DB Topic 8

Topic 8 – SQL 2 Databases
Databases
Topic 8:
SQL 2
V1.0 © NCC Education Limited
SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.2
Scope and Coverage

This topic will cover:
• Creating tables
• More on the select statement
• Fixing errors and optimisation
SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.3
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
• Understand the syntax of the create statement
• Understand the construction of more complex
selections
• Recognise the issues around error messaging and
query optimisation
V1.0 Visuals Handout – Page 1

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.4
Data Definition - 1
Create table departments
(dept_no integer not null,

d
department_name
t t varchar(30),
h (30)
location varchar2(3)
primary key dept_no);
SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.5
Data Definition - 2
The table name
Create table departments Here the columns

are defined. The
datatypes
(dept_no integer not null, are specified along
with the length in
d
department_name
t t varchar(30),
h (30)
brackets.
location varchar2(3) If a column is
specified as NOT
primary key dept_no); NULL, then it
is mandatory and
must be populated
when a
new row is created.
SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.6
Primary Key
Create table departments
Create table departments (dept_no integer not null primary
(dept_no integer not null, key,
department_name department_name varchar(30),
varchar(30), location varchar(3));
location varchar2(3)
primary key dept_no);
Primary Key
defined in
different
places

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.7
Foreign Key
Create table workers
(emp_no number(5) not null,

first_name varchar(30),
last_name varchar(30),
job_title varchar(30),
age number(3),
dept_no number(5),
primary key emp_no,
foreign key (dept_no) references departments(dept_no));
SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.8
Modifying Tables Using SQL

• Add an extra column
• Drop a column from a table
• Modify the maximum length of the table
• Add a new constraint
• Drop a constraint
• Set a default for a column
• Drop a default for a column
SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.9
Example of Adding a Column

Using Alter Table
ALTER TABLE job_type
ADD salary FLOAT;

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.10
Data Manipulation
• Select
• Order By
• Aggregate functions
• Group by
• Subqueries
• Joins
Select
• SELECT first_name
• FROM Students
• WHERE Student_type = ‘Overseas’;
All the Columns or Some of Them

• Select *
• from Students
• Where student_type = ‘Overseas’;
• Select student_id, first_name, last_name,

• From Students
• Where student_type = ‘Overseas’;

Order By - 1
• Select first_name, last_name, stu_id
• From Students
• Where student_type = ‘Overseas’
• Order by last_name;
Order By - 2
• Select first_name, last_name, stu_id
• From Students
• Where student_type = ‘Overseas’
• Order by last_name desc;
Aggregate Functions - 1
• Count
• Sum
• Avg
• Min
• Max

Aggregate Functions - 2
• Count – returns number of values in a column
• Sum – returns the sum total of values of a column
• Avg – returns the mean average of values in
column
• Min – returns the lowest value in a column
• Max – returns the highest value in a column
Example of Aggregate Function

Select branchID, Count(staff_id)
From workers
Where branchType = ‘Main’
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID
• This counts the number of members of staff in main

branches where there are more than 1 staff member.
It groups them by the branchID.
Group By
• As shown it the previous slide...
• This clause is used with an aggregate function and

groups the results by some attribute
attribute.

Having Clause
• Modifies the group by clause
Select branchID, Count(staff_id)
From workers
Where branchType = ‘Main’
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID
• In this case, only select groups where it has been

calculated by the count function that there are more
than one member of staff.
Sub-Queries
Select d.department_name, d.location
From departments d, workers w
Where d.dept_no = w.dept_no
And w.age
w age =
(select max(w2.age)
From workers w2);
Joins
Select d.department_name, w.first_name,
w.last_name
From departments d, workers w
Where d.dept
p _no = w.dept
p _no;;

Fixing Errors
• Not specifying join condition properly
• Syntax errors
• Spelling errors for keywords
• Columns not existing on tables
• Data-types being mixed up
Query Optimisation
• Making sure a query runs as efficiently and as
quickly as possible
• Performance
• Examining path a query takes through a database
TOAD
• Tools that are used to help optimise queries
• Available at http://www.quest.com/toad/

Just Do It!
• Like driving a car...
• The best way to become proficient with SQL is to

use it.
• Laboratory sessions
• Assignment
Learning Outcomes – Have We

Met Them?
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
• Understand the syntax of the create statement
• Understand the construction of more complex
selections
• Recognise the issues around error messaging and
query optimisation
References
• Benyon-Davis, P. (2003). Database Systems, 3rd
edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Chapters 11, 12 & 13.
• Connolly, T. & Begg, C. (2004). Database Systems: A
Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and
g
Management, 4th Edition. Addison Wesley.
y Chapters
p 5,
6 & 7.
• Dietrich, S. W. (2001). Understanding Relational
Database Query Languages, 1st edition. Prentice Hall.
Chapter 5.
• TOAD website http://www.quest.com/toad/

Topic 8 – SQL 2
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Topic 8 – SQL 2 Databases

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.2

Scope and Coverage

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.3

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout – Page 1

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.4

(dept_no integer not null,

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.5

Create table departments Here the columns

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.6

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout – Page 2

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.7

(emp_no number(5) not null,

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.8

Modifying Tables Using SQL

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.9

Example of Adding a Column

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout – Page 3

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.10

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.11

• WHERE Student_type = ‘Overseas’;

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.12

All the Columns or Some of Them

• Select student_id, first_name, last_name,

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout – Page 4

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.13

• Where student_type = ‘Overseas’

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.14

• Where student_type = ‘Overseas’

• Order by last_name desc;

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SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.15

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V1.0 Visuals Handout – Page 5

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.16

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SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.17

Example of Aggregate Function

• This counts the number of members of staff in main

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.18

• This clause is used with an aggregate function and

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

V1.0 Visuals Handout – Page 6

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.19

• In this case, only select groups where it has been

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited

SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.20

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SQL 2 Topic 8 - 8.21

V1.0 © NCC Education Limited