A.P.PxkaHnupin COCTABHbIE CTEPKHU VU NNACTUHKU MOCKBA CTPOMM3QAT 19YIIK 624.072. P4g Pokannupa A.P. Coctapybie crepxkHu v nmactuHKy, — M.: Crpoiuanar, 1986. — 316 c.un. Tana o6mas Teopua pacueta cocrapHBm cTepanet. Paccmorpenst ‘“ACTHBIe Cny¥aH CTep»kHei c a6comMTHO XKeCTKHMM HM NOMaTMMBLIMH Mone- PeYHBIMH CBASAMH, MPHBEICHEI PaCeTsI cocTaBHBIX SanoK. YnemeHo BHH- Male TakKe BONPOCaM YCTORYMBOCTH COCTABHEIX cTepydiell, HX Kome6a- HUAM, PACYeTY COCTaBHBIX MIACTHHOK, MpelembHOMy paBHOBecHW cocTaB- HLIX IVIACTHHOK, MeNeMHOMY PaBHOBeCHIO COCTABHEIX CTepxHell H TInaC- THHOK H Mp. Tina wayansix W HHKcHepHO-TeXHMYeCKHX paOOTHHKOB HayYHO-HCCHeNO- BATEMBCKAX H MpoeKTHLIX oprannaaunt Tan. 2, un. 152, cnucox mut: 70 wasp. Tlevaraerca no pellenmt coKumM muTepatypHt no CTPONTeNEHOM :pH3H- Ke H KOHCTPYKUHAM PenakuHOHHoTO copeta Crpoftisnata. Peuensent: cp Texs. Hayk, npod. A.TI. Out. 3202000000 — 306 047 (01) 2a 89-86 © Crpoituanar. 1986A.RRZHANITSYN BUILT-UP BARS AND PLATES. ABSTRACT Theory of built-up bars with elastically pliable bracing, suggested yet in the pre-war years (the first publication is referred to 1938) gave the possibility on the basis of the simple statements of the theory of the resistance of materials to explain the behavior and develop efficient methods of calculation for built-up elements of metal, wooden and reinforced concrete structures; for joints of expanded and bent packets; systems of beams on eiastically setting and shearing bases etc. This theory was soon extended on to the problems of stability of built-up bars and bars with bracings beyond the elasticity limits. In such a form the theory has found wide applications for calculating structures used in building and other branches of industry. In the post-war years the theory in question gave rise to the development of efficient calculation methods for supporting structures of multi-storeyed: panel and frame buildings. ‘Alongside with in the theory itself has been extensively developed. In particular the problems of dynamics of built-up bars, calculations of spatially stressed built-up bars with closed and unclosed sections have been solved. The theory has been extended to the built-up three- and multilayer bars; the problems of ultimate equilibrium of built-up bars and plates working beyond elastically limits have been also solved. All the aspects united by a common approach in fact formed a new part of building mechanics theory, that is of 8reat practical importance by itself, but also can be used as an apparatus of approximate calculations for some problems of the elasticity theory. In the book suggested the theory of built-up bars by Prof. A. Rzhanitsyn is reflected to the full extent and is stated without Yesorting to a complicated mathematical apparatus that makes the book useful for engineers making calculations and designers who Will find in it much useful material for their practical and scientific work.MPEAUCHOBHE Teopus cocrapHbix cTepkHell B HaCTORIlIee BPeMA NpenCTaBAAeT CO6OM OFMH M3 BaKHBIX PasnenoB CTPOHTeMbHOA MexaHMKH. PasBuTHe TOM TeopHH LLIO TnapHBIM O6pas0m NyTem paspa6oTKH MeTONOB pacleTa WACTHBIX BOB KOHCT. BYKUMA, cxeMa KoToptix Moxer GuIT. MpHHXTa B BHIRe cOCTaBHOTO crepatiN. SuBiocTS Xe sTOH cKeMu BLIABHNace He cpary. Tak, nepaBte HecTeROB AH COCTaBHBIX MeTaUIMYeCKHX cTepxHelt cTaRMIM TONEKO Samay yTOWHeHHA 3Ha- deHHA KPHTHMECKHX CKAMAIOUIMX ycunuM. HemHoro Noake BHMMaHHe pacteTuH- KoB OsUIO OGpaliieHo Ha coBMecTHYIO PAaGOTY pmllloB JaKTeNOK, 3aTeM Ha Hanpa- XKeHHOe COCTOMMHe qmaHTOBLIX cBApHEIX WBOB, PessOOBHX coCMMHCHHH MTN. C nompneniem KOHCTPYKUMA B BUNe CNOMCTHIX IINaCTHHOK SLUT 3aHOBO TOCTaB- HeHEI H pelle BONPOCHI YueTa NOMATHBLIX cBABEH, XapaKTEPHBIX [IA CXEMBL CocrapHoro crep>xtis. C pasBuIHem MHOTOITaKHOTO CIPOMTeNsCTBA NOABHANCE PaGors! no pacuery BBICOIGIX creH, OcnaONeHHBIX perynApHO paconoxeHHMIMHL orpepemamu. Bee 2ru saat, Kak’ oKa3aroce, HMcioT OnHY w TY Me TeopeTer- KYW OCHoBy. Tlo-sHauMomy, BnepsEie B pa6otax aptopa 1938-1948 rr. cxema cocrasHoro CTepXHA ObMa BsUIeNeHa B KAYeCTBE CaMOCTORTeNBHOTO BHia CHCTeM KOHCTPYK. Amn _M yhocTapieua Sanlava paspaGorict oGuell TeopuH COCTaBHBIK cTepIHe Duacranox. C MOMeHTa BuIxona B caeT (1948 r.) moHorpadHH apTopa "Teopus PacyeTa cocTaBHBIX CTepkHell CTPOHTeNEHEIX KOHCTPYKUMA” NOSBMNOCs MHOTO Pa6ot, MpomomkHBUIAX 3To HanpaBseHue, Tipennaraema KHura senserca oGoGuIeHHeM MatepHamoB NO TeopHM cocrap- HBIX crepadielt, Mpuvem aBtop orpaiwuHncs, riaBHEIM O6pa3om, coOCTReHHEIMa Pa6oTaMH, MMCIONUIMH, Kak MpAaBHo, OTHOUeHHe K CTPOMTeHBHEIM KOHCIPYK- ham, B kuure B ocHoBHoM Mcromb30BaH npocto#t MaTemaTHueckuit annapar. B He- XOTOpENX cHy¥asX Golee cHoxtHBle MaTeMaTHNeCKHe NpeICTABNeHUA Ht Tpeos. PasoRakia NonpoOHo PacumMbpopbiaioTcs, ocoGeHHo TaM, Te ao ppesverca ANA YACHCHHA OCHOBHLIX NOHATHA © paGore cocTaRHBIX crepxHeH, B npyrax ReriaaX, HANPHMep TIPH PACHeTe COCTABHBIX IMaCTHHOK, COCTABHBIX cTepydtelt RepeMeHHoro CoveHus H T.ML Mpejnonaraerce 3HaKOMCTBO MMTaTeNA co CNEMaNE HbIM MaTematuyeciaIM armaparom, OTHOCALIMMCK K aHHOMY BONpOCy, ABrop Mpiiocut GnaronapHocm m-py Tex, Hayx All. Owwuy 3a weHkete 3AMCUAHA, CHenaHHBle HM MpH pelleHsMpoBaNiM KEMP,Puasa 1, OBWHE NOJOKEHHA 1, COCTABHBIE CTEP?KHH B CTPOHTEJIBHBIX KOHCTPYKUHAX HW KPATKHA HCTOPHYECKHA OB3OP HCCEAOBAHHI CocTaBHbIM CTepxkHeM Ha3blBaioT TaKOH CTepKeHb, Monepewoe ceue- HMe KOTOPOTO COCTOHT H3 HECKOMbKHX OTMENbHBIX YacTeH. Ec 9TH ¥aCTH COeIMHEHbI Me@KLy COOH 2KeCTKO Mo BCei JIMHe, TO NomyueHHErit CHOXHBIM CTep%KeHb MO2XET CHHTATBCA MOHOSIMTHBIM H pacCMaTpuBatbca Kak OJMH Mpoctoit cTepxeHb, XOTA GbI jake passIMYHbIe YACTH ero ToMe- pewHoro ceveHua GbINH cyetaHbI H3 pasmMuHDIx MatepwanoB. Tem He MCHee ¥aCTO He yNaeTCA %KCCTKO COEAMHHTS OTACMbHbIe CTep»KHH H TOA TIpHXOBHTCA YUYKTSIBATh BIIMAHHE MONaTNMBOCTH COCAMHCHHH, B3aHMO- CBASBIBaIOWIMX 9TH CTepxKHH. Takyto rpynmy cTepxHeH cnenyeT pac- CMaIpHBaTb Kak Ocobyl0 CHCTeMY, Ha3bIBaeMyl0 COCTaBHbIM CTep>KHeM. Jlanee GypyT WaHbI ONpesleneHHA COCTAaBHOTO CTepxKHA HM ero 91eMeHTOB C TOUKH 3peHHA CTPOMTeMbHO MeXaHHKH. CocraBHbie CTepxKHH WIMpoKO MpHMeHAIOTCA B CTPOMTeMbHBIX KOHCT- PYKUMAX, BEIMOMHEHHEIX H3 MeTanna, Kere306eToHa H NepeBa. Hpenno- CbuIKOH GoMbUIOTO pacipocrpaHeHHA MeTAJINMYeCKHX COCTABHbIX CTepHeH ABIACTCA OFpaHW¥cHHOCTh COpTaMeHTa MeTaNINa, BbISbIBaIO- Wal HEOOXOMMMOCTS CIMAIMBaHHA HECKOMbKMX IeMCHTOB JIA Nony- YeHHA Gonee MOLIHbIX W BbITOMMIX ceveHHH. ITO crmayMBaHve Ocy- uecTBAAeTCA HOO CBapKOH, 3aKnenkamH 4 GomtamH, 1H60 BBeeHHeM MPOMeKYTOYHBIX COCMMHMTELHBIX I1¢MeHTOB — IaHOK WIM pelleTOK. B nocnegHem ciyyae KOHCTpyKI(MA COCTaBHOTO CTep»KHA Ha3bIBacT- CA CKBOSHOI. Tumi MeTanmmueckuXx cocTaBHbIX cTep»Hel MOKa3aHbI Ha puc. 1-3. Ha puc. 1 mpuBeperbt HanGomee ynorpeburenbHbre THMbI MeTanTHYeC- KX COCTaBHBIX KONOHH. Ji snemeHToOB, paSoTaloumMx Ha Tonepet- Hpi W3rHO, XapakTepHbI COCTaBHBIe KJeTaHbIe WIM CBapHbie GakH (prc. 2). CocrapnaloummMH cTepxKHAMM B HMX ciepyeT CUHTaTbh NOAC- HBI€ JMCTBI, MOACHBIC YOKE H CTeHKy GamkH. K CocTaBHBIM CTep>KHAM MOXHO OTHECTH