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LongTerm Financing
Chapter Overview
A. LongTerm Financing Decision
B. Cost of Debt Financing
C. Assessing the Exchange Rate Risk of
Debt Financing
D. Reducing Exchange Rate Risk
E. Interest Rate Risk from Debt Financing
Chapter 18 Objectives
This chapter will:
A. Explain why MNCs consider longterm
financing in foreign currencies
B. Explain how to assess the feasibility of
longterm financing in foreign currencies
C. Explain how the assessment of longterm
financing in foreign currencies is adjusted for
bonds with floating interest rates
A. Long-Term Financing Decision
1. Sources of Equity
a. Offering in Home Country
b. Global equity offering
c. Private Placement of Equity to
Financial Institutions in Home Country
d. Private Placement of Equity to
Financial Institutions in Foreign
Country
B. Cost of Debt Financing
1. Measuring the Cost of Financing
a. The MNC decides based on
1.) amount of funds needed
2.) forecast of bond price
3.) forecast of periodic
exchange rate
B. Cost of Debt Financing
a. Impact of a Strong Currency on Financing
Costs
1.) If the currency that was borrowed
appreciates over time, an MNC will
need more funds to cover the coupon
or principal payments.
2.) This type of exchange rate movement
increases the MNC’s financing costs.
B. Cost of Debt Financing
b. Impact of a Weak Currency on
Financing Costs
1.) Whereas an appreciating
currency increases the periodic
outflow payments of the bond
issuer,
2.) a depreciating currency will
reduce the issuer’s outflow
payments and
3.) reduce its financing costs.
B. Cost of Debt Financing
2. Actual Effects of Exchange Rate
Movements on Financing Costs
Annualized Bond Yields among Countries
18.1
C. Assessing the Exchange Rate
Risk of Debt Financing
1. Use of Exchange Rate Probabilities
a. One approach to using point estimates
of future exchange rates is to develop a
probability distribution for an exchange rate
for each period in which payments will be
made to bondholders.
C. Assessing the Exchange Rate
Risk of Debt Financing
b. The expected value of the exchange
rate can be computed for each period
by multiplying each possible exchange
rate by its associated probability
and totaling the products.
c. the exchange rate’s expected value can
be used to forecast the cash outflows
necessary to pay bondholders over
each period.
Actual Costs of Annual
Financing with
PoundDenominated
Bonds from a U.S. 18.6
Perspective
D. Reducing Exchange Rate Risk
1. Offsetting Cash Inflows
a. Offsetting Cash Flows with HighYield Debt
1.) Some firms may have inflow payments in
particular currencies, which could offset
their outflow payments related to bond
financing
2.) a firm may be able to finance with bonds
denominated in a foreign currency that exhibits
a lower coupon rate without becoming exposed
to exchange rate risk.
D. Reducing Exchange Rate Risk
2. Forward Contracts
When a bond denominated in a foreign currency has a
lower coupon rate than the firm’s home currency, the
firm may consider issuing bonds denominated in that
currency and
simultaneously hedging its exchange rate risk through
the forward market.
Illustration of a Currency Swap
18.7
D. Reducing Exchange Rate Risk
3. Currency Swaps
a. A currency swap enables firms to
exchange currencies at periodic intervals
b. Many MNCs simultaneously swap
interest payments and currencies
D. Reducing Exchange Rate Risk
4. Parallel Loans
a. Using Parallel Loans to Hedge
Exchange Rate Risk for Foreign
Projects
5. Diversifying among Currencies
E. Interest Rate Risk from Debt
Financing
1. The Debt Maturity Decision
2. The Fixed versus Floating Rate
Decisions
3. Hedging with Interest Rate Swaps
E. Interest Rate Risk from Debt
Financing
4. Plain Vanilla Swap
a. Determining Swap Payments
b. Other Types of Interest Rate
Swaps
c. Standardization of the Swap
Market
Illustration of an Interest Rate Swap
18.10