The stopping voltage (or stopping potential) refers to the voltage difference required to stop electrons from moving between plates 1 and creating a current ai — i in the photoelectric experiment ai, e-(S3)- be ae Three experimental findings from the graph: § § { © within the limits of experimental accuracy (about 10” ) there is no time interval between the arrival of light at a metal surface and the emission of 21 32” photoelectrons. (Fig: 2.08) Abright light yields more photoelectrons than a dim one of the same = frequency. (Fig: 2.10) =e '5) The higher the frequency ofthe light, the more energy the photoelectrons have. (Fig: 2.11) hf Photocleatic effect y= KE + AL CD where hr isthe photon ener: KEquy the maximum photolcton nergy which is = [oportonal to the stopping potential), and ¢ i the minimum energy needed for an clectron to lave the metal, Because ¢ = hry, Ea. (2.8) can be rewiten (Fig, 2.13)ahha Seo of 7. hie formula accounts forthe relationships between KEae and » plotted in Fig, 2.12 fom experimental to ari const hand tas sind the oe [Kemas = oh @= O+t-Emm ef a ‘There must be a minimum energy for an electron to escape from a particular metal surface or else a. Einstein was right, the slopes af the lines shoul al be equal electrons would pour out all the time. This energy is called the work funetion of the metal, and is related eae 1 U 7 The greater the work function of a metal, the more pena energy is needed for an electron to leave its surface, | c_ |, and the higher the critical frequency for aot photoelectric emission to occur.+ MEE eseminie(ant sexernentay For a particular cathode material in a photoelectric-ffect expei- ment, you measure stopping potentials Uy = LO V for light of 300 nm saveenthA = 60.2.0 V Yor 400 at and OV Daten the work funn fr tea and the Ta Mack's constant hfe $+ Feex hF= ev,+0 not eo, ba ae axis ep (oonepomting tof od je +0 and aw Slope = SY — "af 1.0 x 10%® Ultraviolet Tight of wavelength 350 um and intensity 1500 Win? a) Eing f the photoelectron leetrons, how mu Ha + he men Metal -Emex = WF -# roastun = he sen edn Seek et aagrcele am = S4beetea . 9) X-RAYS, gr acu ay reas SSS SS Xe Hie X-RAY NIFFRACTION directed at a potassium sur- ‘® 1f 0.50 percent of the incident pho- second if the potassium surface has an Syne G -34 7 he 664%t0 36 a 5 leverexiay Ws i ‘ GY eahPahS=curvand x B5DaA 18 ne 14 Phokon/s u = (47% wtCOMPTON EFFECT [p_ Aa #), a0- cas) Qa seopjer ed wave length DincidentCOMPTON EFFECT Ait!tHel Compton Septenber 10,1802 March 15,192) mas an Amercan physicist y sto wore tibet Been Pyssn 127 rns 1029 asconey ofa Compton tot 2 stich donned he paid Tabet oectonag teresa c= OES Pame x he ) Incident poten poo Be ang cer A Q ict Te ¢ ree} coco, Cpe : E « sas ee ose &l a P Fase Flute 222 (2) The scaneing ofa pin by an cleo teal the Cmplenfst Energy sed musa ar sntered in ch on sent and aa ea the sated photon har energy Uonger wassengh tha the ners photon (0) Vector dam he moments td thtr ponents othe eden ond eatered pons ted the sated ecto. Intl momentum = final momentum anu perpendicular to this direction ie Init momentum f° entra aOe Sint = (h J yeasts ns F Upy-po') = LUA(w8) ppm Be® Example 24 the xy Find re sated from a ange. (a) Find the waveleng the mano present inthe seater 3-19 the Toul eect ——— a2 eH) A=lOO= lO 410m 21 Yar = hf, nq an r tae x a cos @) 2 ates “iy gene Seuniore _— (1-08 69) Coo *) , THe hy SKID y= —\o derseile eEchv-hv’ =15 Pm van big she he, = ltapm —~ x ar3 Problem: — =he(L-4) / An x-ray photon of initial frequency 3.0 X 10” Hz collides with an electron an is scattered through 90°. Find its new frequency. (Exercise-31, Page-90) Find its new frequency, = Gx! 9 = een 5 —aTev bee D > 42adev = 42 kevDE BROGLIE WAVES Ia puricle acts like a wave, it should have a wavelength and a frequency. De Broglie postulated that a free particle with rest mass m, moving with nonrelativis- tic speed v, should have a wavelength A related to its momentum p= mo in fexacly the same way as for a photon, as expressed by Eq. (38.5): A = di/p. The ddo Broglie wavelength of a partile i then (ste) Seoeemnetey a where his Planck's constant. If the paticle’s sped is an appreciable fraction of the speed of light ¢, we use Eq. (37.27) to replace mo in Eq, (39.1) with cynw = mo/ V1 = v'fe2. The frequency J, according 10 de Broglic, is also related tothe panicles energy E inthe same way as fora photon—namely, E a (98.2) Thus in de Broglie’s hypothesis, the relationships of wavelength to momentum ‘and of frequency to energy are exactly the same for fre particles as for photons.3.5 PARTICLE DIFFRACTION periment that confirms the existence of de Brogle waves a nA = 2d sin aaa Here d ~ 0.091 pn and @ = 65°. For n= 1 the de Bogle wavelength A of the AtiseTetcrons S| —— A= 2tsn = 0210091 amXeines") = 0.165 0m WE Now we use de Brogties formula A = h/-mo to find the expected wavelength of the elecirons. The eecron kinetic energy of 54 eV is small compated wich its rest en- cay me! of 0.51 MeV, so we can et y= 1. Since the electron momentum mys iw = Vine Ismay “The electron wavelength & therfore wv hl 663 x10" J +s =10 fi By SOREL - sawn noon Zratered ism cident = Fue 38 The Dawson “The Davison and Germer experiment demonstrat the wawo nature othe eoctrens, confiming tne ean ypatness of da Broa. Elections exnb acton whan hey avo called rom cysts whove atoms are spaced appropriExample 3.1 Find the de Broglie wavelengths of (a) ou ball with a velocity of 30 m/s, and (b) an electron with a velocity of 10 més. begs pa) @ A= aw = Gx mrp ces ab ™ 34 a cial Flt ED wm 3 =paynm () = Oy > ae ee