TAKE paCTAHYTHIe MIM CKATBIC MaKeTBI, CTbIKOBAHHBIC To AMHe BHaxecTKy. C1ofa OTHOCATCA cTYMeHWaTble, YHHBepCaIbHbIe W MepekpectHbie KneMaHble CTBIKH (puc. 3) . epeBAHHBIX KOHCTpyKUMAX COCTaBHBIC CTep»xKHM BeTpeyaloTcA eme wae. CBa3iMM B HHX CiyxKaT TBO3qH, GonTEI, Harenu, UMOHKH (pue. 4), a taxxe Kneii. TIpmepst jepeBAHHbIX COCTaBHBIX cTepxHeii MlOKa3aHbI Ha puc. 5. K jepeBAHHbIM COCT@BHBIM CTep>XHAM MO2%KHO OTHecTH Takxe KMeeHbIe cbaHepHble WH JouaTbIe GankH (puc. 6). Pos CBA3eii B HAX HrpaloT BEpTHKANbHBIE CTeHKH, OOamaoume SHaYHTeNb- 5HyTMOomooooOOOCOCOO Puc. & [{FLLLLLZLEZ ZEAL TOLLII LIL VOI LI LID ID OY PIII II IIE U Lo, LILLLLTZ. Holt NonaTmMBoctsio Ha caBYr 4H Ha pactaxKeHne B Hanpapnenuu, mep- MCHOMKYJAPHOM ocu Gankn. B xxene306eToHHEIx KOHCIPYKUHAK K CxXeMe cOcTaBHOrO CTepyKHA TPHBOMATCA HecyutHe KOHCTPYKUMH MHOTOTAXHBIX 3NaHMHii, PaMusre Kapkacbr M QMadparmsl c mpoemamu (puc. 7). Purenu 4 nepemprikn Cicch HIpaloT TY >ke PON, YTO TWIaHKH B MeTANIMNECKHX KONOHHAX. Cioma >xe MoxkHO OTHECTH cKBOSHBIE Ganku Tuna cepmp! Bupennens (puc. 8). Ormetum takxe BO3MOXHOCTS HCIiomb30BaHHA B pacuete nyctotenbre xenesoGetouHble MIMTbI Cc KaHa@lamMu Kpyrvioro ceyeHna (puc. 10), a raioKxe Ganku c aHaOrMyHbIMH BbIpesamu. B mocneqHuX ABYX Cilty4aHx 2%KeCTKOCTD cBABeH Werlecoo6pa3sHo HaxopuTh oKcTepH- MEHTaIbHO, TIpypenenHpimn MpMMepaMu MepeyeHh KoHCTrpyKuHii, CBODAIMHXCA K CXeMP CocTaBHOTO CTepxXHA, Maieko He Hcyepmpr- BaeTca, . ®.9ureccepom [64] . CoctasHoit CTepxKeHb B HUX TpakTOBayIcA KaK MOHONHTHBI, HO C NOHWKeHHBIM Monynem cipura Matervana. Cam CRBMY, BIMAIOUMi Ha MporHO crepxas, Onpenenmica Ka: ‘pyHKuHA 8TofepevHOH CHNIbI B aHHom ceyenuu. Takum o6pasom, BTHAHHe Nopat- MIMBOCTH CBA3eH B COCTaBHOM cTepxHe CBOAWOCh K BIMAHHIO Ha Mporu6 MonepewHoH cunbi. ItoT AoBoMbHO Mpoctol MeTo, B TIpume- HeHHM K MPOCTbIM ciy¥aim 3arpyKeHHA WU 3akpelvieHHaA CTep>xHeit CoxpaHWI CBOe 3HaYeHHe HB HACTOAMee BPeMA MIPHBOMATCA OOBTHHO B KypcaX CTPOHTCbHbIX KOHCTpYKUMH. Jia chookHbIX BYOB Harpy3- Ki, HampUMep [A BHeUCHTPeHHOTO CxATHA cOCTaBHOTO cTepxdiA, OH He faeT yRoBNeTBOpuTenbHoro pelleHuA, TaK Kak He MO%KET OX. BaTHTh BCe pa3Hoobpasve cnoco6os mpunoxKeHna Harpy3ku M rpaHHy- HBIX yonoBHH, Paspaborkoll sToro MeTopa rnaBHEIM o6pa30M B Ipyme- HeHHH K 3ajlave YCTOMMBOCTH CxKATbIX COCTaBHBIX CTepKHei 3aHHMa- mace Hyccbaym, P. Musec m V1. Patueppopdep [67], C.T. Tumoutenko [51] wap. K Tomy >ke IpHMepHo BpeMeHH OTHOCATCA NepBEle ONBITHI Co cxKa- TRIMH COCTaBHDIMM CTep>%KHAMM, KOTOpble NOKa3aIM, ITO Hecyllat CHOCOGHOCTb cOCTaBHBIX cTep>KHeii 3HaYHTeMbHO MayjacT mp ysenu- YeHHH NopaTnHBOcTH cBA3eii, B anpieiuiem 3aqaya ycrodumpoct™m coctapHbix cTepxkHeit pa3BH- Ballach MO MYTH TpakTOBKM COCTaBHOTO CTepxHA KAK PaMHOil cucTe- MbI. Ciofa MoxKHO oTHectM paGotpr H. Mionnepa-Bpecnay [68], A. Jhour6epra, JI. Tpionwara [65] um ap. Bce 31m tpyner Kacanucs TOMbKO yCTOHUMBOCTH CocTaBHBIX cTepxKHel. K aayaye o HampsKeHHOM COCTOAHMH cOCTaBHOTO cTep>xKHA MpHBeNK HccnenoBaluA Oo pactipe- ReNeHHH HANpsKeHHH B pAMaX sakmenoK M BO cNaHTOBbIX CBapHEIX upax. epppie paGorbi mo 3ToMy BONpocy G6BUIK omly6nHkoBaHb! B 1908 r. H. ApHosnesuyem [62]. Hm 6ina nonyyeHa oOmast 3aBH- CHMOCTb paciipeqencHHa cUBHTaIOUMX YCHIMH No WIMHe pay 3aice- TOK, COCAMHAIOWMX MHOTONHCTORO! Maker, H PaCCMOTPeHbI HEKOTOPHIe wacTHbie cnyyav. Mocnenyioume paborst Ounnyurepa, Tosrapma, Exe- ka, A. Cokonosa W AIpyr¥X OTHOCHIIMch K 4acTHBIM 3ayauam. AHaso- THYHBI€ COOTHOWeHHA ObiuiM Haliqenst H.E. KyKosckwm [17] 8 3ana- We © paciipenenchwn ycwmii B HapesKe MexAY GomTOM H raiiKoil, B npumenenun x TepeBAHHBIM COCT@aBHEIM CTep:kHAM cTporHit yueT BIMAHHA TopaTTHBOCTH cBA3eH BrepBHe Gbm coenaH BT. MHcunKo- BBIM [26] . Cnenyer ynomanyTs TacxKe o pa6ore A.B. JIatnopa [15] Kak 06 OAHOM ¥3 TlepBbIX HCCHEAOBAHUH No OOmeH TeOpHM COCTABHBIX cTepaK Hei, cojepxkaulem, ofHaKo, Rocalltyo OWMGKy, cocTosLyIo B TOM, 3TO B BbIP@KeHHU NOTeHWMAHOM sHeprun cTepxKHA He 6buia yuTena oHeprux cpaseit capura, wo KHure IT.O, TIneunona [28], B Kotopolt Spa cnenaHa nonbitKa NOCTpouTb yMpoueHHyi Teopwio cocTaBHExK MHorocnoimprx crepxtieli, mpHuem CIBHrH B pasHbIx UBax cuHTa- TUCh HIMCHAIOLIMMUCA 110 JYIMHe CTep>KHs TIO ODHOMY 3aKOHy. Tlepsaa paGora asropa no obulei TeOpwM COCTaBHBIX cTepxHeli © yupyronopatiMBbiMH CBA34MH NosBumach B 1938 rt. [36]. B Hew PaccmatpyBamnch Bompocbi HalpsxKeHHOTO COCTOAHMA cocTaBHOTo CTePKHA H_COCHHHMTeNbHEIX cBAgeH B NUHelHOM NocranopKe, B 1940 r. Guina ony6nmxosana craton [38], 8 KoTopoit pemranach 3anaya yc- TOHYHBOCTH CKATBIX COCTABHBIX ctepxnei. B 1948 r, piuia MoHorpa- 9ua [40], 8 KoTopoit teopua coctaBHBIx crepxHei Gbuia ye mpen- cTapieHa B MOMHOM pa3BHTHH, OHa H MomO%KeHa B OCHOBY 3TOH KHHTH. Ha ocHoze nocnemHei To, pyKOBo;CTBOM aBTOpa HIM CAMOCTOATENBHO BIMomHeH pan pa6ot B.M. 3aGopossim [18], B.B. Xonomuersim (59], 3.P. Hapsmonok [7], B.M. 3axapossm [49], P.A. Xeuy- mosbiM [58], 10. B. Bxoscxum [2], AP. Xeyymoppm [53] woop. B 1954 r. teopua cocrapHbrx crepxueit Gpuia BlepBble MpuMeHena k pacteTy KapKacos BBICOTHEIX 3yaHHi [50]. B 1966 r. IT.®. Tpos- Hos [9] paspaGotan BapuaHt TeopuH cocraBHBIX cTepxHeli B IpHMe- HeHHH K MpakTHuecKHM pacieTaM HecyuMX KOHCTpyKUMii MHOTO- STMKHBIX 30aHHH, OOOOUMB ero BIOCHENCTBHH M Ha MpocTpaHcTBeH- Hple 3alaWH. “ITH pacieTbI NONYIHIM WMpoKoe BHeMpeHHe B MpoeKTH- PoBaHve H BOLIH B yueOHbIe KypcbI To %xenesobeToHy. Temu >Ke 3a- favamMu saqMManucs TaoKxe JIJI, Nansuma [25], M.H. Topoxos, B.M, JImmax, AIL. Tmenmxan [35] 4 ap. PaGote npocrpartcrsemupnx cOcTaBHEIX creprciclt Ha varH6 Mu KpydeHve nocsamena KHura JIM. ITo- nonscKoro [34], 8 KoTopol nonyawnn coueTaHHe TeOpHA COCTAaBHBIX M_TCOpHA TOHKOCTeHHBIX CrepxHel, B HeCKONbKO HHO MocraHoBKe, Ha OCHOBe BapHalMoHHOrO MeTofa B.3, Bracopa salary 0 cocTaBHOM cTepxHe pewan W.E. Muteiixoscxnit [24] . 3a rpaHuuei Tatoke my6mHKOBanocb MHOro pa6oT To pacuery 37a HMM lo CXeMe COCTaBHOTO cTep>KHA; B MX YHCNe MOX%KHO Ha3BaTb KHHTH H crap P.Pocmaxa [70], M. JIapeno, BJlesmuxoro [66], E. Topa veka, B. Pouxa u ap. B Haweit crpate mepesefenbi oTHOCHIMMeCH K PaccmaTpuBaeMomy Bompocy KHHrH M.EHpene u Willeinora [16] uBToum [5]. MyorowitcneHHete vcchenoRaHHA mMposeneHbI B OGmacTH pacuera COCTaBHBIX (BYXCHOMHBIX, TpexcnoHHBIX) T1acTHHOK, MpuMeHsio- WMXcH B MAalMHOCTPOHTeNHEIX M aBHalMOHHBIX KOHCTpyKuMAX, Onn Benuch Ha OcHoRe pa3HBIX UCXOAHBIX MpepMonoxeHuit H He GbUTH CBABaHBI C TeOpHel COCTAaBHBIX crepxHel, Cioma OTHOCATCA paGoTsr A.C. AmOapuymana, 9.1, Tpuromoxa, B.A. Koponesa, AJ], [pycaxo- Ba H MHOTHX JIPyrux, ABTopom 8 cratbe [44] 6bu10 naHO O606meHHe TeOpHH cocTaBHEX CTep»Heli ¢ KECTKUMM MOlepeqHEIMH CBa3AMM Ha MHOTOCHOMHBIe TUrac- THHKH, B anbueittem AP. Xetymos [53] pacnpocrpaxun ypasHeHia aBTopa Ha aHM30TPOMHBIe COCTaBHBIe IiaCTHHKH K Ha WX DMHaMHKy. Tunamemecknii pacuer coctaBHEx cTepxHei Obyl onyOnHKOBaH B crate [43]. 10.B, Bpxxoscxum [2] u P.A. Xeaymospim [58] Osu Pa3BHTbI BONPOCHI paceTa COCTaBHBIX cTepxHelt MepemeHHOTO ceve- TlepcnextmevbimH ABNAlOTCA HaNpaBneHus 110 pacuery coctapHpx CTepxdeH W TaCTHHOK 3a Mpenenom ynpyrocrH u Mo MeTOAY mpenenb- HOrO paBHoBecua. K 3THM HallpapneHHAM OTHOCATCA craTb aBtopa [42], [47], a takoKe rnapa B KHHTe [40] u Hexoropste pa6ors! mpy- THX aBropoB. 