ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR

EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH:

Submitted to: Prof. Zahra Rafi

JANUARY 21, 2023

COMPILED BY: JAMSHED (0059), TANIA ZIA (0068), LAIBA MANAN (0036), AIMAN ZAFAR (0059),
M. JUNAID (0040)
Table of Contents
Environmental effect and human health .............................................................................................. 4
Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Environmental health problems overview: ....................................................................................... 4
Ionising radiation : ................................................................................................................................ 6
Case studies on the Chernobyl accident................................................................................................ 6
Cohort studies on ( ionising radiation ) Thyroid gland cancer of population from different regions
in Ukraine: ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Chemicals, with a focus on endocrine- disrupting substances: ............................................................ 8
Introduction: ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Current Sanitization situation and Diseases: ...................................................................................... 10
Cross-Sectional Study of a Low Economic Area of Islamabad: ......................................................... 11
Objective: ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Material and Method: ..................................................................................................................... 11
Results:............................................................................................................................................. 11
Discussion: ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Occupational Risks and Injuries:........................................................................................................ 13
Introduction: ....................................................................................................................................... 13
A study conducted all over Pakistan of occupational Risk: ............................................................... 13
Objective: ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Methodology: ................................................................................................................................... 13
Results:............................................................................................................................................. 14
Discussion: ....................................................................................................................................... 17
References: .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Case Study of Climate effect on human in the area of Chenab. ..................................................... 18
Objective: ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Material and Method: ..................................................................................................................... 19
Result and discussion: ..................................................................................................................... 19
Climate change - the largest health threat: ..................................................................................... 19
Noise pollution: .................................................................................................................................... 23
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 23
Materials and methods: ................................................................................................................... 24
Results and discussions: .................................................................................................................. 24
 Conclusion: ...................................................................................................................................... 25
Urban transport and sustainable transport strategies: ...................................................................... 25
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 25
Overview of Karachi’s urban development: ................................................................................... 26
Objective: ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Methodology: ................................................................................................................................... 27
Conclusion: ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Impact of Agricultural Practices ......................................................................................................... 28
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 28
Explanation.......................................................................................................................................... 29
Area of Study ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Methods ............................................................................................................................................... 30
Content of Figures:
Figure 1: Differentiation the number of male and females: ............................................................... 11
Figure 2: 5 major water-borne diseases and their frequency rates .................................................... 11
Figure 3: Sources of water used by the people of Noorpur ................................................................ 12
Figure 4: Storage methods .................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 5: frequency of hand-washing ................................................................................................. 12
Figure 6: index values based on gender of injured people from year 2001-2 and 2012-13................ 14
Figure 7: index values of injured people based on areas from year 2001-2 and 2012-13 .................. 15
Figure 8: index values of injured people in different industries from year 2001-2 ........................... 16
Environmental effect and human health
Introduction:
The environment in which an individual lives has great impact on the human health. However,
there is a reasonable change in the effect of human health depending upon the cause which is
effecting. The survival of humans need an optimal environmental condition and with the past few
decades epidemiologist have studied the complexities of the environment factors that has negative
impact on the health and cause illness. The most studies today has revealed that the various factors
for different time periods and various timescales causing most common diseases in humans are
depending upon the genetic-makeup , health status , diet , age and well being of the individual.
These factors make difficult to understand the main cause of the illness . The average death rate
due to environmental effect on human health is as following.

For example, Cancer has been linked with the pollutants, sunlight, diesel fumes , tobacco smoke
, asbestos, heavy metals , pesticides and carcinogens . Likewise, cardiac diseases are also blamed
on the high-cholesterol , inhaling carbon monoxide, tobacco smoke . But all those people who get
exposure of these agents didn’t get the cardiovascular disease. People are usually more concerned
about their health indeed and many environmental issues are rising day by day which has
observable consequences on the human health. World health organisation (WHO) is taking many
actions on the issues that are urgent and serious and globe is facing.

Environmental health problems overview:

Some facts and figure according to the epidemiological research illustrate these problems.
 15 to 20 % increase in risk of the Parkinson’s disease due to the certain or occupational
exposure to the pesticides

 The noise pollution in environment causing hearing loss in the some of 10M people in the
Europe.
 It has been estimated that the due to the air pollution, the millions of the people die every
year .
 In the past 3 decades, it has been observed the dramatically increase in the asthma and
allergies and in Europe one child in seven is suffering from it.
 Increase in tobacco smoke in environment has caused the 20 % to 30% increase in the risk
of lungs cancer.
 Testicular cancer is also becoming prevalent in some European countries and there is far
more evidence that , exposure to the certain chemicals is affecting the reproductive health
in the humans.
 Multi exposure to the pollutants and lifestyle play an important role in the multi-casualty
of the disease . The population exposure to the 124 European countries is as followed in
table.
Ionising radiation :
The ionising radiation is generally assumed to have negative impact on the human health and it
depends upon the dose received. There is average of the 94% of the effect of the ionising radiation
on the European countries as in the rest of the world and almost or entirely depends upon the
natural resources.

 1% from the man made resources

 6% from the medical exposures, MRI , X-rays etc.
 0.02% of the total which excludes the natural sources.
Health burden in some population depends upon the exposure of radiation from the natural
resources. For example, in the domestic environment the radon which can exceed the limit
according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) limit from the
occupational exposure. A small proportion in some countries is higher than the average dose the
United Kingdom, Sweden , Finland . In these countries average doses are considerably high and
cause the lung cancers.
Since 1970s the routine release of the nuclear and radioactive material in the marine environment
has fallen significantly and 88% of the total collective dose of the nuclear illustrations and power
stations are contributing half of the total dose . The power plants are contributing to the higher
dose . According to the limit set by the ICRP the individual dose is lower . Fewer cases of accidents
over the ionising radiation has been reported on the disposal of weapons and from the testing power
plants .

