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Sat, 2, 424121 (RIE, oleae), 4. seit 421 (RIE, cla), &. ie of wea, i. wea Ba, efksa, all lft A £8, afl alte cue a all aid Wadd Guia wi visit sil aot HA awleda yi ueu B. (Runaides : citfaslaud) dada ws ATER wae, Gwdell a alee Seta A Life B1ABLaall (Fel) atat ditt wW aA wae Biased avteda aura uel 8. 6h dl saw All B, dn wai ada Al. ae Rael wt Hau AGA wall yaw ad dai ad (nv Gus + fale) auaatt B. NCERT, sel Radlett waste Hea AHL woud lal, a. shade og aide J. Rt Aa, wa eae WD. cud aasy afl Ra a, deuata Bes sulaes sop (aut Geurs : Geutert) .04-11-2019 stitlaia uur aught : 2018, Yrt%4s : 2019, 2020 ayrat UAH awa MUsAYRKS HoH, ‘Raver’, Ase r0-A, ali acl ML cual, FearsFOREWORD ‘The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is the apex body concerning all aspects of refinement of School Education, It has recently developed textual material in Biology for Higher Secondary stage which is based on the National Curriculum Framework (NCF)-2005. NCF recommends that children’s experience in schoo! education must be linked to the life outside school so that learning experience is joyful and fills the gap between the experience at home and in community. It recommends to diffuse the sharp boundaries between different subjects and discourages rote learning. The recent development of syllabi and textual material is an attempt to implement this basic idea, The present Laboratory Manual will he complementary to the textbook of Biology for Class XI. It is in continuation to the NCERT's efforts to improve upon comprehension of concepts and practical skills among students. The purpose of this manual is not only to convey the approach and philosophy of the practical course to students and teachers but to provide them appropriate guidance for carrying out experiments in the laboratory. The manual is supposed to encourage children toreflect on their own Jearningand to pursue further activities and questions, Of course the success of this effort also depends on the initiatives to be taken by the principals and teachers to encourage children to carry out experiments in the laboratory and develop their thinking and nurture creativity, The methods adopted for performing the practicals and their evaluation will determine how effective this practical book will prove to make the children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress and boredom. The practical book attempts to provide space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience. It is hoped that the material provided in this manual will help students in carrying out laboratory work effectively and will encourage teachers to introduce some open-ended experiments at the school level, cyt Te ale SOF Prorssor Yasti Pat New Delhi Chairperson 21 May 2008 National Steering Committee National Council of Educational Research and TrainingPREFACE ‘The development of the present laboratory manual is in continuation to the National Council of Educational Research and Training's efforts to improve upon comprehension of concepts and practical skills among the students. The present laboratory manual will be complementary to the textbook of Biology for Class XI. The expansion of scientific knowledge and consequently the change in the system of education has led to the development of new methods of instructions. Today the stress is laid on the enquiry