102. NOCTAHOBKA 3A/{A4H H OCHOBHBIE ONPEJEEHHA Tlog coctapHbim cTep>xuem 6yem Noppa3syMeBaTs J1Ba WIM HeCKONIE- KO MOHONMTHEIX mpsamonnneitinx! crepxaiel, coe MHeHHBIX Mexkny co6oH no Bceit DMHe NojaTMHBBIMM WIM %KeCTKUMH CBA3AMH, MOXdO pasmMuat IWIOCKHe CocTaBHBIe crepxXHM, paboTa KOTOpbIX onpenena- eTCA CHJIaMH HW NepemelleHHAMH, PacnosOxXeHHbIMH B ODHO MWIOCKOC- TH, H MpOCTpaHCTBeHHble COCTaBHBIe cTep>kHH. BHayame paccmaTpHBa- eTca WW1ocKad 3afaya COCTaBHOrO: cTepoKHA. Cuntaetca, 47d paGota KaKJoro OTIeNKHOrO CTepxKHA, BXOMUNeTO B COCTaBHOH CTepxeHb, MpoTeKaeT B COOTBETCTBHH C OGBITHBIMH 3aK0- HaMH CONPOTHBCHHA MaTepHasioB H, B YaCTHOCTH, C 3AKOHOM IWIOCKHX cesenuii. Tosromy BHyTpeHHee HallpmxeHHOe COCTOAHMe K@KIOTO CTepxKHA CINTAeTCH MOMHOCTSIO ONpelfeNeHHBIM, ECM H3BECTHI 3Hade- HWA MOMEHTOB, HOpMAaMBHBIX H MolepewHBIX cH B K@KIOM nomeper HOM cevenun. Iporw6sr crep>xHeii CuMTaIOTCA MambIMH NO cpaBHennio ¢ HX DNMHOH, Tak ¥T0 B reomeTpHyecKoi yacTH 3afaia pellaeTca mH HeHHBIMH ypaBHeHHAMH, a DA CT€pxKHA HMeeT MECTO 38KOH He3aBH- cumocTH jlelicTaua cunt. UcknioueHvem, Kak M JIA MOHONHTHEIX cTepadieli, ABILIOTCA 3afaqH ycTOHuMBOCTH. Tpomexyrox MexIy COcTaBNAIOMIMMH CTepxXHAMH, B KOTOpOM PacnonaratoTca cBA3H, Oyem Ha3bIBaTs WOM, Yc WBOB B IOCKOM CocTaBHOM CTepxde Ha eMHHLY MeHBIlle YHcna COCTaBNMOLUMX CTep>xK- nei, [leur = MoryT MMeTS 3HaqHTeMBHYyI0 BHJMMy}0 TONMWMHY, pH 3TOM Yepe3 IOB MOXHO MpoBecTH HeKOTOpy!0 BoOGpaxkaeMyl0 TI0c- KOCTb, OTMeNAIOWUY!O OFMH COcTaBAAIOUMH cTepxeHb OT ppyroro. TlockomsKy nonepewmie ceieHHA coctaBnAaouMx crepe MOryT HmeTs niobyio opmy, TO MOXHO CUMTAT, YTO 3TH CeYeHHA OXONAT AO pasyensouMx Wiockoctel, AMeA B 30He WBa GecKoHeTHO Mamyto TommHHy (pwc. 11). Mostomy “cnnowmok” coctanHoit cTep>KeHb CO crepxHAMH, HeNOCpenCTBeHHO NPHMBIKa‘OUMMA OHH K BpyTOMy, UpHHUMMMabHo He OTMMYaeTCA OT MoGoro cocTraBHorO cTepxKHA. Caan, coenuHmoume oTemHEIe CTepxKHH, MOryT 6bITS Kak Hempe- PBIBHO PpacipeyeyeHHEIMH NO DHHeE uiBa, TaK HW COCpeOTOUCHHBIMH B OTeMBHBIX TouKaXx [VIMHbI CTepaciA (quckpetHsimm). Yacto cocpeno- TOWeHHbIe CBAIH MMEWT OMMHAKOBYIO XKECTKOCTL H PAaCHONOXeHBI Ye- Pe3 OfMHakoBEIe MpomexkyTKH. B 370M cilyyae TIpH He OWeHB MaIOM “che OTMeMbHbIX CBAZeH MOXxHO pacnpemenuTs peiicTBHe KaXKNOi CBaA3H Ha yuacTKe JUIHHBI Lupa, OTHOCALIeMCA K 3TOH CBA3H H CHHTATS CTepKeHb CoeRMHeHHBIM HenpepbIBHO PacnpefeneHHEIMH §CBA3—qMH, Tlonyyaeman Tp Takoro poya MpenctapneHuw o pa6ote cocTaBHoro CTepAHA HesHauMTeNnbHad HeTOUHOCTS KoMmeHcupyetca ynpoueHiem PéllleHua BcneqcTBHe BOSMOXxKHOCTH Mepexofla OT CHCTeMBI JHHeHHEX anreOpanueckHx ypaBHeHMii, BbIPDKAIOLMX B3AMMONeHCTBME OT/eNb- HEX cBA3eit MO AIHHe ONHOTO H TOTO %Ke WNBA, K OHOMY mMdbibepeH- WHanbiomy ypaBHeHHto. Pacuer xpuponHiethibix cocTaBHBIX cTep-xtell UMeeT CBOW cHEIMDUKY 3Meck He paccmarpupaercs, Ww2 ee ee Cbxsu cObuea Monepeynere cBasu Puc. 11 Puc. 12 Cnenyer 3ametuTb, ¥TO JMCKpeTHBIe CBA3H MOTYT MepellaBaTh KpoMe CHBMraouyHxX HM MonepewHEIX ycuIMit TakoKe H3rHGaloWe MOMeHTEI. To oGcToATenbcTBO MO2xKeT NOBMMATh Ha pacnpelenenwe ycwinit 0 qymaue urpa, Tlostomy wayo Tak BBIGMpaTs pa3yeMAIOy10 IIOcKOCTS, 4YTOObI MOMEHTHI B OTMENIbHBIX CBASAX Ha Hei OOpamanncs Gbr B HYTIB, ‘TO MOUTH BCerfa MOXHO CyeaT. TIo cBoemy Ha3HaveHHi0 CBA3H B COCTaBHOM CTep>kHe MOryT GBITb pa3sieneHbI Ha /iBa BHJa: CBA3H C)IBHTa, BOCIPHHHMaloume COBHTalO- UjHe YCHIMA, KOTOpbi¢é BOSHHKA@IOT B UIBaX COCTaBHOTO CT¢pxKHA, H M0- MepewHble CBASH, KOTOpbie NpemlATCTByIOT OTPbIBy ODHHX OT IPyTHX WI MIpWKaTHIO ODHMX K [IPyTHM OTICNbHBIX CTepxHei, BXODAUX B cocTaBHoii ctep>xkeHb (puc. 12). B nanbueituiem Gymem crporo pas- TpaHW4vBaTb 3TH [ipa BHJla CBA3EH, XOTA KOHCTpyKTHBHO OHM MOryT COBMeMIaTSCA ,B OMHHX H Tex Ke SemMeHTax (Halpumep, B GomTax) . Marepuan coctapnaioumx cTepxkHeii, Tak »Ke KaK H MaTepHall CBA- 3eii,B GombIIMHCTBe CMyYaeB MOET CHHTATHCA NOAYHHAIOLUMMCA 3aKOHY Tyxa HO W3BeCTHOTO lipeyena, 34 KOTOPbIM BO3SHHKANT IDTaCTH4ecKkHe Recopmanyn. T'nasa 2. THIbICBA3EA COCTABHBIX CTEPKHEA M KO3OOH1IMEHTbI KECTKOCTH IBA 3, CBASH, MIPHMEHSIOUMECA B METASISIMYECKHX KOHCTPYKUHAX OcHosHaa xapakTepucTHka cBa3eii onpelensetca 3aBNCHMOCTSIO Mexny HebopmMallMaMH, BO3HHKAIOUIMMM BHYTPH cOCTaBHOTO cTepx- HA, M BHYTPeHHHMH YCHIWAMH, BbISBaHHKIMH B CBASAX STHMH Nepop- MalMAMH. Ta 3aBHCHMOCTS B GomBUIMHCTBe cnyyaeB NpH HeGonbUMX Teopmayyax moxeT cuMTaTEcA TMHeitHOH, T.e. Da paGors cBaseit 12MOXHO CYHTATh HeHCTBHTeNBHKIM 3aKOH T'yka. B paccmarpuBaemoit cTanMH paGota cBa3ei MoxeT OsITb OxapakTepu30BaHa KOI pHUNeH- TOM K€CTKOCTH, NIpeCTaBMAIOMIMM OTHOUIeHHe YcWIMA B CBA3AX K coorpercrnyiomeli emy nedopmauwn. Jina caaseii capura BROHM KoopuunenT xecTKocTa & , MpHiem f= m/?, Gu) tae 7; — cupuratouice ycunHe, npHXonsueecs Ha ONY CBA; /m ~ YHCHO CRA 3c, MpHXOnAULeecH Ha eNMHHUY WIMHBI WBA; ~*~ — RedopMauMa B3aHMHOTO cyBHra CMEXHBIX BOMOKOH ABYX COCeAHX CTepxHell, COCHMHeHHBIX CBA3IMH cusura ! | Tia nonepewstx cea3eit cooTReTcTByioumMi KOaXpdpuunexT >KecT- KocTH O603Hayaem Yepes 7 , IpH¥em a= S,m/9, (3.2) Tue S_ — pactarupatouice ycumme, mpHXoAmUleech Ha OMHY CBAb; Mm — uKcIO cpascl Ha eiMHMUy AIMEE WBA; 3 — nonepedHoe pacxorkueHMe coceRHMX crepre. Heh, COCKMHCHHBIX, cBA3AMH. PasMepHOCTh KOOPHLMCHTOB XKCTKOCTH CAA- 3e'& uw” — Hjem, PaccmMoTpyM, Kak BH/OW3MeHAIOTCA Ko3bunmen Tar ou 7B CBA3AX PasiHUHBIX THNOB, NpHMeHAloUMXcA B KOHCTpykunax. B metannuec- KX KOHCTpyKIMAX B KawecTBe cBA3ei npHMeHsIoTcA 3aKmenku, cBapka, IDIeHKH HM peleTKH pa3iMuHoro THMa, Saxnenku. PaGoTa saknenok He ABNAeTCH THIMMHOH cpeaH mpownx cpasei, Bayly yKopovenua CTepxKHA 3aKeIIKH, BOSHHKaWulero pH €€ OCTbIBaHHM, CKueMbIBaeMbIe JTHCTHI OK€3bIBaHOTCA CHJIbBHO CKaTBIMH. Tlostomy, Kpome jeopmaiMi Tera 3aKrenKH HW CMATHA KPOMOK oT- BepcTHii NMCTOB, B paOoTy CBA3M BKMOWaeTCA TaOKe TpeHve Mexny Jiuctamu. TipH sToM B Havane 3arpy3kH cyRAr CONps>keHUA Mpoucxo- TMT v3-3a ReopmalMit, BOSHUKaIOUIMX 70 MpeowoneHus TpeHHa Mexny anctamu. THocne toro kak cypuratoulee youve HOcTHrHeT 1 Tipepsoit- AeT OnpeneneHHHy!0 ReNMUMHY, 3aBHCHMOCTb M@K/LY C/IBUTatollMM yewiweM W_CHBHrOM craHeT MHOH, H medopmanMn GyayT pactu 3Ha- ‘MTenbHO Obicrpee. IKcHepHMeHTAaMH YCTaHOBNeHO, YTO TpeHwe B 3aks1eNlOwHOM COes|MHeHHK Mipeoqonepaetcr TIpH Halips>KeHUAX Ha COBur B Tene 3aknenku MopayKa OKoI0 50 H/cm2. OtHeca suayeHne cpesbrnaiomero Hallps>KeHHA Tema 3aKNenOK K yr- Ay capura, NomyuHM Tak Ha3bIBaembrit MOJlyiIb yNpyrocTu 3aknenou- Horo coeqMHeHua £,. CormacHo 3kcilepHmeHTanbHbIM aHHsIM, 3TOT MOnyiib Myst ynpyrux pehopmanait cocrasnaet 100-120 H/cm2, B coornercrau c tbopmynoit (1) KoodduumexT 2kecTKOCTH WuBa Oy eT $= £,7a?k/(40), (3.3) | Hlanee maavinmste nepemeuieiHs ToHeK cocemHX cTep»kHett Boonb paanenstio- Wei NockocrH Bynem HaasisaTe npocTo cieATO Mm. 13,me ¢ ~ paccToRHHe MeOKIY WeHTpAMH TwDKECTH CoveHHi CKNEMAHHBIX cTepaHeH; @— auamerp axnenox; @— war saknentoK} 4 — Homo pasion 3aKmenoK 10 WI- pHHe