Case studies on the Chernobyl accident

On the international nuclear event scale Chernobyl accident was the only accident assigned a scale
of 7 which was significantly having the psychological effect as well as the health consequences.
When the accident took place 600 workers were present in the plant , out of them 134 received
the high dose of the radiation and suffered from the radiation illnesses.
During the first 3 months 28 of them died and 2 more deaths occurred later on . Between the 1886
and 1887 the 200,000 recovery operation workers received the dose between 0.01 and 0.5 .

In the Chernobyl accident following data was collected:

 59.2% of population were observed being healthy in 1987

 23.9% of population was observed being healthy in 2000.
 1993–2000 the number malignant tumour was increased by the 55% in the population.

This group was at the most potential risk and for the late consequences of the radiation.
Contaminated food, vegetables, dairy products atmospheric fallout in affected areas and lead to
the bioaccumulation in the food chain and cause significantly high internal accumulations and
exposures . Number of indigenous population in the European countries subsits on the diet or are
found to have the radio-caesium in natural food products . Due to the contamination of food from
microbes and radiation, incidence rate per 100,000 of population is as following

Cohort studies on ( ionising radiation ) Thyroid gland cancer of

population from different regions in Ukraine:
Thé children that were exposed in the childhood especially in severe contaminated regions areas
in Ukraine , Russian Foundation and Belarus. Among these areas by the 1999 , 1,800 cases of the
thyroid cancer have been found. According to the WHO , there was increase in the number and
more cases were expected in children among those who were exposed at the younger age . In
Ukraine , according to the yearly checking basis, the incidence rate of the cases was increasing
and number of healthy children was decreasing.

 At time of accident , the children who were at the age of the 0-18 , there was no-doubt that
, the incidence of the h thyroid cancer was substantially increased in the children which
was related to the accident from the radiation.
 In 1886, the liquidators who worked in the plant , there was a chance of increase in cases
of thyroid cancer from those people.
 From the contaminated territories of the three affected countries, there was no increase in
cases of the leukaemia in children and adults.
 Incidence rate of the solid tumours was significantly increased in the contaminated areas
in the three territories.
Chemicals, with a focus on endocrine- disrupting substances:
Life cycle of chemicals in food whether anthropogenic present in environment or other products
in high concentration can have many different health effects. The several effects on the human
health such as the increased in the incidence rate of the testicular and breast cancer and decline in
quality of sperm was observed in several countries . The increase in incidence rate of these disease
is largely unknown , the exposure to the chemicals can be possible .

The most common cause of the acute and chronic poisoning is the pesticides . The cause of the
effect does not depend upon the chemicals or due to the high toxicity but also on the inappropriate
storage and their use by the non-professionals.
Chemical factors and the casual pollutants that contribute to the human health effect are
summarised as following:

Lack of data , scientific information and evidence concerning about the epidemiological research
and their possible effect on health is lacking due to which poses a big deal on accessing the
problem. Presented by: M. Jamshed (L1F20BSMR0056)
Water sanitation:
Introduction:
Water is one of the most basic and essential necessity that should be available to every human
present in world. In today’s increasing population, clean and purified water is not available to a
large number of population. In developing countries, like Pakistan, India, and Africa about 80%
of their total population is deprived of drinking water facilities. The World Health Organization
(WHO) has stated water as “the primary tool for the enhancement of Health”. According to the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), Pakistan is ranked as the 3rd country to have improper
sanitation and about 2.1 million people are deprived of the basic necessity of clean and safe water.
There are many complication when talking about unsafe and non-sanitized water. Water shortage
has affected many of the important components of a country from agricultural, environmental to
societal systems. There have been many problems and diseases associated with sanitization of
water. In Pakistan, almost 50% of the diseases are caused due to dirty water. 40% of the deaths are
due to the consumption of contaminated water. Contamination in water can be include various
factors such as waste water from houses and factories, addition of antibiotic or harmful drugs from
different medical organizations, metallic toxins etc. One of the reasons is also the climatic change
that is happening in Pakistan very diversely: the amount of rainfall, poor construction of water
storage sites etc.

Current Sanitization situation and Diseases:

The distribution of safe water is very scares in Pakistan. Out of 100% only 20% of the population
are able to receive clean drinking water. Rest 80% are either drinking sub-standard quality or
highly contaminated water. Coliforms are one of the most commonly found pathogen in water.
Coliforms usually include E.coli, Salmonella, proteus etc. Inadequate sanitization can cause many
diseases. In Pakistan, contaminated water usually causes diarrhea in children less than the age of
5 years. Most common diseases that we can find in Pakistan caused to due to contaminated water
are typhoid, hepatitis, cholera, dysentery, gastroenteritis.

Pakistan has been blessed with many different water resources such as ground and surface water.
But due to increased population, and increased developmental work there are different effluents
that released into water bodies forming life-threatening diseases. The places that are very well
developed such as the twin cities Islamabad and Rawalpindi showed in a study that there are 94%
and 64% cases of water borne diseases respectively.

