun PT100 - (Temperature Sensor) PT100 (Heater)\4 Thermal Dispersion Flowmeter rene @ Advantages * Direct mass flow measurement + Negligible pressure loss + Wide turn down ratio (100:1) + No moving parts + Rapid flow response characteristics Disadvantages + Regular attention is required for contaminated fluids + Require careful calibration + Rapid process temperature changes can cause varying heat transfer effects ne rn}PETRONAS AV Variable Area Flowmeter ( Rotatmeter) of Flow rate indicating scale Equilibrium —A PETRONAS AV Variable Area Flowmeter (Rotameter) of ‘Advantages + Suitable for liquid, gas and steam applications + Low cost and simple in design + No power supply is needed + Low permanent pressure loss + Sight glass allow dependable readout Disadvantag + Accuracy depends on process conditions and fluid properties + Fluid specific calibration is needed + Limited turn down ration (10:1) + Affected by entrained matter + Only suitable for low viscosity liquids + Must be installed vertically (bottom up) a