crepoxis. Tipu manbueiuiem BospactaHwu capHraionjero ycumua paGoTa saKse- NOK NepexomMr B IWiacTHuecKyl0 CTaqHIO, B KOTOpOi BO3IMOXHEI 3Ha- UHTeNbHEIe YedopmalwH Ge3 Gonbiloro yBerMieHHA COBHTaouero yeu- sua, O6uas DHarpamma paGoTbr 3aKneMOuHOTO COeqMHeHHA Ha CBT moKasaHa Ha puc. 13, Cronb %e CHbHO cKa3brBaloTca Ha paboTe gakuelloK, Kak Tiole- PeuHBIX cBA3ei, NonMepewmBIe NedopmMalluM CKIIeMaHHBIX NACTOB. Byay- WH OKaTbIMH yCaslOuHbIMH YCHIMAMK, BOSHHKIUAMH Mocie OCTLIBaHHA 3akslenlok, CKyIeNaHHbie NHCTbI MOrYyT BOCIIPHHHMaTb JOBONbHO 3Ha- WHTCNBHBIC YCHIMA BR NonepewHOM HaNpapneHHu, padotan mpH 370M MO¥TH KaK MOHONHTHOe CruIouHoe Teno. Mocne TipeoyoneHHaA Hayaytb- Horo HalpaKeHua OT ycayoqHBIX ycwiHit nonepewnne TedopmanwH Aamee MpOucxonAT B pesynbrare yMHeHMi 3aKnenoK H H3rHOa HC TOB, Kak mtacTHHOK. [pv 3toM HallpaxkeHHA B SaKnenKaXx CTaHOBATCA HacTOMbKO GONBUIMMH, YTO MpeBOCKXOAAT OGTIHO Mpellen TeKyyecTH. Zivarpamma paGorsi 3aknemKH Ha OTpBIB NoKa3aHa Ha puc. 14, Uro KacaeTca Hallp@xKeHHit Mpyroro 3HaKa, T.e. CKaTUA JIMCTOB, TO ‘TyT, OVEBHTHO, pOsb NoMepewHsix cBasei BEMONHAeT HenOcpeCTBEHHOe MpoTuBonelicrBHe AMCTOB Mpyr K ppyry, W cknenaHHeni cTepxkeHb PpaGotaeT Kak ofHo uence. YouTBad CKasaHHoe, MO2KHO JYIA Hayalb- Hoi ympyroii cragun paGorei crepxHa IIpHHAT Ko3@ouuMeHT none- pedHolt 2kecTKocTH 3akHenoyHoro Ba 7 TaM, rile OCH 3aKnenoK pac NONOXKEHLI B IVIOCKOCTAX, NapannenbHBIX pabouet MOCKOCTH CTepoKHA, PaBHbIM GecKOHeqHOCTH,T.e, CIMTaTb NonepewHbe cBA3H GecKoHeMHO % g = SH g oe 8, g 3 § S = 4 OS o Gor Gee a Cobue, mm Tepeneuience Puc. 13 Puc. 14 Puc. 15 142KeCTKHMH. Oguako wacTo 3akmenkKH pactosaraiica Tak, ¥TO, BBINON- Had Ha3HateHwe NomepewHBIx cBAseii, paboTaloT Ha cpe3. ITO MOxeT 6bITb, HaNpHMep, B IIBe, KOTOPbIM COeMHHAIOTCA NOACHBIC YTONKH KynenaHoit ByTAaBpoBoH GaKku c ee creHKoi (puc. 15). B 3Tom coyyae KoxpHUMeHT NonepewHoH x%ecTKocTH Ba 7, Kak H § , ompenena- erca no bopmyne (3), AHaOrwuHO 3aksIenKamM paGoTaloT GoTOBbIe CoeqMHeHUA, NMI C Toi TOMbKO pasHuulell, 10 B HMX HavanbHBIe HallppkeHMA Toneped- HOO CKATHA H CHILI TDeHHA, BbISbIBACMBIe HaTATHBaHMeM OosToB raii- Kami, HIpaloT 3HaIHTesIbHO MEHbILY10 POvIb. Cpapxiie upst. Mogatmmpocth cBapHBIx BOB HeOGXODMMO YUHTbI- BaTb JIM Tora, KOra HalipsxKeHHA B HHX 3HATHTeSIBHO Gonpule pac- NeTHBIX Hallp@keHHHi B Teme OKpyxaiomlero MeTama. B mpoTHBHOM enyyae Wehopmaumn crepxHA GyMyT NpOHCcXO{HTb B paBHOli Mepe KaK BCMeCTBHE NOPaTIMBOCTH CBapHbIX WIBOB, Tak H B pesymbTaTe Aepop- Maui MaTepHaiia COeMHAeMBIX 37leMeHTOB, H CTep2keHb IPH 3TOM cile- llyeT paccMaTpHBats Kak CIVIOUHOe MOHOMMTHOe Teno. Tem He MeHee ¥acTO NlofaTMMBOCTS CBapHBIX WIBOB 3HaYHTeMbHO MpeBbiiiaer BOS MOXxHOCTH JecbopMauuM CIBHra H MolepeyHoro pacrakeHHA MaTepnaa CoenMHAeMbIX cTepxHell, B 3TOM ciy¥ae cBapHO CTep>keHb MO>%xHO PaccMaTpHBaTs Kak COcCTaBHOli Ha yMpyronomatHBbIX CBASAX, KaKH- MH ABIIMIOTCA cBapHEIe wBEI. OcobeHHO ymecTHa GyneT Takan cxema pacueTa B CT€pxKHAX, CO¢MHeHHbIX NpepbIBHCTbIMH HIM TOWYHEIMK WIBaMH. Tip onpeyencuum Ko3uuMeHTOB xeCTKOCTH CBapHBIX WIBOB MoxKHO MpHHHMaTb MOpyib YMpyrocTH HalWiaBNeHHoTO MeTama paB- HBIM MOJIymH0 YMpyrOcTH OCHOBHoro MeTamia COeMMHAeMBIX CTep>%- nei. Tak Kak COMpOTMBMeHMe cBapHoro WBa CHBHTY WIM pa3spBiBy 3aBHCHT OT (OpMBI eFo NoNepewHoro ceyeHHA, IIpH4eM OlpeyleneHHe Ha- MIp@keHHOTO COCTOAHMA BHYTPH WBA NpenctaBsAet coGoH B GombUMH- cTBe cnywaeB HepelileHHyt0 H BeCbMa CilOxKHYIO 3ayayy TeopHa yipy- TOCTH, To 3atpyMHHTeMbHO Dats Mpoctsie opMysbI WA OnpeeneHHA Kospouunentos & u 7. Kpome Toro, HeoGXO/{HMO UMeT B BHDY He- TOUHOCTS opMbI CeveHHA NO THe UIBa, HatanbHBle TeIIOBBIe HanpsA- XKeHHA, NOCTHTalolume B CBapHBIX CoeqHHeHHAX SHaqHTebHOH BenHUH- HBI WH Ty. PaccmorpeHve BCex 3THX BOMpOcOB BBIXOMMT 3a Mpeylenbr Mpenaraemo# paGors. OnHako BO MHOrHX ciyyaax 3aylaya MOxKeT GpiTs pellieHa ynponjeHHo, O6sTHbIMH MeTOaMM conpoTHBTeHHA MaTepHanoB. Tia caaseit B Buse nepemBrieK HIM IWIaHOK (puc. 16) caBur npoHc- XODMT B pe3ynbTaTe WecopMaliM caMHX IWIaHOK H BCHepCTBHe Meop- MallMit coeyMHAeMbIX MMM BeTBeit Ha yUacTKax Mey IUIaHKaMH, Una onpenenenua Kosdduunenta %KecTKocTH WRa Ha copur $ panym HWkHemy cTepxaio (pc. 17) mpoylombHoe cmelleHNe oTHOCHTeTBHO Bepxuero Ha pemmumHy /" w Haiijlem BOSHAKawulee IPH TaKolt Jeop- MauuH coBHraiouee HaHpaxKeHHe 7%, OTHECeHHOe K efMHHIe DJIMHI Ctepacia. Uncno miaHoK cyHTaem GeckoHetHo GombUMM, a cTepxKeHb GeckoneiHo pmHHEim. ostomy mp pellleHHH 3afaqH MeTOIOM Je- PMalHH NOMYYHM B cily4yae HepaBHbIX CeyeHHH BeTBeit, COeHHEHHBIX 15a Hap Puc, 16 TaHKaMH, NMLUb Ba HEM3BECTHBIX — yron no- Bopota su0Goro BepxHero y3na Y, 4 yron nOBO- PoTa m1060r0 Hw>KHero yana crepxaia ¥,. Ypan- HeHHA MeToOma TepemenleHHit np oGosHaveHHAX (cm. puc. 17) 6ynyr: 6,0 12, 4Iy 2h. -—t +9(G she 0; 63,0 124 4In 2In (3.4) = +e ( +) +y, == Kak o6pmHo, nnvaHHem nonepewprx! H TIpo- HOMbHIX CuI, MpeHe6peraem. Peume ypasHeHue (4), nonyyum: 1 axe e cayyae xnanparmerx nnanoK BHMAHHe Holepeuibix cn cocranmiet apwMepHo 20% BilMaHNA HarHOaoUMxX MoMeHToB. TockombKy xe H3TH6 Ta- KHX KOPOTKUX WIaHOK cosmact Manoe nepemeUieHne CTepxHel, TO Tonepeunbie cum B TMIaHKAX BHOMHE MOoKHO He yunTEIBaTE. Puc. 17 16_ (6In0/0?2N(12 Ig 18 + 2Inle) . % ? T1445, 0 /B? + 48I,(I, + Jp )/Be +12 3? fe? 65) y (69,7 /69023,/8 +2In le) . 27443, J, [82 # 487 , (F, 4 LIB +1295 [e? MomentsI, elicTBytoume Ha W1aHKy Mo ee KoHuaM, 6ytyT 6 InP E 4In E 2IyE_, Ma~ GE + et ee (3.6) 2InE GIy E a noNepewHasl cya B MTaHKe My+ My _ 12InSE 6IpE a=] aoe at A, oe GInE 12 In CE Gt 8.72 12 T, Jp 1B? + In (Fy Ig )/ Be . 12 Ty Ip 182 +4 Iq (FT, +I2)/ Be + 13 [c? Orciona B cooTsercrBHM c bopmysoi (1) Nony4HM BbIpaKenve WIA gag BE __12)5, 1874p (1+ Ip )b0__ er Bc* 123,9, B44, (I+ /BerI2 je? 8) B vacrHom cmy4ae oMHaKOBBIX ceveHnit BeTBelt J,~7,*J, NonyHM $= 24E/[Bc* (2c/J, + B/J,)1- (3.9) VWxorga MomeHT wHepimM m1aHOK J, MOxHO CHMTAaTb BecKOHewHO GonbummM no cpaBHeHHio c MOMeHTaMH MHepunH BeTBeH J, u J). Torna 43 opmynpi (8) cnenyer: go Beek , (3.10) WIM B ciy¥ae ONMHaKOBBIX BeTBEit $= 249, E/B7c7. Paccmarpupas miaHKH Kak MolepeuHble CBA3H, MOXKHO YCTAHOBHTS, 4TO pH paBHOMepHOM yianeHHH CTrepxkHeli pyr OT Apyra Hu IWiaHKH, ‘HM BeTBY He H3rHOawTCA, M 3TO yHaleHHe MOXKET MPOHCXOAHTD JIHILb B Pesymbtate ocesoro pycrNMENHy [pTdHRA Tay Kar -pleopmanwy pac- 17TOKCHHA TIQHOK HesHawHTeNnbHBI, TO B GOmbINMHCTBe cy¥aeB NocHen He MoxHO CuHTaTs aGcomOTHO %KeCTKUMH NOTepeTHBIMH CBA3AMH @= se), a COcTaBHBIe CTep2kHH Ha [laHKaX — cTep2kHAMH c a6conioTHo 2keCTKHMH NomlepevHbIMH CBASAMH, Tlonoxenwe pasnenstouei mnockocm Onpelenetch TowKaMH Mepera6a mraHoK, THonoxenme sTHx To¥eK HAXO[IMTCA H3 SIOpBI MoMeHTOB (pu. 17, 6): a= 0M,/(M,+M,); b= 0M, /(M,+ M,); TONCTaBMB 3HaveHHA M,u M, u3 (6), c HoMoMIO (5) naiigem aa — S126 + INB «gx S220 IgIn b e © RY T6* OPQ IE RTT eT T+ IgB mpu J,=J, a=b=0/2 pH Jy =00 a=c3,f{i, + J, ), SHavenua 2 u B panee 6ynyT HykHeI Ham pit ompenenenus youit B TlonepesHbIX CBA3AX, T.