There are various methods that can be used by people in community and national level such as
chlorine methods and RO water purification system. RO is a system that plays a huge role in
purification of Coliform using semi-permeable filters. CNT’s can also be used.
Cross-Sectional Study of a Low Economic Area of Islamabad:
Objective:
A cross-sectional study was carried in a slum area of Islamabad known as Noorpur Shahan. The
study was carried for checking the prevalence of water borne disease. There were some houses
selected and a special investigator visited every house for the filling of surveillance forms.

Material and Method:

In Noorpur Shahan, there was a population of 2500 people. The place was divided into 3 parts out
of which one was selected. In the study, the houses that were not living there for three months or
more than three. In the results of this case study, 3 houses were excluded so total of 60 houses
were selected.

Results:
The tables below shows the gender, frequency of water borne diseases, source of water, storage
place of water and frequency of hand washing.

Figure 1: Differentiation the number of male and females:

Disease Frequency Percentage Valid Cumulative

(n) (%) Percent Percent
Cholera 4 7.0 7.0 7.0
Hepatitis A/E 5 8.8 8.8 15.8
Diarrhea 13 22.8 22.8 38.6
Typhoid fever 3 5.3 5.3 43.9
Dysentery 1 1.8 1.8 56.1
Others 2 3.5 3.5 59.6
No water born disease 23 40.4 40.4 100.0
Total 57 100.0 100.0
Figure 2: 5 major water-borne diseases and their frequency rates
 Cumulative
Source Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent
Piped municipal water
44 77.2 77.2 77.2
supply
Rainwater harvesting 1 1.8 1.8 78.9
Pump 3 5.3 5.3 84.2
River/lake 5 8.8 8.8 93.0
Bored well 2 3.5 3.5 96.5
Others 2 3.5 3.5 100.0
Total 57 100.0 100.0
Figure 3: Sources of water used by the people of Noorpur

Storage Method Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Water Tank 9 15.8 15.8 15.8

Mud pot 6 10.5 10.5 26.3
Plastic bottles/ Plastic
42 73.7 73.7 100.0
cooler
Total 57 100.0 100.0
Figure 4: Storage methods

Cumulative
No. of Times Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent

1-2 times 2 3.5 3.5 3.5

2-4 times 5 8.8 8.8 12.3

4-6 times 19 33.3 33.3 45.6

7-8 times 4 7.0 7.0 52.6

When necessary 27 47.4 47.4 100.0

Total 57 100.0 100.0

Figure 5: frequency of hand-washing

Discussion:
Clean, pure water and sanitation is the right of every human who is alive. In Pakistan the mortality
rate of people dying from water borne diseases is more than many other countries such as India,
Africa and China etc. The study carried out taking victims from a very low developed area of a
highly developed city like Islamabad of Pakistan. In case of treatments of diseases most people
can’t afford due to the fees and expenses of their own.
Most of the people use different types of sources such as municipal and well which are
contaminated due to the adding of sewage water or due to addition of contaminants from leaked
pipes, factories or medical institutes. Same as the storage methods are not very safe as to store
water in tanks and coolers can cause in growth and production of different bacteria and fungus etc.

The hand wash frequency is also not good in this community. As they don’t know much about the
thing that washing hands can reduce the risk of diseases up to 40%-50%. They only wash hands
when necessary.

Occupational Risks and Injuries:

Introduction:
Rate of injuries and diseases in occupations is at a very high risk. The International Labor
Organization (ILO) has estimated that almost 2.3 million people die yearly due to having severe
injury or diseases at occupational sites. The rate is usually very high in under-developed or
developing countries such as Pakistan, India etc. It is one of the major causes of economic decline
in developing countries, it constitutes about 4% of the national GDP. Especially in the rural areas
of Pakistan and also due to the low education and awareness in these areas. Occupational activities
involves all the work related activities and also in the sectors such as agriculture, fishing, mining
etc.

According to the survey in Pakistan, Pakistan is ranked as the 10th country to have population who
is mostly doing work as labor. About almost 67% of our population has a high occupational risk.
One of the drawback of Pakistan is that there is no proper service to record all the injuries or deaths
that is caused by any of the occupation. Recently, in 2010 the most populated province of the
country i.e. in Punjab, the Punjab Occupational and Safety Heath Council (POSHO) has formed
laws about the safety of workers. The first policy of about the labor was introduced in 1972, and
recently in 2010 amendments were made and a policy was made for the safety and security of the
working labor.

A study conducted all over Pakistan of occupational Risk:

Objective:
To collect and analyze data from different occupations in Pakistan and comparing the increase or
decrease in the injured employed persons (IEP). The data was collected from Pakistan Labor Force
Surveys.

Methodology:
The data collected is from the year 2000 to 2013. The comparison was done between two time
spans 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. The trends that are being compared in the following study are
the gender, major industrial division, area etc.
The method used in this study is the index value method. The Index value is a method to measure
certain variables that cannot be measured as an absolute value, so measure these quantities in a
special averages. It compares the vales of a certain year with the years selected in the base.

