APÉNDICE DE NEXOS,

VERBOS Y PREPOSICIONES
Inglés 1

APÉNDICE DE CONECTORES
Para estudiar los nexos o conectores nos preguntaremos en primer lugar qué tipo de relación lógica
puede existir entre dos conceptos en un texto, y luego veremos qué palabras o frases en inglés se
usan para expresar esa relación y cuál es su equivalente en nuestro idioma.

RELACIÓN LÓGICA CONECTOR EN INGLÉS TRADUCCIÓN ORIENTADORA

AND y
(AND) ALSO (y) también
AS WELL AS así también como /
como así también
BOTH ... AND tanto ... como
ADICIÓN NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO no sólo ... sino también
(las ideas se suman) IN ADDITION además
MOREOVER también
BESIDES además, más aún,
FURTHERMORE lo que es más
WHAT IS MORE

She’s a professional actress AND an excellent teacher.

She’s NOT ONLY a professional actress BUT ALSO an excellent teacher.
BOTH users AND abusers of drugs have the potential for committing crimes to support their use.
Users AS WELL AS abusers of drugs have the potential for committing crimes to support their use.
Marijuana can have far-reaching effects on the reproductive system of BOTH males AND females.
NOT ONLY are people distributed in physical space, they are distributed in social space AS WELL.

FIRST / FIRSTLY primero / en primer lugar

SECOND / SECONDLY segundo / en segundo lugar
NEXT a continuación
LAST / LASTLY por último
LISTADO Y ENUMERACIÓN FINALLY finalmente
TO BEGIN WITH para empezar
IN THE SECOND PLACE en segundo lugar
TO CONCLUDE para terminar

“Several reasons can be given for the change of attitude of many students. TO BEGIN WITH, they fear
the outbreak of the war. SECONDLY, they are concerned over the continuing pollution of the
environment. Not enough progress, MOREOVER, has been made in reducing poverty. And TO
CONCLUDE, they feel frustrated in their attempt to influence political decisions.” (Leech, p. 157)

IN SHORT en suma /
IN A WORD en una palabra
RESUMEN Y GENERALIZACIÓN
TO SUM UP
(se introduce una conclusión final
luego de dar una serie de IN ALL
explicaciones) ALL TOGETHER
MORE GENERALLY

In all societies there are social classes which assume rights and prerogatives over the other classes.
IN SHORT, they are not equal socially.
Inglés 2

OR o
ALTERNATIVA OR ELSE o sino
(se expresa una opción entre EITHER ... OR * o bien ... o
dos o más ideas) WHETHER ... OR o ... o / ya sea ... o
INSTEAD en cambio
OTHERWISE

* La estructura negativa equivalente a “either ... or” es “neither ... nor” que se traduce como “ni ... ni”. Por ejemplo: “In some
cultures, married couples live NEITHER with the family of the man NOR with that of the woman’s.”

We can meet in the afternoon OR discuss it tomorrow.

We can EITHER meet in the afternoon OR discuss it tomorrow.
Overdose deaths are more frequent when alcohol and barbiturates are mixed WHETHER accidentally
OR deliberately.

BUT pero
HOWEVER sin embargo
NEVERTHELESS no obstante
YET aún así
ALTHOUGH aunque / si bien
EVEN THOUGH
CONTRASTE
WHILE mientras que
(se expresan ideas que se
WHEREAS
oponen o son diferentes de
ON THE ONE HAND ... por un lado ...
alguna manera)
ON THE OTHER HAND por otro lado
ON THE CONTRARY por el contrario
IN CONTRAST
CONVERSELY
IN SPITE OF / DESPITE a pesar de

All alcoholic beverages damage the fetus BUT beer is the most dangerous.
All alcoholic beverages damage the fetus. Beer, HOWEVER, is the most dangerous.
ALTHOUGH all alcoholic beverages damage the fetus, beer is the most dangerous.
WHILE marijuana may not be physically addictive, regular users can develop a psychological
dependence.
Dogs are pack animals, WHEREAS cats are solitary by nature.
In the northern hemisphere, the summer months are from July to September. CONVERSELY, in the
southern hemisphere, the summer is from January to March.
IN SPITE OF a bad cold, she sang brilliantly.
DESPITE a bad cold, she sang brilliantly.

THEREFORE por lo tanto

SO entonces / así / de este modo
THUS entonces / luego
RESULTADO – CONSECUENCIA THEN
(la idea introducida por el CONSEQUENTLY consecuentemente
conector se infiere de lo HENCE por lo tanto
expresado anteriormente) THEREBY
AS A RESULT como resultado / consecuencia
AS A CONSEQUENCE

Metals generally have low ionization energies. They THEREFORE do not react readily with each other.
Inglés 3

Genetic damage by exposure to radiation is cumulative SO no radiation dose can be neglected.

Many positive devices have been used during the history of mankind to restrict the increase of
population and THUS prevent overpopulation.
Over 90% of our patients improved after taking the drug, HENCE the drug can be regarded as an
effective treatment for the disease.

BECAUSE porque / ya que

RAZÓN – CAUSA BECAUSE OF a causa de
(la idea introducida por el SINCE / AS ya que / dado que
conector describe la causa de lo FOR debido a
expresado previamente o a DUE TO
continuación en el texto) OWING TO

BECAUSE / SINCE the drug can easily pass through the placenta, use of barbiturates during
pregnancy can cause birth defects.
Millions have suffered BECAUSE OF the carelessness of drunken drivers.
Reflection would not be possible without a language, FOR it is through speech that man thinks.
The factory had to close OWING TO a lack of orders.
The closure of the factory was DUE TO a lack of orders.