approach and discussion method instead of lecture method of teaching. Biology is now something more than observation of living organisms. Study of Biology includes microscopic observations to reveal minute internal details of the organisms, biochemical testing to understand complex reactions taking place inside the organisms, experments with live organism to understand various physiological processes and even much more. In other words, experiments in Biology truly represents an interdisciplinary approach of learning. The new syllabus of Biology has been designed to cater to the needs of pupil who are desirous of pursuing science further. The fundamental objective of this course is to develop scientific attitude and desired laboratory skills required for pursuing Biology as a discipline at this level. A similar approach has been taken while formulating the practical syllabus of Biology for higher secondary stage. The practical syllabus includes content based experiments, which help in comprehension of the concepts. There are altogether thirty four exercises in the present manual which are based on Biology curriculum for Class XI. For each practical work, principle, requirements, procedure, precautions, observations, discussion and the questions are given in the book. The methodology of preparation of any reagent, if required, has been given along with the requirement for the convenience of student and teachers. ‘The questions are aimed to develop learner's understanding of the related problems, However, the teacher may provide help in case the problem is found to be beyond the capability of the learner. Precautions must be well understood by the learners before proceeding with the experiments and projects. Appropriate appendices related to the observation and study of organisms are given along with the experiment. International symbols for units, hazards and hazard warnings are given at appropriate places in the book. It is expected that this will make the learners more careful about the environment and make them careful while dealing with the equipments and chemicals in the laboratory. It gives me a pleasure to express my thanks to all those, who have been associated at various stages of development of this laboratory manual. It is hoped that this practical book will improve teaching Iearning process in Biology to a great extent. The learners will be able tounderstand the subject well and will be able to apply the acquired knowledge in new situations, 1 acknowledge with thanks the dedicated efforts and valuable contribution of Dr. Dinesh Kumar, coordinator of this programme and other team members who contributed and finalised the manuscript. I especially thank Professor G. Ravindra, Director, NCERT for their administrative support and keen interest in the development of this laboratory manual. 1 am also grateful to the participating teachers and subject experts who participated in the review workshop and provided their comments and suggestions which helped in the refinement of this manual. We warmly welcome comments and suggestions from our readers for further improvement of this manual. Huxum Swan Professor and Head Department of Education in ‘Science and Mathematics viABORATORY MANUAL DEVELOPMENT TEAM Mempers Animesh K, Mohapatra, Reader Regional Institute of Education, NCERT, Ajmer B,K, Tripathi, Professor DESM, NCERT, New Delhi