€. NPOOMBHEIX YCHIHH B IMTaHK aX, B mapuupio-crepxHeppix cuctemax (depmax) c napannenbusimn ToscaMM CONPOTHBNeHHe pellleTKM CIBHTY HM pacxoxmeHwo ReTBeit CyulecTBeHHO 3aBHcHT OT ee KoHCrpyxmmm. Ecnu pemierka o6pasyeT WlapHHpHO HeH3MeHAemyto cxemy, To pa6oroit ee anemerToR Ha H3rH6 MOXHO MpeHeOpews HW YUMTEIBATS NHUT HX CKATHE H pactmxenve, Ha puc. 18 a, 6, npaBenensr TunEr Mpocteix peilletox, HaHGonee ynorpe- Ourenbubix B MeramMdecKHx KOoHCTpyKuHAX, Paccmorpum peulerky, TloKa3zaHHyw Ha puc. 18, a, HetpynHo no- CTPOHT SIOPY NPOAONBHBIX CH, BOSHMICAIOUIAX B pelllerKe OT eRMHHY- koro cypura / = 1. iis toro yro6s1 YOepxkaTb 3TOT cABMr, crenyer Puc. 18 Puc. 19B yamax pellleTKH MpHOXKHTb CHBHTaIOUMe YCHITHA 7, . Tloaca croiiKu pelleTKH Np cnBHre OCTaIOTCA HeHalpwMKeHHbIMH (pac. 19). Emmeioe nepememedve no HalpaBnenmo cur = 67, = 1 Moxdio ompeneniTs, nomb3yacs cnoco6om Mopa. CymMMpya H HHTerpupys BIMAHKe HOPMAMIBHBIX CHM B Mpeyenax OFHOH MaHenn, NOMy4HM: fafads 2-1 B41 8 rz] — = ——_ —__ - —_>———> J FF; (2cosa}® cosa EF, 2008*x EF p mae Fp— nnowaas nonepewiore covets packoca. a” nepememenuio cooTBercrByer ycunue 7,= 1. Ho dopmy- ne (1 § = EF, cos? /B*. (3.11) Tpenmonaran, Kak o6bru0 B depMax, UWlapHUpHoe coesMHeHHe crepatelt B y3iax, IpHXONMM K BbIBOMY, YTO NON BIHAHHeM cuns.= 1 (puc. 20) npopombHbie CHIBI BOSHMKAaIOT TONBKO B CTOHKax pellleTKH H BbISbIBAIOT PaCXOXKeHHe NOACOB Ha BeMIHHY 2 =c/(EF,) (& — womans nonepeworo cererua croiiKn). Mo3stomy Ko3ddu- uMeHT NonepewHolt KecTKOCTH WBa B cooTBeTCTBUH c (2) GyneT 7 = EF, |(Bc) = EF, (8° tg x). Tipu 210M noaca crepxKHA WOWKHbI eopMApoBaTECA TO woMaHoHt mmnun (cm. pic, 20). B neiicraHTensHocrH, takoit necopmaimn 6y- QYT MpoTuBofelicTBoBaTb H3rHGalolMe MOMeHTbI, BOSHHKaIOUMe B yanax. Ho3tomy KoauumeHt %*ecTKocTH 4 GyfeT HMeTb HeMHoro Gomsitee sHayeHHe. TIpu GecKoHewHo %KeCTKMX Ha H3THG Moscax KOXp- bument Y wMeeT MakcHMambHoe 3HaveHHe. Ero HeTpy2HO BBITHCHHTS, ecm yuecTs, YTO Mosca B 3TOM cHyyae He GyAyT MeopMHpoBaTEca, HO 3aTo B paGoTy BKIIOVaTCA pacKOCsI pellleTKH. Tipu pacxoxkenMn MoacoB Ha 3 -1 younua B croiixax 6ynyt (9 / Ic) EF, , a8 packocax (9sin*x/clEF, ; O8man BepTHKabHad NpoeKIHA Yeunnii, NelicTByIoumx Ha kak pI y3en, GyneT S,= (I/CIE (F, + 2sinvee F,). Orciona E = (E+ 2sin’a F,)= Bo (3.12) =F Fe _ , 9 Fsin?occose ~ 2B tg x pe “P* 19Puc. 20 PaccmoTpu Tenteps Packockyto peuterky 6e3 croeK (cm. puc. 18,6). Tlockomky 4 B Mpeabyyuiem = cityyae, cTo#KU He NpHHHMann yuactua B paGoTe peuleTkH Ha CBHI, TO 3Ha¥eHHe § ocTaneTca pex- HWM (10); To KacaeTca koabuumenta nonepewoi x*xecTKocTH a, To MpH aGcomortHo xKecTKHX Ha H3rHO Mosicax OH MoxeT GbITS HaiifeH lo opmyne (12), B koTopoit cnenyeT mpHHaTs * = 0. [pu ru6xux Tosicax, YuMTbiBas HX paGoty, nonyyHM: 2 2 2B are) Et) (Gee) FE 6B ( 4 + 1 )s EN 2sintacasah * Gegrak,/* = t . °° Fat (isin ®a cosa k P¥a(vigiah FT Paccmotpum eue tpeyrombHy1o pemletky (cm. puc. 18, e). B ee Yaak MPWIOXKHM NelicTRyIONIHe B NPOONHOM M NonepedHoM Hanpap- weHHaAX cust 7, = 1 (pute. 21,2) n S=1 (pxc. 21,6). Tpumenaa popmyny Mopa ayia onpenenenus o606urenubix nepememennit [v3 : cooTBeTcTByI0nMx O606meHHbIM cHaM qu ‘S,, nonyaum: 8 qt 4 2 4 B wae Ft, tgoe 2-2 x "Tosa costa En, “Stax tg% Gee 1 tora © ape + “E%); cost Fy Fo 9= Bty x (1/EF,). Orcrona ve E . a 8* (cos sap, +tg 3a Fe)’ ne Bn fe 9 Beg ax 20Puc. 21 yur Sf {set _% 1 Kpome Toro, B JaHHOM ciyyae BOSHAKaCT no6ounEt KOSpuUMeHT skecTKOCTH 6 , YCTAHABMIMBAIOLIMi CRASH MexKy CHTaMH 7; H medopma- MMaAMH 9, a TaoKe Merk cWIaMH S, H COBHTaMH r, B Bue copmym: 7, /B= 80+ 3; S,/8= Arr. TIna onpenenenua Koodunnenta 8 WHTerpupyeM, cornacHo dop- myne Mopa, mpowaBeneHwe 2mtop HOpMaNbHBIX CH B CTOHKAX or JI@MCTBMA e]|MHMUHDIX CBHTaioulXx M OT CHMHHYHBIX MomepewHbIX pac- TATMBaWOWIUX CHI H Ha HonyueHHOe 3HaveHHe /enMM BenHYHHYy /B 4 (2este" v1 Ere Bas EF, B? tg2a Koahduunentnr s n 17 [1A pellleToK NomyyaroTca 3Ha4HTeMbHO 6omb- le, ¥eM Dua COeMHEHH C TOMOUIbIO TiaHOK, 4TO OGbaACHAeTCA MeHee BEITOHOM paGotoi MocnepHHX Ha H3rH6 To cpaBHeHHIo C pabotoit ‘3NIEMeHTOB pellieTOK Ha OokaTHEe KH PacTDKEHHC. Tlonoxenwe pa3yensionel miockoc™ B cmyuae mooi pemleTKH MoxeT 6bITS OMpefleneHO WBOAKO. Ipemlonaran, YO SneMcHTBI pellieT- KK UWiapHHpHO MpHKpelvicHbI K COCTAaBIIAIOUIMM CTep>KHAM, MO%KHO CUHTATS cBUTAIONIHe YCWIMA MpHIOXKeHHBIMH MO JIMHMM IpHKperuieHHst PelleTku K Tleppomy WK BTOpOMy Tostcam. B mepBom Cmyuae Tomy- uaetcd @=0, b=¢ ,aBO BTOPOM— 2=C, b = 0. B o60nx cnyuanx KOHeuHBIe peasynbrarbt GynyT OMHAKOBLIMH. 214. CBA3H B KOHCTPYKUM AX APYTUX BHOB Tuner caaseii, mpumensemsmx B AepeBAHHBIX COCTABHBIX CTep2KHAX, Gonee pasHoo6pasHBI, ¥em B MeTavINMYeCKHX COCTaBHBIX cTrepaaiax, Hx MOXxHO OGbeqHHHTS B cHenyOUMe Tpymmpr: 1) Harenu, 2) ppy6xu u MMoHKH; 3) npoknagqku Hn peuterKu; 4) crnoumute crenKu 6amoK. Harem. K Harensusim coenunenuam oTHOcaTcA G6ontBI, rBosgH, Wypymbi, co6ctBeHHo Harenn MeTaimueckue HW ty6onbIe nu mp. Pa6ora Hareneii Mpospnsetca B cMATHH ApeBecuHbl Noy Harenem vu B W3rHGe CaMoro Harens. Kpome toro, sHawuTensHy%o pons UTpact TpeHue cima. MMBaeMBIX NOBepXHOcteit ApeBecHHD! 1 pa6ora Hareneii Ha pactmkenne. Pacuet camoro Harena B Hally sanaty He BXODHT, OH OOBTHO mpon3- BOMMTCA MO aHanorMH c GankKoil, nNexamei Ha YMpyroM ocHoBaHHH. Onpenenenne nonatmpocra arena Teopermaeckn Tpenictapnser ROBOMBHO CHOXHYIO sanayy, MpHeM TPOMO3RKOCTS BEMMCHeHHA Da wleko He Beerna COOTBeTCTByeT HOcToRepHocTu Tosry4aeMbix. pesyibta- Tos. CymectBeHHsIMi MOMeHTaMH, He YUHTbIBaeMbIMH B pacueTe Hare- nei (kak MB pacueTe nouTH BCex 3IEMEHTOB [\epeBxHHBIX KOHCTpYK- uni), ABNAeTCH BNAAHHE BpeMeHH H CKOpOCTH 3arpyxeHHA Ha neop- Maun. Tlostomy GonbumMHcTBO TeopeTHYecKHX BBIBONOB K oKcTIepu- MCHT@bHBIX TaHHEIX HMEIOT 3€Cb YCHOBHBIH XapakTep H MO3BOMAIOT CYAHT MMU O NOpANKe BENMMHHBI NORaTMMBOCTH HarenbHBIX conpa- 2KeHHi, B pa6ote nareneii na pacT@eHue OCHOBHYt0 pons HrpaeT monepey- TATbCA NOCTaTOWHO H3y4eHHBIMH. Boo6me xoacbduunentsl xKectKOCTA HarembHOrO UBa [lO‘KHBI Onpe- ACMATKCA NO TOU Xe (OpMyre, uTO M IA 3aKNeNOUHDIX upog (3.3). Bpy6ku 4 umouKH B chywae TuaTenbHOTO WX BbINOMHeHHA sBnA- TOTCA OWeH 2KeCTKHMH, HO XpynKHMa 9snemMeHTaMu KOHCIpyKunit, Tostomy nedopmanun Ganku Ha BpyOKax HM UMoHKaXx yale Bcero MOrYT onpenensteca Ges yueta nonatiMBOCTH casei cyBura Tak xe, Kak H CKabipaoume HallpsKeHHA, MIpHxoAumecs Ha K@KAY} CBA3b, T.e. lo o6brmsIM dopmynam CONpOTHBNeHHA MaTepuanos. Acxmo- NeHHe MpeycTapmawor rnayKue KOMbyeBbIe KB OCOGeHHOCTH ay6uaTo- KoNbueBbe TMOHKH, pabota KOTOpBIX Gonbule npuGnwKaetca no cBOeMy XapakTepy K HarenbHBIM coemMHeHHAM, CoenuHeHHa Ha mmoHKax n Bpy6xax O6brHO cHabxaworcd cTAK 22Puc. 22 ¥eHb HepaBHOMepHo, Mpwyem Gnarojlapa XpyNKOCTH Bpy60K CKa- yibiBaHMe ODHOH M3 HHX BBISBIBAeT MOCHeAOBAaTeNbHOe pa3pywleHHe H BceX OCTAIBHBIX, 2 3aTeM H BBIXO/| 3 CTpoA BCe GankH. PasnHuHOTO powa HeIbIOTHOCTH B THesyax Bpy60K, KOTOpbIX O¥eH_ TpyAHO H36e- 2kaTb MpH WSFOTOBMEHHM, eye Comee yrmyGnAioT HepaBHOMepHOCTh paGoTsI Bpy6ok Hm BHOCAT GonbLly!o HeolpexeneHHOCTS B qbaxTuyec- koe pacnpefleneHHe ycwiHit. Tipoxnanku H peilerkH. CoctaBHoii crep>keHb, coeMHeHHEII KOpOT- KMMH Mpoknankamu (puc. 22), aHanorHyeH MeTa/UIMYeCKOMY COCTAB- HOMY cTep:kHio