Results:
The below mentioned figures and tables explains the results that were obtained:

Gender 2001– 2003– 2005– 2006– 2007– 2008– 2009– 2010– 2012– Slope
02 04 06 07 08 09 10 11 13

Index value by time, 2001–02 = 100

Male 100.0 100.1 100.8 102.2 98.4 97.5 99.5 96.1 93.0 −0.8

Female 100.0 98.2 88.2 67.2 123.8 138.2 107.8 158.9 207.0 12.0

Index value by gender, male = 100

Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0

Female 6.6 6.5 5.8 4.3 8.3 9.3 7.1 10.9 14.7 0.9
Figure 6: index values based on gender of injured people from year 2001-2 and 2012-13
Area 2001– 2003– 2005– 2006– 2007– 2008– 2009– 2010– 2012– Slope
02 04 06 07 08 09 10 11 13

Index value by time, 2001–02 = 100

Rural 100 101.5 95.6 101.4 103.4 107.8 109.2 108.0 108.3 1.4

Urban 100 95.7 113.0 95.8 90.1 77.1 72.9 76.4 75.5 −4.2

Index value by area, urban = 100

Rural 294.0 311.9 248.6 311.4 337.3 411.0 440.5 415.5 422.2 21.8

Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0
Figure 7: index values of injured people based on areas from year 2001-2 and 2012-13
Industry 2001– 2003– 2005– 2006– 2007– 2008– 2009– 2010– 2012– Slope Annu
divisions 02 04 06 07 08 09 10 11 13 al
IEP
%

Index value by time, 2001–02 = 100

Agriculture, 100 105 93 95 109 118 116 116 115 2.7 46.1
forestry, hunting,
& fishing

Manufacturing 100 101 118 105 88 96 88 109 92 −1.3 14.4

Construction 100 85 105 116 119 116 114 104 121 2.6 13.7

Community, 100 92 84 95 75 9 11 30 46 −10.6 6.7

social, &
personal services

Transport, 100 95 101 85 86 87 86 75 78 −3.0 8.3

storage, &
communication

Wholesale & 100 106 110 107 92 87 113 113 106 0.6 9.0
retail trade, &
restaurants &
hotels

Electricity, gas, 100 130 79 119 70 97 51 27 68 −8.6 0.6

& water

Mining & 100 0 433 242 75 275 100 192 167 3.5 0.2
quarrying

Other industry 100 883 583 567 933 5,633 5,867 7,317 167 586.7 1.5
divisions
Figure 8: index values of injured people in different industries from year 2001-2
Discussion:
The injury rate is been in increasing in all different occupational sectors either be forestry,
agriculture or mining etc. The injuries that resulted in death can be from a small wound that was
untreated to major injury such as loss of a body part or falling from height which results in instant
death.

The following recommendations can be useful for strengthening the infrastructure in the country:
1. Development of a strong rural health care system, as most of the agricultural labor force
belongs to rural areas.
2. Specific legislation for rural area workers and at the economic sector level.
3. Boosting the health safety status of workers and spreading safety awareness and safety
knowledge.
4. Extending ESSI coverage to both self-employed workers and contributing family workers.
5. Development of injury surveillance and injury prevention programs, especially for rural area
workers.
6. Allocation of safety budget or making investments for the enforcement of health safety policies
such as using safety equipment and training workers regarding new work technologies.

References:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4674496/
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080122014698

184-1551049605.pdf
Presented by: Taniya Zia (L1F20BSMR0068)
Climate Change
Introduction:
 Environmental change alludes to huge, long haul changes in the worldwide environment.
 The worldwide environment is the associated arrangement of sun, earth and seas, wind,
downpour and snow, woods, deserts and savannas, and all that individuals do, as well.
 The environment of a spot, say New York, can be portrayed as its precipitation, changing
temperatures during the year, etc.
 However, the worldwide environment is more than the "normal" of the environments of
explicit spots.

The Climate System:

 A portrayal of the worldwide environment incorporates how, for instance, the
increasing temperature of the Pacific feeds tropical storms which blow harder, drop
more downpour and cause more harm, yet in addition shifts worldwide sea flows that
dissolve Antarctica ice which gradually makes ocean level ascent until New York will
be submerged.
 This fundamental connectedness makes worldwide environmental change so
significant thus muddled.

Case Study of Climate effect on human in the area of Chenab.

Objective:

A case study connecting flood risk discernments and climate change effect on the people of
mountains. A case study of country networks along Indus and Chenab waterways, Pakistan
Material and Method:

Four(4) flood-inclined country networks of Muzaffargarh, Pakistan, were chosen along Indus and
Chenab waterways. Examining was finished utilizing the Yamane inspecting strategy, and a family
review was led. The outcomes were investigated utilizing enlightening insights, chi-square, one-
way ANOVA, Pearson's connection tests, and relapse examination.

Result and discussion:

Most of the respondents were between the age of 30 and 40 (41.2%). The instruction level of the
head of families was generally up to secondary school (42%), with Muradabad having the least
secondary school graduates. Around 79.4% of the head's work was all day. The respondents
resided in old places of 30-50 years (47.7%) and claimed them out and out (59.1%). The most
continuous vocation source was the confidential area (71.3%), trailed by administrations (16.5%).
The pay levels were low.