CN. Shimray, Lecturer, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi NV.S.RK, Prasad, Reader in Botany, Sri Venkateshwara College, New Delhi P,K. Durani, Retired Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi Sunita L, Varte, Lecturer, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi S.P. Sinha, Retired Professor of Zoology, TM Bhagalpur University V.V. Anand, Reader, Regional Institute of Education, Mysore MEMBER-COORDINATOR Dinesh Kumar, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New DelhiACKNOWLEDGEMENT The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) acknowledges the valuable contribution of the individuals and organisations involved in the development of this laboratory manual, The Couneil also acknowledges the valuable contribution of the following academicians for reviewing and refining the manuscript of the laboratory manual: AK, Sharma, Reader in Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow: Iswant Kaur, D.M, School, RIE, Bhopal: K. Muralidhar, Professor, Department of Zoology, Delhi University, Delhi; K.K. Sharma, Professor, Department of Zoology, M.D.S. University, Ajmer; MM. Chaturvedi, Professor, Department of Zoology, Delhi University, Delhi; Nazir Ahmad Kakpori, Department of Education, Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar; Reena Mohapatra, St. Stephen's Senior Secondary School, Ajmer; Savita Sharma, Mount Carmel School, Dwarka, New Delhi; Savithri Singh, Professor and Principal, Acharya Narendra Dev College, New Delhi; Shalu Dhawan, Amity International School, Saket, New Delhi; Shivani Goswami, Mother's International School, New Delhi; V.K. Srivastava, Reader in Zoology, J.N. College, Pasighat; Vijay Kumar, Delhi State Science Teacher Forum, New Delhi; We are thankful to them, We also acknowledge the contributions of Anil Kumar, JP, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi and Binita Kumari, JPF, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi Special thanks are also due to Hukum Singh, Professorand Head, DESM, NCERT for his interest in the work and administrative support. ‘The Council also acknowledges the efforts of Girish Goyal, Surender Kumar and Monika Rajput, DIP Operator for helping in shaping this laboratory manual. The contributions of Publication Department of NCERT in printing ‘out this laboratory manual are also duly acknowledged.MES EL FORWORD PREFACE v uRaa 1 welt 1: aysa yoneels dae RAY ourilet Hous seal 5 wala 2 yugy qiaul yall, gd warded ouauseeul aia 2d del Moma seal. 8 waar 3: cue dawid ound Jeaus vaiccile meelladeh wou sea. 16 welt 4: anew Sule 42 md ausiedl Ama aa Yelleidei mou Ral. 30 waar 5: xed dell dourtl aauds due sl del wou 52a. 33 wil 6: axoured wows seal. 39 welt 7s yt guided mou seal, 42 wi 8: wsise guidddeil rou sea 44 wear 9: elu guindiel woe 52a. 46 welt 10 AY wsdl YURUad way wd del AeUA s2al. 48, welt 11: ayral aneularilal ga wlddal, dal au dldialaly ala dal HOULA 52a, 52 welt 12: ahseeil au Revitu wsis au yal vid24 wetidl OMA RAL 66 welt 13: ayrul anaulaaiad eRa-uas Huai. 14 walla 140: epee aiee sell suaustelReudt eeu sed 16 welt 15: aeter-uylarnius aie muylid Fela seq. 81 welt 16: voll alenely enaul aida) noua sa. 83wi waar waar walla waar wilt wat wader waar wast waar walt waar walter walla walter waar wia 17 18 19 20 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 4A cam mean ollrni rider sous 42d watt Guat ad antenatal volta Aarerd aor seal. 