Ha miaHKax, OjHako %KeCTKOCTS TWIaHOK Ha wsarn6 gilech MOXKHO CUMTATS paBHoi GeckoHewmocTH, NOsTOMy KOSIpuumeHT 2KECTKOCTH WiBa Ha CABHT § MOVKHO BbIMHCHHTs NO dopmyne (3.9). Tlocnemmin xe He YUMTBIBAeT MofaTNMBOcTH Harenei, CoexMHAIOUIMX KNaKK C BeTBAMM. YuecTh MX MOXKHO, OMpeenat HCTHHHBI Kooduunent § 10 dopmyne 1/§ = 1/8, + 1/84 - aD Snes $, — KoodxpuueHT KecTKOCTH, ONPeMeNeHHEI B MperonoxeHHH a6Co- HWOTHOM xeCTKOCTH Harenell, a §4— ToT Ke KomdMuneHT, BErMCIeHHEIA B Mpen- TlonoxeHHH a6cOmMOTHOH 2ECTKOCTH LepeBAKHLIX S7eMeHTOR CTEPKHR. Bce ckagaHHoe NpHMeHHMO MK Kk COCTaBHBIM peleTdaTbIM CTep2k- Ham. KoachpuiMeHTsI 2%KeCTKOCTH UBa B HMX MOryT ONpeenATECA TO dopmynam, aHHBIM DIA MeTamIMYecKHX pellleTuaTHIX CTepxHel C coorsercrayiulet NompaBkoi no dopmyne (1), KoTopaa YYHTEIBACT TlofaTmMBocTs NpuKperseHHi IeMeHTOB pellleTKH K NOACAM. Crnoummte crenkn Ganok. Ciofa oTHOCATCA MOMATBIe NepeKpectHbIe M qanepHpre cTeHKH [ByTaBpoRBIX GanoK rBozyeBbix H KIeeBbIX, a Tak%ke WoujaTbie CTeHKH KyleeHBIX Kopo6yaTbix H [BYTAaBpOBBIX aOK, Onpenenum Koadduunent %xecTKocTH $ Aya GanKH co crmOWHOl cTeHoi. [pu Harpy3Ke e2HHMUHBIMM pacnpe/ieneHHbIMH CHIaMH TIO JIH- HMM Mpukpermenua noxcos (puc. 23) mpousoiijer caBHT cTeHKH, paBHBli t= Ie fla eG er), 42) Te @,,— Tonumua creHKu; G,, — MODysb YMpyTOCTH CTeHKH MpH cyBure, ¢ — Pacctostitne MeKIY OCAMH MORCOB. 23Puc. 23 Otciona $7 1M, = a, 8, /e. K nepememeruwo 8 Bune copura f% (2) cnenyer no6asur» copur TBOSMeBBIX Coe/IMHeHHi, paBHEtii B OGOHX Noscax Ty = 218g = 20g [Tq Te im — HHcnO cpeson FBoaselt B MoAce Ha NOrOHHY!O eAMHMUY AHHEI; T-g— you. 7M B ONHOM TBOSNeBOM cpese; /74— CHBUT, COOTRETCTRYIOIIAM ITOMY younmo, O6umit cusur Gyner rat tl,= 1/8, +1/8,,, a O6umit Kooddunent xecTKOCTH CTeHKH Ha CUBUT $= 1/P = 1101/8) + (4/8, J= Wl [ayy Coy 2, [Ty ). B kneenoit 6anke 1, =~ 4 §=1/r=ad,,6,,/c. (43) ere: AvanorMmHo onpenenserca Kosuunent oKectKocTH cTeHKH B notlepeyHoM HalipaBneHun 2, ~t +e), e (ae Trg B xenes06erone MOryT GtITb BEITOMHeHEL KOHCTpyKUHM COCTaBHEIX KONOHH H cbepm c packocamu u 6¢3 Packocos (cepa Bupenpens) , Pacuet wx B IIpyHuune He OTMMMaeTCA OT pacueTa aHaNOTHYHDIX Mera. AMMECKUX KOHCTpyKuMi. Kpome TOrO, HMeroTCA ChennwyecKHe x%xene- 306eroMHbIe Hecyume KOHCTpyKUMM, Hanpumep GankKu c Kpyripimu WsIH MHOTOYTOMBHBIMH OTBEPCTHAMM B ctenKe (puc. 8), Koapdu- UMeHTBI *KECTKOCTH UIBOB B 3THX Gankax MO%KHO ONpelenuTh Meto- AaMM TeopHH ynpyroctu, a TaxKe MORCNBHBIMH IH HaTypHbIMH 9KcIlepMMeHtamu. Crona xe cnefyeT OTHECTH H LIHpoKO MpHMeHsempIe B CTpoWtenberBe xeneso6eroHHBIe THIMTBI C CKBOSHBIMM WHIMHEpHYec- 24KHMH OTBepcTHAMu (pc. 10). STH MinTbI B NorepeyHoM Hampapste- Hun paborator Tak xe, KaK GaIKH C KPyTHbIMH OTBEpCTHAMH. Bonpuioe svayeHme nonyunn B locHenHee BpemMA pacueT HecyUmHXx KOHCTPYKUMH 3aHHii NOBbILCHHOM ITaKHOCTH KaK KapKacHBIX, TaK 4 TlaHeMbHIX, JTaxKepKa HECYUIMX KOHCTpYKUMH MHOTOSTaKHOTO 37laHHA MoxeT PaCCMaTPHBaTECA KaK COCTaBHOH CTepxKeHb, B KOTOPOM cBA- 3AMH CIBHTa ABTAIOTCA NepeMbIuKH Haj, MpoeMamH H purenM KapKa- ca. TlepexpbiTHA MpH 3TOM OGecteyMBaloT HeM3MeHAeMOCTS TOPH3OH- TasbHbIX CeueHHH 3flaHNA M HTpaioT ponb a6comoTHo %KecTKKX Nonepeu- HBIX CBA3CH. Boa KOHCTpyKUMA 3faHwA YacTo paboraet MpocrpaHcTBeH- HO Ha M3TH6 B OGOMX HalpaBmeHHAX HM Ha Kpy4eHKe Hop, jelicTBHeM GoKoxoro Berpa. Ilo cxeme cocTaBHoro cTep:kKHA MOTYT paccuMTBIBaTE- ca TakoxKe H NPOTAKEHHBIe MaIOsTaKHbIe 3yaHua. CTepxKeHb MIpu 9TOM CuMTaeTCH NexKalM Ha YIpyTOM OCHOBaHHM MIM Ha OT/eIBHEIX PyH- MaMeHTHBIX Oflopax, a CBASAMM cmBuTa SynyT Mpocre#kU HM Nonepex- HbIe CTeHDI. BHelmHHM Bo3pelicTBHeM 3/ech OODIMO ABNACTCA HepaBHO- MepHast ocamka aflanna, I nasa 3, COCTABHBIE CTEPKHA C KECTKMMH MONEPEYABIMH CBA3AMH 5. YPABHEHHA JUIA CBHI AIOUHX YCHIIMA B nopapnaouem GombumHcrBe cnyyaeB nopatmMBoctbio Norepey- HBIX CBA3ei MO%KHO IpeneGpeub, B pesynbrare Yero pacueT cocTaBHoro CTepxkHA 3HayHTeMbHO ynpoctutca. [Ipemtonoxenve 06 abcomioTHoH XKeCTKOCTH MOMepeyHbIxX cBA3ei BNONHe cormacyetca c runoTeI0 O68 OTCYTCTBHH NorlepeyHEIx FleshopMauHit B OT/leMbHbIX CTep»xKHAX, paccun- TBIBACMBIX TO TEXHKYECKOH TeOpHH M3rH6a, mexKalelt B OCHOBe Kypca COnpOTHBNeHHA marepHaoB, Morpeumocts, BO3HKKarllat MpH He- yaete nonepewHbix Wepopmaumit, OKasbIBAeTCH 3aMeTHOM TONBKO B Cmydae KOPOTKHX cTep>kKHei C GonbIOM BbICOTOH NONepeuoro ceue- Hua. TouHo Tak >ke B COCTaBHOM CTep»He, UTHHA KOTOpOTO 3HauHTesb- HO Mpeppiaer BBICOTY ero NOnHOrO ceueHHA, BIMAHKE NOaTIMBOCTH MOnepewnprx cBa3eit omkHO 6EITS HeBeNHKO, 3a HCKMIOVeHHEM OCcObBIX ciy¥aer 3arpy>keHHit, BbIsbIBAIONAX pa6ory, riaBHbim o6pa30m, mone- PewHEIx cBa3eii, B nanbuedimem wanoxKenvn Gytem paccmarpuBatb cBAa3H, HenpeppiB- HO PacnpepenenHbie TO MWe WBa. ITO NpepnorxKenne TipHeMiemMo K B cayqae HecKombKUX (6onee MATH-IWECTH) COcpeOTOUeHHBIX cBs3ei, PACTOMOKeHHBIX Ha O/MHAKOBbIX MpOMeXyTKaX OHH OT Apyrux, NOCKONBKY OHO BHOCKT MIB HeOonbuly¥ norpeumocts B pesymbTa- TBI pacueta, Bosemem coctasHoit crepxexb, cocrapnenubti u3 2+ 1 OTNeHbHbX cTepkHelt, Bo Bpema paSoTbI cocTaBHOro crep>xHAa B CBA3HX CHBUTa 25K@KDOFO UIBa BOSHHKAIOT ycHNMA, ABIAOUseCA YHKUMAMH KoopmH- HaqbI X, OTCUMTbIBAeMOi MO AWTMHe cTep>KHA. Benvumy 9T4x ycunnii, OTHeceHHyt0 K eqMHAYe IMEI 1Ba, O603Ha4EM uepes Z (H/cm). B Bomoxnax coctaBnaouux crepxkHeH BOSHHKaWT MpoyonbHbie e- opmauan € npopomubie cmeuenan ee. CocpeloTouerHbtit cant P BAO pasrenmMoeh MIOCKOCTH WBA PaBeH pasHOCTH CMeIeHHA Bepx- Hero BOIOKHa Hpkenlexaiero CTepxKHA an HIDKHHX BOJIOKOH BBILIC- Tlekawlero ctepxHa “" : Peur-u? (6.1) (cauTaem, 410 cevenua cocrapnarommx crepxHell ZOXOnAT 110 pasye- AOUleH MOCKOCTH WBa, AMex XOTH OBI HyneBylo WMpuHy). Caa3b Mexdly MpofonbHBrMn Hedopmauvamu ponoKon cTepxHeit M CMeLICHHAMH & BbIpakaetca Popmynoii -du e= Se nu’, (5.2) Tubdepenmmpys (1), nonyaum ris etree, (5.3) me €" 4 €°— nponomsie nepopmaumn B BOMOKHax, MpHMEncaOUMX K pasme- saOULel THOCKOCTH Ba cRepxy H CHHay. Coctasnoli crepxer» co CBOMMH CBA3AMU clIBura i TonepewHbimn Bynem paccuntsrpats ee MeTOAOM cui, BbIGpaB B KayecTBe OCHOBHOM CHCTeMBI CTep>KeHb, MMLeHHEY cBasel cnpura, elicraue KOTOpsIx 3aMeHHM ¢byHKUMOHaNbHBIMH HeH3BeCTHEIMA 7; , Te &~ wHMeKc, 03- Hauaroumit HOMep pa (cM, puc. 24), Bnaroyaps a6comorHo xecTKEM TOnepedHbIM CBA3AM WaHHai CHCTeMa 3KBUBaeHTHA 2 + 1 COBMeCTHO warnGaempIM OTLeNbHBIM CTepxkHAM NO OfMHaKOBOH KpHBOH usruGa YC), rhe “— WHcHO WBOB CTepKHA, Ouiaa 2ecrKocTs Ha varH6 COCTaBHOTO CTep>xHA, NMIWeHHOrO cBA- 3ei Cliura, paBHa cymMMe >xKecTKOCTEii OT/ENbHbIX CrepaHeit aes 2 E;5;= 2EI (aa CoKpalllenHa 3amiceit B 3TOK cyMme He Gynem yKa3brpaTs Mpepe- ‘MbI CYMMHPOBAHUA M HHDeKcéI). OGosHayum yepes mM? cyMMapHEIit w3ruGaoumit MOMeHT, paBHBrit cyMMe varnGaroux MOMEHTOB B cCeyveHHAX Kakgoro COcTaBsIAtomero CTep2KHA OCHOBHOH cuctemEr: 26Yepes Me o603Ha4HM H3rHOalowHii MOMeHT, BOSHMKAaIOWUMi B -KaKIOM OTHeNbHOM CtepokHe OT jeiicTBMA BHellHel Harpy3ku Ge3 yuera ycu- WMH, NepeyaiouMxca OT MoMepewHbIX cBA3eH H CBA3ei CoBHra, 3ame- THM, 'TO YCHIHA B ILOMepeyHbIX CBA3AX ABNAWTCA YpaBHOBeliicHHbIMH w HMYerO He WOGapnawr K OOmemy H3rKOalonleMy