Climate change - the largest health threat:

 Environmental change is the single greatest health danger confronting humankind, and
wellbeing experts overall are as of now answering the wellbeing hurts brought about by
this unfurling emergency.
 The Intergovernmental Board on Environmental Change (IPCC) has presumed that to turn
away devastating wellbeing influences and forestall a huge number of environmental
change-related passings, the world should restrict temperature climb to 1.5°C. Past
discharges have proactively made a specific degree of worldwide temperature increase and
different changes to the environment inescapable.
 Worldwide warming of even 1.5°C isn't viewed as protected, be that as it may; each extra
10th of a level of warming will negatively affect individuals' lives and wellbeing.
 While nobody is protected from these dangers, individuals whose wellbeing is being hurt
first and most awful by the environment emergency are individuals who contribute least to
its causes, and who are least ready to safeguard themselves and their families against it -
individuals in low-pay and hindered nations and networks.
 The environment emergency takes steps to fix the most recent fifty years of progress being
developed, worldwide wellbeing, and destitution decrease, and to additionally broaden
existing wellbeing disparities between and inside populaces.
 It seriously risks the acknowledgment of widespread wellbeing inclusion (UHC) in
different ways - including by intensifying the current weight of illness and by compounding
existing obstructions to getting to wellbeing administrations, frequently at the times when
they are generally required.
  More than 930 million individuals - around 12% of the total populace - spend something
like 10% of their family financial plan to pay for medical care.
 With the most unfortunate individuals generally uninsured, wellbeing shocks and stresses
as of now at present drive around 100 million individuals into neediness consistently, with
the effects of environmental change deteriorating this pattern.

Climate-sensitive health risks:

 Environmental change is as of now influencing wellbeing in a heap of ways, including by

prompting demise and sickness from progressively continuous outrageous climate
occasions, for example, heatwaves, tempests and floods, the disturbance of food
frameworks, expansions in zoonoses and food-, water-and vector-borne illnesses, and
emotional well-being issues.
 Besides, environmental change is sabotaging a significant number of the social
determinants for good wellbeing, for example, jobs, equity and admittance to medical
services and social help structures.
 These environment delicate wellbeing gambles are lopsidedly felt by the most defenseless
and hindered, including ladies, kids, ethnic minorities, unfortunate networks, travelers or
uprooted people, more seasoned populaces, and those with basic medical issue.
 Despite the fact that it is unequivocal that environmental change influences human
wellbeing, it stays testing to precisely assess the scale and effect of numerous environment
delicate wellbeing gambles. Notwithstanding, logical advances continuously permit us to
credit an expansion in dreariness and mortality to human-prompted warming, and all the
more precisely decide the dangers and size of these wellbeing dangers.
  In the short-to medium-term, the wellbeing effects of environmental change will be
resolved predominantly by the weakness of populaces, their flexibility to the ongoing pace
of environmental change and the degree and speed of variation.
 In the more extended term, the impacts will progressively rely upon the degree to which
groundbreaking activity is taken now to lessen discharges and stay away from the breaking
of hazardous temperature edges and potential irreversible tipping focuses.

Air Pollution
Introduction:
 Air contamination is the pollution of air because of the presence of substances in the
environment that are hurtful to the soundness of people and other living creatures, or cause
harm to the environment or to materials.
 There are various kinds of air poisons, like gases, particulates, and organic atoms.

Health consequences of air pollution on population:

 Openness to elevated degrees of air contamination can cause an assortment of unfavorable
wellbeing results. It builds the gamble of respiratory contaminations, coronary illness and
cellular breakdown in the lungs.
 Both short and long haul openness to air contaminations have been related with wellbeing
influences.
 More serious effects influence individuals who are as of now sick. Kids, the old and
destitute individuals are more vulnerable.
 The most wellbeing destructive toxins - firmly connected with over the top untimely
mortality - are fine PM2.5 particles that infiltrate profound into lung ways.
 The connection among humankind and the climate is a fragile equilibrium.
 Since the modern transformation, the total populace has expanded dramatically, and with
the populace development, the climate has been significantly impacted.
 Deforestation, contamination and worldwide environment changes are among the
antagonistic impacts the populace and innovative extension has presented.
 Remembered for this class are the two subjects managing endeavors to lessen the adverse
consequence on the climate, and subjects which intend to acquire a more prominent
comprehension of the actual climate.
Air Pollution and Its Effect on Human Health: A Case Study in Dera
Ghazi Khan Urban Areas, Pakistan
Objective:
A case study at the area of Dera Ghazi Khan on the people which are severely effect by air
pollution and got severe disease due to this pollution.

Material and Method:

The study was led through irregular examining strategy in Dera Ghazi Khan metropolitan areas of
Pakistan. It is lies between 30.03° N, 70.38° E around. The yearly typical least and greatest
temperatures keep generally 4.5ºC in January or more 42ºC in June. The essential information was
gathered by planning a pre-tried survey. The primary unit of the information included socio-
segment highlights (age, conjugal status, schooling and pay). All age bunches were involved for
posing inquiries in light of the fact that to perceive how their perspectives and imagining fluctuated
owed to the age hole. The principal inquiries of examination incorporate; what is the air quality in
Dera Ghazi City?
2. What were the reasons for air contamination in Dera Ghazi Khan City? What kind of production
lines in Dera Ghazi Khan City? Did any individual from your family became sick? On the off
chance that indeed, what was the sickness? What are the cures of air contamination as indicated
by your discernment? In view of these exploration questions, a survey was created to assemble the
reasonable information. During field study, around 120 polls (Hussain et al., 2003) have been
finished from the example regions. We applied uni-variate examination and the information was
broke down by applying SPSS programming.