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Gi a maulla, dqaa wil aud alse 8 Gi) det qed WAL Meri Asem Gur As edari sisalar aise taste Sede a 3. div) Ant 28s Ardai aisd VAL asad gaat uRase Woyrs (pyrenoids) WA Mat xa B, sag 2.3 awadiowert () eis Seeti As DAL asad a WA 8, ala: mumdoura auariel Andl asta 8. a dauil, dail, lea Sri A aa (wis we cadl) a B.A FAA i aladl ate B, (FAA = Aint AAAS ARs (Ail, HAs VU, auedderi ota Pia)aug 2.4 wsdl wal wistelist (vi) WAR A watt aes DH B AR daa A Met dqril aa ayaa wa aS ane B, aallszeri wut aR - aula Frou — asiall asl — sellaistuall ardoluar alae dash Madd aL: @ Ayla wd ounowe sasdqadell oid Ad ase saswa al vai 8. @) sasdqad me, aya WA used da do (coenocytic) (sl 2.4). Gi) Faais sagged suurdad snide Rs wl 8. aad Rawr Ada) (stoloniferous) sasdq sae B. Beals wld vier dre da B AHA yaivla (Rhizoidal) sasdq 52 8. wad muuadad do a& Rs writ sasdqada ellengy, falar ale vimana 8, © ceagutaed JA sel ola da adl lenin 3 WLAL (capsule) dla 8, e Sfeaguidl Weil wai qrZie Yss (columella) Fal We Ma va B, 9 eteagudldl daa aa yes wd Mau oe sen Aenea og da 3. ila: veudan ou goa sav ase aiAA A amaul 2 AAR a Raa steed 4A arava adsl Aadl ast 8, 21 gar sural ae epee muller wt ZA BU d, aaflszerai eat ah - $2 Proust — yaerdar at = sluaaalss Brad au (aud: vier 4234) sorb et acted adi 42: @ @ Prada avai ad esa maar di uselladl gasia wie ont 8. ls a yduedl ga dma nie 3 Fi via: Rua sits cold mg ug du 8 ern aii ell asa B [a8 ad ae ood, yo x wl Aa > dal sola wd Mugla 25 Raid au siisadal Zand msi sasiqaiy ag 8.wale. 2 fiv) Age susia ae, ose, oat Fell zat wat GB. wRusa sasant A wpe oust wd ave B (usta 2.5). (@) EAL sasdqpiel amuileLe BV! std Ged Es (stipe) (b) esl WA aa ouyral Hei AstAel tase WAI (pileus). Esl URL EL A@M (Annulus) tt aio aia sda rat Mal WAG} F aga ARAN ouared aadu 3 () Bas write A Geruadf ule } FA oflea Gills) 42 8 a Aa HA 8. A udlad Sell uRa dae Say 8. au fled (Gills) ARRa (ase slong) dat aengy (ARR) are zd. ala gor ye Aaa Qa B, AML sinanyds debe aa WB. Aa elleny aud tan a Ad ATA, su oflangy wrtadl sflengardla ussar AMMard Gwillor sedi aidar, aallgzei eat aR - gl seat Powst — yauadar s_ ast — Atala i) Asana (Mee) wart cael tach 22 (Us 2.6) + @ AN Zila, dosiorsia } ois a, GA Rare era AB, F aves wail Gull B, AULA 2.6 dle Gi) As Adal Ay wal da B. dy) Bs dai Ae DOs dy B. aollseeti wut Bobs, am - gt Foust — yauradiar al — ABRs aUS3re D aise] yaa aM gL FIG dad. Feels walaaiai ai, aia, Udall 3 ead WA weve da B (ugh 2.7). @ (b) © amg 2.7 asd : (a) wlaior (by waa (c) aferwal wistelist @ A gen word Bsr BUA B. dell aver gl aud, Bota ead atl ANRAG AL AMA AR AA at UHL YE AT Ba ol ye B (a) wheter (Crustose) + oat vated aise qgee Mla, aMg mA wsdl oracle wR a AA AMA Wot ULE da B. oad mela way Us 2 Wat Be QuPE Ad AL aud aistl wld BIA, War WAS vss wa Aled wa Ha B. (b) WARY (Foliose) + au wate ast Wal A ag aL Mig A alla aoriae dH, eo a muarda wd Yale Fl wiv Mod dla 8. (©) 4a (Fruticose) + om usted ase Qu Hq Du B. a amste, ang, vel Fe aly, aA wou a aM ae aed URL aM B, om used adie] gee aide zat ad sued ava Badd BB. wRvAU (Liverwort) Aq ase peal ang da B, a auaadad aoier ang asad da B Gyre Randa A HUA B. ant ade vied AA aol wa aL AA B. iil) Aser ail wie ase Hei Aa AA B, FA weMar sday 8 a Bs da yl dawiel du B. Gy) aseedd ys UY cute VAL Fal BU Mar Ad B AA gore 42 © 8. dal aiaals wari Og