MOMeHTY cocTaB- HOTO CTCpxKHA. Yowiua B cBa3ax CUBHTa BbI3bIBaIOT MOMECHTbI B COCTABJIAIONIMX CTepxKHAX, paBHEIe me 7z-1 m Tj — cymmapHste cusurajoume yous Bi+/-m 4 2M UBaX, HaKaIr SIMBaeMéle Nlo AVIMHe CTepxKHA OT ero Havama s10 paccmaTpuBaemoro coreHHa é “ x 1,2 [een, T, ao Phy tr (5.4) ° b,-4 w @;— paccToauie OT WeHTpa THKECTA CeNeHHA Z-ro CTep>KHA NO pasmensio- IHX IMIOCKocTeli BhIle HM HWKeNexKaMero IBA (cm. puc, 24). Cymmupyacb, MOMeHTBI Mr Hatot noGaBKy k o6wemy u3rKGalo- WleMy MOMeHTYy OCHOBHO! cuctembr M°, B cBA3H C ¥eM TOmHOe 3Haue- ve usrHGaloujero MOMeHTa B CHcTeMe CTaHOBHTCA paBHbIM a mg M=M+ EM,. (5.5) csr é Tloncrapae ciona Bbipaxenua (3), yaa, YTO 7, = Trea = 0, nony- 4HM BMecTO (5) Puc. 24 27nt n e M=M'~ ET.a,~ ET. b, = M°~ =F eg “ Ma Te; (5.6) Z & The C,— paccromtme Mexiy LeHTPaMH THKECTH CeveHHit MBYX CMCXHBIX CTEp- Hell, pasmenerntbix m 1IBOM 0,5 a, 4 b,. (5.7) UsruOarommit Moment M ppisbipaeT UcKpHBNeHMe Oceii cocTaBsiAI- WIHX CTepxHeli To OMHaKOBBIM KpuBLIM 4 (x). Juddepenunansnoe ypapHenwe KpuBoi (x) Ipw Mambix MporHOax KMeer TaKOt %e BHI, Kak B O6briHoit Ganke: ¥Y"=-M/EI, (5.8) HopmanbHpie ycwiWa B COCTABNAIOIMX cTep>KHAX BbIpPMKAaOTCA opmynoit (5.9) T+T, ong? 2 . rae N¢ — nopmamsusie ycunns, BissIBaembie B -M CTEpxKHe OAHOM TOKO BHemmelt Harpy3kon. Onpenenum tertepp peopmaunn KpaiiHHXx BOsOKOH cTep»xHeit 10 06e cropoxbi paspensiomelt mockocTH é-ro Ba 8 ” " Ep Ey", ELE +y"a,. (5.10) Bnecs Ef, Ef,, —ocensie neopmauun Z-ro m c¢4-ro crepaiA, KoTopsie paper et 2 Nets ie E Ee (5.11) F. F, Zea ~ BNOMANH nonepewMEIx cereHH Z-ro M +1 -To Creprtell, Tlonctasue eipaxerua (11) 1 (8) B opmynst (10) , nonyuum: Ne M pte Nort M og; f * ZED bs ec Er4t Ficad Ze Tlo opmyne (3) c yuetom (7) 6ynem uMeTb BbIP@KeHHe Wit NpowsBopcrBenHoit My oT cypura tio ¢2My WBy (5.12) Font Feed WIM, PACKPBIB BhIPMKEHHA AIA MPOPOMbHBIX cH H K3rHOaloLYeTO MO- MeHTa No dopmynam (9) u (6): 28F, E er ie4 een TE Salulliem 370 BbIpaxkKeHHe B PopMe (5.13) THe (5.14) _ os ey 4* SEF npn te-st>d. Jlerko 3aMeTHTb, YTO BO BCex cnyyanx Gyner clipaBenMBo pa- BeHCTBO As, Ag, - (5.15) na toro yr06p1 ocHopHas cHcTema crata KBABaTeHTHOH 3ananHol, Heo6XxogMMo npHpaBHaTs cusurH ["; B WBaX TOrOHHBIM ciBKTaouMM orca Tj, HeneHHEIM Ha KosMUMeHT %KeCTKOCTH IBA é .C yue- Tom (4 - 27 ret [b= TY MB, 6.16) Tloncrapne ypantenne (12) peipaxerue (15), nloxyuuM .T) y fn Ae GAs CP LZ 0) (5:17) WM MPH NocToAHHEIX KOI puUMeHTax >%KecTKOCTH IBA TO Tyme CT€PXKHA B pasBepHyTOM BHIIe: 29FAT Ag me Ty = Mag (5.18) 6.O1IPEESIEHHE YCHJIMA B MOMEPEYHBIX CBA3AX Or BHeUIHei Harpy3KH MK ycHMMii B cBa3AX cmBHra B CTepxKHAX OCHOBHOH CHCTeMbI BOSHHKaIOT wsarnOaoume MOMEeHTbI Go = Meme ye M,=M,+M; = M; Tg @ eng TB; én Eg e+ Kpome Toro, Ha cTepxamM nepemalot ycunna ToMepewnsle CBa3V, KOTO- bie BEISbIBalOT H3rHOatoLMe MOMeHTBI s 2 2 Mea ff sdx** ffs. ax’, é we “-7 Te S$; ~ younua » nonepewsix camsnx #70 ma, oTHecenmMe K exmnaie ToUHHEI cTepxHa. CymMapHeti waruGaioupit MOMeHT B 7-M cTep»xHe Oyper a TS s M, = M3 + M+ M,2= fie ms, (6.1) B to xe Bpema 3TOT MomeHT paBeH MF EI; 4". Yura @opmyny (5.8), nonyyum M? _z Ee7; (62) BED et 2G SEI a7 me M — nommsif narnGaioumit Moment » ocHoBHolt cucteme, onpeplensembilt to dopmyne (5.6). Tpupaniian npapste vactu opmyn (1) (2), Haine me: E; n ZED jz, 30Ycwnua B NonepexHbIX cBASAX, Nepenatommeca Ha fh cTepkeHb, BEIMHCIMM, B3AB BTOpy!o NPOUSBOMHYW OT M ? : sy > : . (MpY"* 8524-8, > 07, Ast Tb G, Ey Eck a 1 4 sEF ~ Ber Fe Smech %,— nonepesuan narpyaka, NpHNOKeHAN K E-MY CTEpXHO 92 Bg ~ ear “6 RosHad nlonepewtan Harpy2Ka Ha Bech COCTaBHOM crepKeHb. Vitak, Hama nomyyeHa cucTema ypaBHeHHit [1a onpeneneHHa ycu- amit S$; B UIBaXx: 14,-ft Be! : ~S,=4, +7, b,- SEF (& Uy oy + Qi Pont ; E,J, S17 52> Gat Ta, tb, “Ee (Et eQs Fr ss 1 agp fee pf pe . $,° $55 G5tba, +8; 6, - SEF (Baty 6.3) nin veeeeee Be a = , ‘5 ~Fnvn : Stet Sa Gt 18a 1 On ne SEG tic. +g); Orciona nerKo nonyunts Bce $;(¢= 1,2,..,2) mocnegoBatembHEIM cnoxKeHHeM ypaBHeHHii (3). Cnox%HB nepBbie 7 ypaBHeHHa 3TOM CHCTe- MBI, TOnyuHM c i+ = EJ; _ ft, tn et IT, ee (6.4) “Et Bu tenes (Eve w: SameruM, ¥To, ecm aan ompeneneHHa ycwMit B CBA3AX ciBura Gbi0 GespasnHwo, Kak MpoBecTH pasfensmMoulyio MWIOCKOCTS B Ue, TockonsKy 8 Ko3buuMeHTE! ypaBHeHHit (16) Bxogum nyu cyMMBI OTpeskon a, + 3 = C; , 10 21a BBTMCHeHHA yCHIHi B nonepewHpx CBA3AX Halo 3HaTb TOWHOe MomoxeHHe Ppasjensoureit TMIOCKOCTH, KOTO- Pad Ronxaia mpoiirH yepe3 TOUKH, re MOMEHTEI B MlOnepeqHBIX CBA3AX Pabunr xymio. Hanpymep, 21a cTepxHA c TepeMblvKaMy WIM I1aHKaMH (cm. pyc. 16) pasnensiowan nnockocts nomxia MpOoxonHTs yepes HYMeBbIe TOYKM SITOpbI MOMeHTOB Ha Tepemprikax (cM, puc. 17). Younna 5; MS,., WIA CTO cTepxXHA ABMAIOTCA BHELUHMMH CHaMH, TOsToMy OHH HOmKHBI BMecTe c Monepewoit Harpy3koi Ha jaHHEHi 31cTepxeHh 7; YHOBMCTBOPATs YCROBHAM PaBHOBECHA, a HMeHHO — pa- BeHCTBY HYJI0 CYMMbI IipoeKUMH Bcex CHI Ha OCh y H paBeHTCBy Hy- 10 CYMMbI MOMeHTOB BCex CHI, BKTOYaH CIBHTarollMe ycunua TH T,;_4 B CBASAX cmpura. Ech 3TH ycHOBMA paBHOBeCHA He BLMIONHATOT- CA, TO YCWIMA B KpaiiHHX MolepeyHbIX CBA3AX MaHHOTO CTepaHA cnesy- eT CUHTATb COCpeOTOUeCHHbIMH. TIpennonaraetca, 4TO BcnecTBHe aGconwTHOw %KeCTKOCTH MoMepeuHbIX cBA3e%, MOCHeMHHe BOCIpHMyT 9TH ycuua Ge3 Mecbopmaunit, 7. ONPEQESIEHHE HANPAKEHHA Tlocne onpefenenua ycunuit B CBA3AX CHBHTa OCHOBHas CHCTeMa, TIMUIeHHaA CBA3EH CHBUTa, paccunTbIBaeTCA Ge3 Tpyna. Ocepan cuma A,B K@KIIOM COcTaBNAIOUeM Crep>xKHe o_ N,= WN, T+: (7.1) Buy Tpenuuii MoMeHT B TOM 2ke cTep2kHe paBeH (6.2): a M,= M°E, 7. | EET EG EL MEED. 2) Tlpofonpubie HanpaxeHHA onpepenatoTca To opmyne G,= N/E +M,z,/3,, (7.3) THe Z~ paccTOAHKe OT UeHTpa TAKECTH CeNeHHA “TO CTepx Ho paccmarpHBa- emoro BonoKHa. Stopa mpofonbHbIx HanpaxKeHMit B cocTaBHOM crepaaie nomyya- eTCA CTyNeHYaTO!, HO C ONMHaKOBbIM HaKMOHOM K BepTHKamH BO BCeX crepxHsx (puc. 25). CkaukH B omope MpononbHprx HanpaxKeHHii B KDKIOM utBe paibr 7,'/§, . Aa Toro woGbt onpenenuts KacatenbHBIe HanpaxenHA “7,4 B ¢-M CT€pokHe, paCCMOTPHM paBHOBecHe MpH3MBI WIMHOH dx HM BBICOTOR 2, 6;_,) BeIpesauHow H3 /-ro crepaaia (pyc. 26). [poextupys BCe YCHIMA Ha Och x, HONyuu a =o al B()6, (t)at +t, HC yyetom cbopmynsi (3) 7 , 7 _ NM: Mz S(z,) ] wy rel FP) 7 +r |? THe Fiz,) , S(z,)— Toman wactu cewenusa Z-ro CTepoKHA, pactionoxKeH- Ham BbIUle ypoBHA 2, , H CTaTHYeCKHit MOMEHT 3TOM MIOMaM OTHOCH TeMbHO UeHTpanbHOH OcH CeueHMA ¢-TO cTepxHA, B( z,)— WIMpyiia ceve- HHA Ha ypoBHe Zz 32C yuetom (1) u (2) 4, nonaras ¥."=const, npwiem kK paBeHcTBy __1 Ce-Ci-4 BEI. Sl) ye sal Fe FG)~ Bea 4 E;J, S(z) ttc SS ete, |. Wy 6! EEF, ot “é me Q°=M*. 