Results and Discussion:

Financial qualities of the respondents were displayed in Table 1. regarding age, conjugal
status,schooling and pay. The outcomes portrayed that the vast majority of the respondents were
between 18 to 35 (74.2%) long stretches of age. The conjugal status of the respondents was, 47.5%
were hitched, 46.5% were unmarried and 5.8% were isolated. The schooling level of the
respondents were seen that 20% were uneducated while essential were 9.2%, center were 35.8%,
registration were 25% and graduation or more were 9.2%. As to of the respondents, 67.5% were
private positions, 26.7% were financial specialist and 5.8% were govt. work. Earnings as detailed
by the vast majority of the respondents were mostly under 26,000 PRK (88 percent)

Exposure time to health risk:

Medical conditions in kids and grown-ups can happen due to both short-and long haul openness to
air contaminations. The levels and length of openness that can be considered 'safe' differ by toxin,
as well as the connected sickness results. For certain contaminations, there are no edges underneath
which unfriendly impacts don't happen.
Openness to elevated degrees of particulate matter, for instance, can prompt diminished lung
capability, respiratory diseases and disturbed asthma from transient openness.

Presented by: Laiba Manan (L1F20BSMR0036)

Noise pollution:
Introduction:
An interrupting noise that interferes, distracts, or takes away from normal functioning is
referred as noise pollution. Noise pollution is not an emerging problem but the effects of
urbanization and industrialization have made it a big issue. The community noise level in the
United States was approximately increased to 11% between 1987 to 1997 and was expected to
keep raising at the rate or more. The human ear’s response to sound relies on both one is sound
pressure measured in decibles, while the other is sound frequency recorded hi hertz. Young people
in good health with healthy ears can hear sound with frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000
Hz. The term sound pressure level (SPL), which can be defined as the logarithm ratio of the
pressure of a sound, to describe noise level, a dimensionless unit of power is applied to reference
pressure. The standard value is 0.0002 microbars which is the level at which humans can hear.

dB Leq = 10 log 10 L/L°

Leq = equivalent noise level.

L = sound intensity level.

L° = reference level.

When level of sound crosses the 70 dB mark it becomes noise. A sound level above 70 dB can
severely damage the ears. When the noise level is above 100 dB it can cause permanent hearing
loss. Heavy machinery utilized in factory, rail road engine whistles and horns, shunting in railroad
stations, aeroplanes, and other types of noise pollution all have a negative influence on human
health. In cities like Karachi and Lahore that are experiencing rapid growth, noise pollution is a
significant environmental issue. The noise of traffic is the largest noise pollution source . For
example, In Karachi, the average noise is 90 dB produced by vehicles on road. In a research
conducted in the Tangail Munciple area, Bangladesh, a noise level of 112.3 dB was noted. Noise
pollution not only causes permanent hearing loss but heart-related disease, physiological and
neurological disorders, and various problems such as anxiety, high blood pressure, rage and
frustration, as well as cardiovascular issues, asthma and variety of gastrointestinal ailments. ENT
department in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, carried out a study that shows driving public
transportation road noise exposes drivers to a lot of noise, and 65 percent of them have hearing
loss as a result (NHIL). 10% had a debilitating hearing loss while 25% had normal approach.

Materials and methods:

In this method, the noise level was measured using a sound level meter type 2240, manufactured
by Bruel and Kjaer in Denmark. The gadget processes the corresponding electric signal that the
microphone produces from the sound. The signal is processed by applying frequency and temporal
weightings to it in accordance with (IEC 61672-1) it is an international standard to which the meter
adhereis. The noise level response towards various level frequency range is modified by spectrum
weight. This is required so that the frequency of noise affects how sensitively the human ear
responds to them. A-weighting that modifies a sound in a manner that closely reflect the human
ear sensitivity at moderate ranges level and is the most widely used weighting frequency. It is the
proportion stated in national and international guidelines, and it is necessary for almost all
ecological and occupational noise measurements. With the exception of maximum level
measurements which use C-frequency weighting, all typed 220 measuring parameters use A
weighting. The noise level meter’s response to variations in the pressure of sound is defined by
time weighting. It represents the exponential average of varying singnal producing value that is
simple to interpret. The fast or the F time weighting, which is needed by the huge majority of
national and international standards and recommendations is applied by type 2240. The sound
pressure level of signal measured in decibels dB is presented on the screen after being treated by
weighting signals. From august through October 2012 all measurements occurred at various
periods during the day time approximately between 10 am and 3 pm. Each point’s noise level was
recorded ten times and average is created by adding all the values and divide them on the number
of observations. Values of repeated peaks were evaluated while noise data being gathered. Based
on the minimum and maximum levels detected during data collection, the minimum and maximum
levels were established for each analysis. Ten observations collected from each point were
compute the standard deviations.

Results and discussions:

85 locations in the city of Rawalpindi, Pakistan were used to test sound levels for this study. The
standard deviation of all the values is provided in tables from 1-6 along with minimum, maximum,
and total sound levels all these measured in dB. In recording zones, the minimum and maximum
noise levels are shown in fig. The study findings showed that noise levels in all of the studied
regions exceeded the NEQS and WHO guidelines which can have detrimental consequences on
people's health, animals, welfare, and the environment. The study reveals that the average sound
levels for major roads and chokes are greater than the NEQS and WHO guideline values of
61.64.8-83.75.88 dB and 75 dB NEQS and 70 dB WHO standards, respectively.

Conclusion:
The study's findings showed that the sound levels within all of the studied regions in Rawalpindi
city exceeded the NEQS and WHO guideline values for sound levels in particular contexts that
resulting in a negative impact on people's health, mental and physical well-being, as well as the
environment. In marketplaces and shopping centres, background noise the causing pollution is
partially brought on by air conditioning units, fans, and generators.