AB asll atl gridded au WA 8. GO) Aer aa ou Ass aa sila yaiod de 8, % A yar wad Bs (@) Ala claaaa WA (b) AUPE yaisll, aL yAiDi waniel eat Zeusiler ae vaativenri Gwletl 6. (i) AR dae ee st AML AA ays Yaeqyardlar dat aleyarilaad Bsa aa 8. (i) Yeraardlaa aud mA akaatd vid oesiia Cissy) da d Fu wag 2.8 we dead ae aa 8. GUN MRA Gi auerreyedlia A wa weit 3, Fi awiadl ae Geeiadl a8 Bari aa weryard dar HA B @) Youle qoilszerai wut (wee gh anal ‘uri out — Geiatl at - Rad ahawalat 2 sya (Moss) @ sya ysveni ad wd swsig Mar vA BL an wr weRIRLs abat-dostiase vel Fal wet Bar AaB. ee Gi) sis Far oust ua Fraud ela yell oisadai da wares yaioha aye wis sutra a eUuRa wd dad Gv) yaied ain, daMdld, Were HA Asollmai ojadal da “et (&) wrtnish Ay ase wear aud w Ra B. yt (vi) Aa wud aval Aa ua Harem aistedl Yreyardl wd, tuo al ost eek ay ated sevreyaedd GAB aug 29 aha (Qa) (vil) Yo syria oe UR Ciel LL UR) oMemgyrts HEL ALL By % warés ved aig sumed waa we wear wd d aA weyetsnl Mal Ue (foot) tried Fay zu aad 8. aallszerti eat yR — ae Foust — feivll se2Ra (Fern) @ GABA A oad aiisnytl waiadl WA aial Goud Biel ate 6. Ache, 8 Gi) stispyall A Bsl, mM WA aesusilell suaRa, ueldaet madly faladl dau aRailts yyy datadl wet B, Gi) ead wsig va esis Dai alyseusl Mar HA BRA wraq, oe (Fronds) 2 8. salad . veils Gv) wl aud pure Ge AA Al ae ad B wa airy we voles uaa Jade aerd Wom sue da 8, Fa . aug 2.10 sieRa wouataes (Ramenta) 42 8. 28s alysdusl ssid Gert ae 8. age vital aaa (circinate) MUReua da a. (Wh 1.0 1.5 m douse, ays wore otala wand Hr ae sisal wwe we B. wut A welcd w dowd aaa a. (vi) welEs oad agar da B ead aie, amuse wr dull ouahe da 8. 13wal wistelist (vi) Natad, WBA (pinnules) A2Pid Beurlall aa rind: mE da B. (vil) WRistl Rar wai outa aa B ai Wal aoa alal (aqguaearti) ama sl (yraraearri) Dal Fal wet Rad 8. ad Bia (lengystdl 42) (sori) #2 3. x) Rs Prati flmgy wae sacl avil oflengiudlad da 3. aaflszerai eat a — anal aa ; oust - Greist at - BAR wetat weer sig ouster 6G ga B (oust 2.11). Gad wsis Aa, sre, MUSA, WRAY BAL wl &, Gi) ww A wed Bs (a) WUARA GR wuadl AUHed, AA (b) NRF a Hated! eUaLed, Gy) Ar ward amie waosead, uaa 2 gesuell LA deund da wad. mag 211 werner () URBigle watadl ao aesucter sartiall Gerd B, A 2-3 Aall aia aa ala Gai valia aye Wd 8. (i) Wee Fai lat usiiA Davia usil (acicular leaves) 52 8. (i) ZA aouA adasia veil awd ager (spur) aru 62 (vii) As % awe wa aa aul muet sig gua wortaiad Rs Wa B. (ix) Az aig lat avai (8-40) Ged 8. ase wad Ld olsatdai att Adlai ageing wail aasig anaRa 8. casig aun, dai dy susie a Atal AL Wadi dd B. ) ayptlengquell Addl aa aud A doudel Aawil Fel wa ad 8, al ual 32 8, ure ava da 8. (xi) Aetellengqualial otal tetlg, 10-30 Al aiai da 8, revollngquueil agave uw sdsadal dae B, vig yaar a Assilaell yea AB. eds Het Silenqquuefdi (a) aed Frit ata (6) 2isaeel (ovuliferous) ues 3 Feil atauidla A ais da dB a aa wa 8. aaliszeri eat aR - aati Paoatat — aeatan oer af - Aleawalat 2 Ge anealt 0 wo areal Ya, wsis aa velal Rivtt add da B (ugh 2.12). aldbe wsed yada &. Gi) veil aici 3 ays A mae Brien dad, Ge) yd ageaudl 3 dataudl 9 Baul yal YAR a 3, w) writ rial AE War wa var da 8, earwi vis da 8. (vi) Mri A seri da 8 Geweel + maye, dare, ABU, ofA, Harel aang 2.12 aacaud sig al iseeri eat ye = aneula Prous — age old al — Beall seul anewla 0 w Gi) vail wei 3 dysa aaina BeiReua auadi dad (vy) wd Beraadl 6. w) (vi) ori As clr Ca 8, aa af - aaa aeteatied