8. CTEPKEHb, COCTABJIEHHbIA H3 [BYX BPYCbEB Ec coctapHoit ctep>keHb COCTOMT TONbKO H3 ABYX MOHOJIMTHBIX cTepxkHei, To BMecTO cucTembr (5.18) GyfemM HMeTb TO/IbKO OfHO ypaBHeHHe T'E=OTHA. Koshduutent 7 1 cBoGonusrit wien 4 3peck uMeroT 3HaueHHs: 2-2184 1,2, T°44 =F * Ee Fe =EF’ (8.2) = we Me Mec Orage FEF 26d Pewee ypapHerua (1) mMoxHo 3anvcaTb B BHI 7 T=C,shax +l, chart = [A(t)shAlx-t)dt, 83) @ ne 6 £,~ mpowsponsuie noctommste u A= Yer = S(1/E,F, + 1/E, 6 +0?7/ZEI). (8.4) Yewnns B nonepewHbix cBa3ax, Mepefaloumeca Cc OMHOFO cTepxKHA Ha Apyroit, 6yyT papHst, cormacuo (6.4): Es7y, on, = Sa-g,-t'e+ EAT (00 +G,+G,)= 1 4 - g . =shy [6,y, (0a +g,)- £9, (05 +9,)) (8.5) B wactHom cmyyae crepaaia, CHMMEeTPHYHOO OTHOCHTeNBHO pasyie- Joule MOcKocTH 1Ba: Fas E,-E,=E 5 I,=9, =I; a=bac/2; FEI=2EI; ¢ a a Me EE ey EG Zee? _ I2-% oe Tlocnennaa copmyna TlokasbIBaeT, YTO B cnywae CHMMeTpHZI0TO CTepxXHA 43 DByX Opycbes MH BerBeii YCwIMA B aGCOMIOTHO 2ecTKHX TonepeyHbIx CBA3AX paBHbI MOsYpasHocTH NonepewHBIX Harpy30xk, np JIOKEHHBIX K ODHOMY H Apyromy 6pycy. 9. CTEPKEHb 3 TPEX BPYCbEB, CAMMETPHYHbI OTHOCHTEMbHO NPOO/IbHOK OCH B stom cnyuae (pyc. 27) 6ynem wMerb 7Ba Hucdepenumanbupx ypapHenma TY § (44,7, tA I tA); (9.1) T"=$(AyT + A 34=4 me 4, = Ags (EF) (EY CUEET) 5 yy Aa, =~ (EF) #0? (EEF) (HHyeKcbI K, c cooTBeTCTBYIOT KpaiiHemy H cpegHemy 6pycbsam). O6o3HauHM: (Lt RW2=T% 35 (4-227. (9.2) Snece Tq ABIACTCA aTUCHMMETPHYHOM YaCTbIO COBOKYMHOCTA youMtt ZH 75, a 7, — CaMMeTpHSHOH. Cocrabum cymmy M pasHocts ypasueHuii (1). C yuetom (2) 10 ayuimM a ahaa AigtAzo |. 11° 4,7, + 4522 |, A Ye _ 44-4 Tres (4, 45%, + sae | +4); (9.3) +A), (9.4) = 2c? awoo THe a= 444+ 4a,= ELF, + SET Aa Oey ja Atet bee NE Me a E& SEI’ 5 A=Vh; (9.5) } 35Ypaprenne (3) oTHocutca K aHTHCHMMeTpHaHO Harpy3Ke, a ypaB- Henne (4) — k cHMMeTpiHOit. Ycw1ua B nonepewHbix cBa38x Tipu CHMMeTpHUHOH Harpy3Ke S2-9, 425, (9.6) Tip aHTHCHMMeTpHUHOH Harpy3Ke ELT G qT B)- Ey Tg (G,t th, ) oc Fx Ke (Ge s= LEI , 0.7 me A, pacctoaune Mexily paanenmoUMiMi fmockoctAMH LIBOB. 10. PABOTA BHYTPEHHHX CHIT PaGota BHyTpeHHuXx cur B YMPyroM cocTaBHOM CTep»kKHe ckKNaIbI- BaeTca H3 paGoTbI HaNpmwKeHMH B COCTaBNAWLINX Opycbax 4 paOorsr yipyrux cBaseH capura, puxonamanca Ha CAMHHILY JUTHHbI pabota HanpsKeHHii B ¢-m CTep>xKHe = 2 2 A,= 05 (M2/E, 2. tw /E,F:). Tloncrapnas cioma (7.2) 4 (7.1), Haxonum A (M2, TesP eI, AZET)2 = f2% 2 ~ Tisepe (M°- 2m + 1 o 2 2 2ELF, (Ni + rer+ Bocnonp30naBumch Obo3Ha¥eHHaMa (5.13) H (5.14), 970 BbIpa- oKeHHE MOXKHO NMepenMcaTb B BUC: 2 2 A= 951M, 7,2 +My Ty tt Muy Ty Dt 4 As 5 tt Ain Te Tn * #405 BT 44g, BT, tt Anni nd nt Og T, * Aa I tt Angle * Ago» rae mo net 40° BEET * ETE F” Mae 0s HB Ba prt Bare sep jer LOL exy 0 E00 37Pa6ora ynpyrux cex3eit COBHra, IpHXOMAUaACA Ha eMHANY DMI cTepaaia: (10.1) (10.2) Tipw 3aqaHHodt BHeumeit Harpy3Ke 91a paGota onKHa HMeTb MMHH- MaiibHoe 3HaveHne, YcnoBHe MAHMMyMa dynxunotans (2) MoxHo 3a- MHcaTb B Bue ypaBHeHHit Jiinepa—Ilyaccona: ap a 3P ve OR de aT 8 (= 42,..,4), (10.3) tae P— noamaterpansiioe Biipaxenne B (2), Pacum@poppieaa 3TH YpaBHeHHA, Nonyu4M 224.7, + 24, > 27."/8, (612,44, A), v1 T.c. ypasveHua (5.17), Kotoppte 3qecb MoxHO CuHTaTD BbIBe]eHHBIMH APYTHM ciiocobom. 11. COBCTBEHHBIE PEWEHHA CHCTEMbI YPABHEHHA COCTABHOrO, CTEPKHA Kpagpatumtyro dopmy dL) ¢ NOMOMIbIO JHHeiiHOrO npeobpasonanus TlepeMeHHbIX 7; MOXHO TIpH- dou K CyMme Kpagpatos. Nocrapum, Kpome Toro, 3anayy, uto6pI opma a 42 B= ET! /s, ier ¢ Mpeo6pasopanace B Gonee Mpoctyt dopmy 38ar ET an (112) OueBHAHO, ITO LIA TOTO cuenyer NpHMeHHTb Mpeo6pasoBaHHe: VER, T2VET. (113) a Tipu 910m KBayipaTuunan chopma (1) nomyyaet BA (11.4) ime Haiigem co6crpeHHble BeKTOPBI MaTPHUBI KOIPPUUMEHTOB O¢;g , Te. TaKHe BeKTOpBI yy» 424¢5.+.,Uqx,KOTOPbIC HHEHHDIM MpeoOpa- 30BaHMEM ¢ KoxbbunMentaMna, NONY Tarot MHL OMHAKOBbIt MHOXH- renb Az } WIA BCeX CBOHX COCTABIIAIOWIAX 2 + Kay Hay * "era tek tee BOG, Unk Me Meta? H ay yy +H gg Hag Foret zy ine = Aa Yori aLs) + = Hyphae + Kpglh gy Pert Hyg Ung Ang: Onvopomas cacTema NMHeiHBIX ypaBHeHHit (5) MMeeT OTIMUHbIC OT HyNa pellleHHa MIpH paBeHCTBe HyJIH0 OMpemenHTenA: 2 a MG rg ses Lay Xar eg ~ Mg Xan =. (11.6) Xn ene «Xa 7_ Tlocne packpbITHA Toro ompeenutens MonyuaeTcs anreOpanueckoe ypaBHeHHe /1-Oii CTelleHH OTHOCHTCIbHO ARs KoTOpoe HMeeT /t KopHelt. CoorsetcTBeHHO NomyyHM /2 CHCTeM ypapvennit (5) 4 # co6cTBeH- HBIX BEKTOPOB, ABNAIOLIHXCA pellleCHMAMM ITHX CHCTeM YpaBHeHHit. Za Toro yTo6bi pewleHHa WA COGCTBCHHBIX BeKTOPOB GbLIM Olpe- leneHHbIMK, NOcTaBHM B JlONOsIHeHHe Kako CHCTeMe ypasneHHit ye- Jiopwe HOPMHpOBaHHOCTH a Bue et (k=42..,7). (17) iat chk Tloxaskem, 470 coGcTBCHHBIe BeKTops! MaTpHubr No, I] oGnanatoT cBoiicrsaMH OpToroHambHocTH 392 Lu dy 8 npn kK ¥L, (11g) é=7 ck Tura or BbIpa3uM B (8) 3HaueHHa 4, “epe3 nepble vactu ypapue- nnn (5): ; fai ee A? Ma = -, (LS Bay “¢119) Lag “=a a. iy WAR Gy ty te t aay vk Satem npofenaem Taky1 xe Onepalinto C 3HaYeHHAMH te 2, (11.10) Yunreipat cHMMeTpHto KO3d¥NHeHTOB = OG¢ » Baicmouae, 4ro PaBeHCTBO Mpapex yacrelt B (9) u (10), ecu AGF Aj 3 BO3MOX- Ho J1MIb pw ycnoBun (8). Matpana {{ & ¢, || , o6pasoparHaa cocTasyatonltMMH BCex co6cTBeH- ubIX BeKToOpos, Onaronapa ycroBHaM (7) Hv (8), ABUIAeTCH optoro- H@IbHOH Matpuueit. _ Bpezem Tenepb nepemennpre 1; no bopmysam: = 4 » a Tau Nt le, Ltt lyy Tho aun q, leg T, ty, Tz tot Ug Thi . Tyo lag Ty t ag Ty teat hy, Tey FF ay Ty ty, T+ tay, Ts (11.12) Uae ng t lgg Ty but yy Ty. Aeiictsutensno, matpuna npev6pasopannii (11) saBnaerca o6pat- Holi No oTHOIWeHMO K MaTpHue mpeo6pasonannii (12), aK Kak mpoH3- BeleHKe STHX MaTpHIT paBHO esMHMe: 40ly yy ail 4“ 07...0 21 bag Mie Heg + Une Lay toy = &, ao ...7 me Sythe ap My hag hag 1 a... 0 ‘Zn |i. at neo Yoy WTO HETpyAHO MPOBepHTb, ecm yuecth paBeHctBa (7) u (8). Tlepe- CTaBJAA COMHOOKUTEMH NOMYYHM Ty Ke MaTpMy. Uta, Ha ocHopanuu (12) moxHo 3anicats: cae? ™> ” 2= Lu RY (11.13) Takum o6pa30m, KBafpatuanas cbopma (1) mpeo6pa3oBanuamu (3) ¥ (12) cBenacs K cyMMe KBampaToB (13). 3ameTHM TakKe, YTO OpTo- ToHanbHoe Mpeo6pasopaHue (12) He u3MeHAeT Busa KBasIpaTHWHOit Gopmut (2), ut0 nerko MpoBeputp MocraHoBKoit (12) B (2). Cneno- BatenbHo, 41a a on a ce BA, VET = Fda, BL ZS ey ko _ a ow eto -z Zio VE Hy fap urere rae a R= EA VE Uy. (11.14) Mitak, noquuterpansuoe pbipaxenne B 10.2 myn: Ip: ¢ ) apeo6pasyerca B cne- a (1.15) 2 a, qT, tEN tZERT, Fg > a ypapHenus Jiinepa—Ilyaccona (10.3) nonyyator BA, MTR AW T°80 OK 42 ,0/8), (11.16) T.e. cHcTema DudcbepenunanbHbix ypaBHennit (5.18) pacnapaetcs Ha ‘2 He3aBKCHMBIX DuddepeHumaibHbIX ypaBHeHHHi BTOporo MopAyKa. Ana orbickanua coOcrBeHHBIX 3HaveHHit A? MaTpHUBI Il oC, 4/1 MO2KHO ppeoppssonare ypapHenue (6) yenenwem cron6yos onpetenutena Ha ¥é; , a crpok ~ a Vé. x Buy az k 4y7 Sig Stn Bog 4gg7 AE 24 27 Aen Lg (17) Dott ge 8n4 Sno Ban “E 42Tlokaxkem, 4ro KOpH ypaBHeHMit (17) u (6) At - neitcrsutensunie TONOKMTeNbHbIe YHcma. TIpu 3ToM 3ameTHM, 4TO KBalipaTH4as cbopma A, (1), mpencrapnsromas co6oit paGoty BHYTpeHHMX cH 7; , MOMOKH- TeMbHO OllpeneneHHad, T.c, pH MOGbIX HeliCTBUTENbHBIX 3HAIEHHAX Ty Sombie HYNA HW IMU pM paBeHcTBe Hym0 Bcex 7; oOpaluaetca B Hysb, Cnegopatenbio, TaKHM >Ke CBOiICTBOM floOmKHa o6nafaTs Ww upapaa wacTb papeHtcTBa (13). Ina toro Heo6xonHMO, YTOGbI Bce Az 6pm TONOKUTENbHBIMH, WTO HW DOKa3bIBACT BBICKA3aHHOe yrBepxeHue, CoBoKynHoctb MonokKuTenBHBIX KopHeit A, xapakTepucrwyeckoro ypapHenua (17) oGpasyer cnexrp Xapak TepUCTHYCCKUX YHCEs CHCTEMBI YypaBHeHnit coctasHoro crepxHA. 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