 The newest active noise control (ANC) techniques, such as white noise machines, should
be employed to combat the impacts of noise pollution. This gadget changes the annoying
noise into a soothing sound.
 Strict rules should be implemented barring the use of speakers in communal locations, loud
whistles, and audio systems in buses and other vehicles for transportation.

Urban transport and sustainable transport strategies:

Introduction:
Urban transportation is a major problem in big cities all over the world. These cities accelerated
urbanization and industrialization directly affect sustainable growth. By 2025, energy use and
greenhouse gases released in the transportation sector are anticipated to double. Urban
transportation effects on the nature and society are widely considered as a threat to the viability of
the world's ecosystem. A transition to environmentally friendly transportation setups are necessary
for the reduction of transportation costs. The concept of sustainable development in the
transportation industry gives rise to the idea of sustainable mobility, which can be described as,
Optimising the utilization of public transit systems to reach financial and linked social and
environmental objectives without compromising the ability of upcoming generations to
accomplish the same objectives is the objective of environmentally responsible infrastructure
improvements, and travel regulations that support may economic development objectives,
surroundings governance, and economic equality. In Karachi, in which the ineffective public
transit system and increasing earnings have stoked the desire for private movement with a rise in
vehicle ownership and use, it is more crucial than ever to implement the sustainable concepts of
conveyance. A huge proportion of traffic jams that results in lengthy journey times, increased fuel
consumption, greater levels of pollution, and a degrading urban environment has been caused by
increasing vehicle ownership in combination with ineffective traffic management techniques,
inadequate planning for land use and transportation, an old poorly maintained vehicle stock, and
these factors all directly affect sustainable development. The study's case study of Karachi,
Pakistan, served as its foundation. A huge city with a population of over 14 million, Karachi. The
city serves both Pakistan and the landlocked nations of east Asia as well as the commercial and
financial centre of Pakistan. The study assesses the city’s urban development, transportation and
infrastructure system, environmental status, transportation regulations, and transportation projects
using the data that is currently accessible. This assessment aims to determine if the city is
progressing toward or away from sustainable mobility based on the existing paradigm. Several
tactics are offered in light of the investigation.

Overview of Karachi’s urban development:

In the city of karachi, there has been seen increase in 35 times in population and 16 time increase
in the movement of people from ruler areas to urban areas since the psakistan formed. Due to the
swift growth of population and global coverage, which happened without any development
planning, there has been a significant rise in the need for urban transportation infrastructure and
equipment.
The refugee communities are home to around 55% of the inhabitants at the moment. The vast
number of these refugee colonies are situated far away from the significant job market places,
creating deplorable environmental and socioeconomic conditions. These communities’
disadvantaged citizens are forced to use their sparse and mediocre public transportation options.
In 2002, the number of legally owned vehicles and automobiles increased at a rate that was twice
as fast as spatial expansion. 92% of the automobiles in the network are cars and motorbikes,
comparable to 6% for alternative transportation services and 2% for economic transportation
vehicles. Due to the extreme traffic caused by the quick increase in individual private cars and the
absence of economical tools like paid parking and road costing, specifically with in city's centre,
the typical journey time in city of Karachi has increased by almost forty five minutes.
Objective:
A study carried out in karachi to check the percentage of spacatial expansion and its effect on
transportation and public health .

Methodology:
Different parameters were selected to understand the study properly. These parameters include
non motorized transport, public transport, and travel demands. The study explains the difference
between the years 1987 till 2004.
Non-motorized transport:

Non-motorized transportation is the most environmentally friendly modes of transportation,

however it is not widely utilised in the city of karachi and is primarily accessed by those with poor
incomes who are unable to access economic transportation.
People who preferred walking are more exposed to noise pollution and great number of them are
those facing the rod accidents. Studies shows almost 600 people died due to road accidents in
karachi in which fifty percent are those who preferred walking.
Public transport:

The public transport in karachi is working under the control of people who are working in private
sector, very less collaboration of government sector that’s why the travel demand is increased and
is not fulfilled. As a result, karachi has public transportation availability to the ratio of population
is 1:40 opposed to the ratio availability in Hong Kong is 1:8 and in Mumbai is 1:8.
Travel demand:

The cyclical nature of a city's urban transportation requirements and their dependence on its
residents' travel habits. A study carried out in 1987 and in 2004 shows that although the usage of
personal transport is most common in karachi, and its usage is increasing day by day but still the
public transport is continued and provide more than 50% of the travel demand. coaches and shuttles
are thus the most significant source of public transportation in karachi. The better transportation
policies, services, availability, and cost may contribute to decrease in the usage of personal cars.

Conclusion:
This essay has examined the urban planning, transport networks, transportation rules, climatic
status, and transportation initiatives in Karachi. The assessment reveals that the transportation
system is in danger and that the current urban planning and transportation laws have not offered a
comprehensive strategy for urban transportation growth. There should be improvement in the
strategies used for public transport in future because the present situation is very critical. This
research suggested some methods which can be adopted in order to get peaceful and pleasant travel
system in Karachi.