SO THAT de manera que

PROPÓSITO
IN ORDER TO para / con el objeto de

Steroids were originally developed in the 1930’s IN ORDER TO maintain strength in aging men.
Parks should be kept in their native state SO THAT people can enjoy nature.

BEFORE / PRIOR antes

AFTER después
DURING durante
(MEAN)WHILE / AS mientras
UNTIL hasta
TIEMPO AS SOON AS tan pronto como
FOR durante
SINCE desde
WHEN cuando
ONCE una vez que

BEFORE Columbus sailed to America, he obtained money from the Queen of Spain.
They arrived WHILE we were having dinner.
Columbus sailed west UNTIL he reached America.
I have been here SINCE three o’ clock.
FOR many years, the earth was believed to be flat.

IF / WHETHER si
UNLESS a menos que
AS LONG AS siempre que
CONDICIÓN EVEN WHEN incluso cuando
PROVIDED (THAT) siempre que
ON CONDITION THAT
Inglés 4

He’ll die UNLESS he receives medical treatment.

EVEN THOUGH Nature may be generous, man must reach a certain stage in cultural development to
make use of the resources.
I’ll go to college PROVIDED I pass the exam.

THAT IS es decir
THAT IS TO SAY
CLARIFICACIÓN THIS IS TO SAY o sea
I.E. especialmente
NAMELY a saber, es decir

FOR EXAMPLE por ejemplo

FOR INSTANCE
EJEMPLIFICACIÓN SUCH AS tal(es) como
E.G.
LIKE

Antibiotics used wrongly can cause bacterial resistance, THAT IS, a new type of bacteria grows.
Only one person, NAMELY, the President himself, supports the proposal of disarmament.
A solid substance SUCH AS ice may be changed into the liquid state
Inhalants LIKE glue, solvents, aerosols and other products with fumes can cause hallucinations.

EJEMPLOS: Observe en los siguientes casos como se establece una relación de significado entre
ideas a través de los conectores estudiados.

ADICIÓN BOTH Be AND Al react with oxygen to form an oxide coating that protects the
CONSECUENCIA metal from further action. CONSEQUENTLY, EVEN THOUGH they have highly
CONTRASTE: negative reduction potentials suggesting that they should be readily oxidized,
both dissolve only slowly in acids.

Populations may also be differentiated on the basis of sex, age, nationality and
CONSECUENCIA: religion. THUS, some people live in towns or cities and are classed as urban
CONTRASTE: dwellers, WHILE others live in the country and are classed as rural residents.

Nota: Algunos de los conectores explicados anteriormente pueden aparecer cumpliendo otras funciones y su traducción es
diferente. Por ejemplo:

BOTH: ambos Both metals react with oxygen.

SO: tan The problem is so complex that we shall discuss it in a future paper.
YET: todavía The solution has not been found yet.

Fuente: adaptación de “Introducción a la Lectura en Inglés I”

CELEX, Inés R. de Perino.
Inglés 5

PREPOSICIONES
En la presente tabla, Ud. encontrará las preposiciones más comunes en inglés. Vaya completando la
misma con el significado y un ejemplo de cada preposición según las encuentre en las guías de
estudio.
Se han dejado algunas filas en blanco para que Ud. agregue más preposiciones. Recuerde que hay
preposiciones que tienen más de un significado, ya que el mismo, muchas veces, depende del
contexto.

Preposición Significado Ejemplo

about
above
after
against
along
along with
among
around
at
before
below
between
by
during
for
from
in
into
near
of
off
on
opposite
over
since
through
throughout
till
to
Inglés 6

towards
under
until
up
up to
with
within
without

 Adaptado de: Cardini, M. N., D'Alessandro, A., Del Castillo, P., Mattalía, K., Moyetta, D., Palacios, M., Trucco, E.
(2005) Guías de Actividades para la comprensión Lectora. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Córdoba: Facultad de
Lenguas.

VERBOS IRREGULARES MÁS COMUNES

INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PASADO PARTICIPIO ESPAÑOL

arise arose arisen surgir, elevarse

be was / were been ser o estar
become became become volverse, convertirse
begin began begun empezar
bend bent bent torcer, doblar
bind bound bound ligar
bite bit bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
bring brought brought traer
build built built construir, edificar
burn burnt / burned burnt / burned quemar
Inglés 7

INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PASADO PARTICIPIO ESPAÑOL

buy bought bought comprar

catch caught caught atrapar, agarrar
choose chose chosen elegir
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt distribuir
do did done hacer
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven manejar, conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
find found found encontrar
fly flow flown volar
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
freeze froze frozen helar,congelar
get got got (US gotten) obtener
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
grow grew grown cultivar, moler
have had had tener
hear heard heard oir
hide hid hidden esconder
hold held held tener, sostener
hurt hurt hurt dañar,lastimar
keep kept kept guardar, mantener
know knew known conocer, saber
lead led led conducir, liderar
learn learnt learnt aprender
leave left left dejar, partir
lend lent lent prestar
let let let permitir, dejar

lose lost lost perder

Inglés 8

INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PASADO PARTICIPIO ESPAÑOL

make made made hacer

mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrar
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner
read read read leer
rise rose risen montar
ring rang rung sonar
rise rose risen levantarse
run ran run correr
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
shake shook shaken sacudir
show showed / shown showed / shown mostrar
sleep slept slept dormir
speak spoke spoken hablar
spend spent spent gastar
take took taken tomar
tell told told decir
set set set fijar
think thought thought pensar
understand understood understood entender
undergo underwent undergone sufrir, sobrellevar
undertake undertook undertaken emprender, intentar
write wrote written escribir