Presented by: Aiman Zafar (L1F20BSMR0059)

Impact of Agricultural Practices

Introduction
One of the thorough and useful methods to create land use classification maps is to use geospatial
techniques like remote sensing and geographical information. It significantly enhances the choice of
regional agriculture, industrial, and urban sectors. Changes in land usage have been seen in the Islamabad
city and the area around it, and daily new agricultural, industrial, commercial and urban developments are
appearing. This study’s objective was to evaluate how land usage and cover in Islamabad changed
between 1992 and 2012. Utilizing two satellite pictures, two supervised classification algorithm,
quantifying the spatial and temporal dynamics of land use change was possible using GIS and a post
classification detection approach. There was an increase in the amount of water, developed area, and
agricultural land between 1992 and 2012. However, the tendency for the forest and arid regions was
downward. This transformation was fueled by population growth, climate change and economic
development. Deforestation and rapid urbanisation have a variety of effects on the ecosystem.
Explanation
Around the world, the human induced alteration of earth’s surface is referred to as land use and land
cover. Despite the fact that humans have been modifying the land of thousands of years in order to ensure
livelihoods and other necessities, the amount, intensity, and rate of LULLC are far worse now than they
were in the past. unprecedented local, regional and global changes in ecosystem and environmental
process are driven by these shifts. As a result, LULC changes are crucial to research and analysis of the
current global changes since the data on these changes are crucial for informing future decisions about
ecological management and environmental planning.
Changes in land use and cover are crucial for many different applications, including those in agriculture,
environment, ecology, forestry, geology and hydrology, according to empirical investigations by
researchers from a variety of disciplines. These applications discussed issues such as the loss of
agricultural land, degraded soil, urbanisation, altered water quality etc. At the same time, a significant
project to study land use change has evolved as worldwide initiatives in recent decades, and has acquired
enormous momentum in its efforts to understand the process driving land use changes. Such initiatives
sparked academics focus in using diverse methodologies to identify further simulate environmental
processes at different scales.

Change detection has become a crucial process in managing and monitoring natural resources and urban
growth in large part due to accessibility of quantitative analysis of spatial distribution of population of
interest. Numerous methods are available for identifying and documenting differences, some of which
may also related to change. Simple change identification, however, is rarely sufficient on its own; instead
the “from-to” analysis, which require knowledge of start and end land cover is necessary.
One of these issues is haphazard urban expansion, which frequently lacks effective strategies, that plagues
emerging nations like Pakistan.
Urbanization alter local temperature
conditions, destry and fragments native
habitats, and produce anthropogenic
pollutants, to name a few ways it impacts
city ecology. There is evidence that a
landscape’s spatial layout has an impact on
ecological processes. As a result of
population increases, there is often some
fast development outcropping and
encroachment of prime agricultural land.
The most diverse metropolis of Pakistan is
in Islamabad, which also happens to be
country’s capital in terms of population. It has Pakistan highest population of foreigners and expatriates.
Urban spread onto the capital’s productive rural area is a result of the city’s constant population growth.
The process of urbanization has resulted in haphazard city growth, decreased living circumstances, and
worsened the environmntal situation all of which have a negative impact on human population. In order to
create a sensible land use policy, it is necessary to ascertain the trend and rate of land cover conversion.
Area of Study
Punjab's potohar plateaus' northern edge, where Islamabad situated, is 14 kms to northeast of Rawalpindi.
It is located 72*74 east of Greenwich on the
map, 33*49’ north of Greenwich. Islamabd is
located at the height of 457 to 610 meters.
Islamabad has a 906.50km square area. The
margala hills are located in the north and
northeast of another 3626km square area that is
referred to as the specified Green area.

Methods
Data Gathering
Islamabad was captured on two multispectral
satellite photos during the epochs of 1992 and
2012 in order to evaluate LULC changes in the city. For the month of October, USGS, an earth science
data interface, and SUPARCO provided 1992 and 2012 pictures respectively. In addition to employing
high-resolution photography, auxiliary, data was gathered, including topographic maps, and aerial photos.
The reference data points was utilized for picture categorization and accuracy evaluation were gathered
using the GPS from march to October 2012 for the 2012 image analysis.

Categorization and pre-processing of images

Prior to change detection process, satellite image pre-processing is essential to create a more direct
association between the acquired data and biophysical processes. The majority of remotely sensed data
from aircraft or satellites is geometrically deformed as result of acquisition system and platform
movements. For geometric rectification, the satellite were imported into an image format into ERDAS
2011 programme. Following georefferencing mosaicking, and subsetting the photos according to area of
interest.
 Data Year of Bands/color Resolution Spectral Source
acquisition (m) resolution/bands
order to analyse
Landsat 1992 Multi- 30 Band 2 (green) USGS all satellite data,
5 TM spectral 520–600 nm glovis pre-pixel
imagery signature were
Band 3 (red) assigned, and the
630–690 nm land are was
divided into five
groups based on
Band 4 (near IR)
unique digital
760–900 nm
number values of
various landscape
SPOT 5 2012 Multi- 10 Band 2 (green) SUPARCO features. The
imagery spectral 500–590 nm categories created
were built up
Band 3 (red) area, agricultural,
610–680 nm forestry, water
and barren area.
Each class was
Band 4 (near IR)
given a certain
780–890 nm
identity and a
specific color to
help them stand out from one another. Training samples for each of the specified land types were chosen
by drawing polygonal boundaries arounf typical sites. The spectral fingerprints for the various land cover
types that were collected satellite photography were recorded in the pixels contained be these polygons
Land use and land 1992 2012 1992–2012 Annual
cover categories change
Area Area Area Area Changed
(%)
(ha) (%) (ha) (%) area (%)

Water body 1416 1.57 1579 1.75 +11.5 +0.58

Built up area 16,281 18.09 51,039 56.73 +213.5 +10.67

Forest area 12,136 13.49 6138 6.82 −49.42 −2.47

Agricultural area 10,336 11.49 29,000 32.23 +180.6 +9.03