ya, wsis, wall Rintt wag da O (oust 2.13) dqer yada Bar wa B, rig alBaardl rie2 lsadai 8. sami ea aga 2.13 ssid is Peottar — satan flu aol — Asentl wal 1 Ae ote gare eaudeai ila oA sasll Head ANAL qua wat} Fai asi Aal aida wil woul Rat WA B - att eaiSotl A Apis florae ®. ei Apis dorsata A Wavri Wat sell, wud Apis florae Balti alt sel 3. alleen ut ayers — Rute asl — Slag (insecta) sd — eda uday ua 284 (Pita globosa) Ani sted quad oA ayer da B : @ Fad wala Arysd Wid BWA Big FaeiLse Saal pee sdsadd da & (augla 3.10). Gi) grcume saat BDZ ved Be Aa wd 3, % “aise” dum) teil oles yrs tel 64 dy (operculum) ay aise ase, 8. Gi) Add adie aur ousiid Fd B. ab, le, riddaL WE, Wale. Guy A sori Ast well rand (dower Rea, tai) QL aay 3.10 wwe B dal We ai Waa 2B. aallszetai ead aye — RSE al — daha vil sudan 2 cise (pple snail) aul wqai Mar wad ygseid aver aor B A MM ARR auad ava B.wala wrteliist ated (Asterias-star fish) Ari suet dated A yen Qa B : @ fareusal A uel weld Ad way well BF del Waeadla ataiste rite dat vill ast ® (mug 3.11). Gi) Av aalad cart 15-20 emi 8 aat Prvatadl aA Had 8. Gi) Alea maa dsdl Sel wrt 8 Aiial wir qya aug 3.11 aia Gaunt a4 B, % ean BY isd idl ma B, aa ade we aie adi qn Bar Gadan oush ar vA B. AL dag HOME YH BAG Dall dal aA yLanual uA 52 B (aga 3.11 (0). (i) eRe ont gaar Ball ag aA yL qe aia donde via aa 2g Mar AA AA Rgnel& wia (Ambulacral groove) 42 8. (i) tou wilt Are 2 ‘ulQ4el’ (Tube foot) wat 4a d. Gai) EEA aA Ep wy 62. oi, AMAR Wd dad (eugla 3.11 (a). Gx) EPA oH HHA Bata WA pate Baer WA sda senell wm Wel Ma AA 8, Fl wes (AfWadse) 52 8. aallszeai eat aye — quent al ead ws (Scoliodon) BARAA-aUsai dae A ye B : @ AA wvi welll wel B, Sef aula aif, qawl oe asad, aa ae vost aug A wand are ating ed wet 8 (augle 3.12). yte Anat (ma) meREle (a) Mamaia Arsl Bud (b) Hr Al aula ye Mea act Gana) Mua saga 3.12 Jor gla Ficin Mleeuateda 3 Gi) Add ade a1 60 cm @i4y 6. Gi) adh mei ye giolla (CAASs) allargell maka B, F ysl wadai ee WA Radi aqodl ase 9. (iy) wala ai, as mA yee BA vel cusrid aud 8, (adi def 2 aL aaanudd soran ave obits a AA B. Guai cu flaai vsti vould avila ela Beedle wa Rar WA B. () Miedo ain vavur yas AltA Ma AB. (wR au clad Aleua BADIA seq du B). (i) twa We Feais YH AA EEA UMA Ba wd B.A YS cgetl, Willa warlla aa aan Alda apn B, oe ab cat Pd laa Qo wate 8. (oii) pe aA Ada eee aa iar Ae neared walle ou Ba WA B. (x) A Fit Hua a nein Ff anaia aad ya 3, () suniRiade ar 4A 8, Bai saad Aya Glatt) axa (copula- tory organ) da-H4 d2g Wd 8. aallszorti ut aye — Aged Guanes sail Gudlasl — Hew aa = RHR Ag (Labeo rohita) fea dae A yee aL AA BD @ aq adh ode Bf ql, wl ave aisg, oper 2 yrs are seat dod mA aa ae amid abe dau B. doud 1 wer ytel aS ad & (ough 3.13). ote aise ad Mleuat Fin Mlecuat augla 3.13 dy aslwal wistelist (i) tale ald, 4s ta yzed aad id ua dae wt yosntlinae ad B (yrs dar avid awn seni 8). Gi) AL A de dan mar aiseru wacurtll az silsaide B. de rian aA ag B. mar cise yd Ba wa dre aaBad ya 3 fl ain dag aqua yale Wa B. Al ead wine ds Aa wad. dv) *4a Del Bal nada da 8. () wer ade Dvoln we mveet ei ARartlyjcaala audsadds) cffrusal stad dla 8. (wi) Anu ala We yd BIA aN Wael lua eal 8. ys Aldua, yperileiuat aut ayeodlaua aay, wu adh dar Fie Mle, Yen yaa 8, aaflszera eat anya — AREA guar — yrsdell @alat — aaa at = WRAL eile: ouadla Guoigai eidlamia Fai ailsi weil yalai ay (Labeo rohita) 2 wo vidssia dad aur Axa sel awsdl 3. 2881 (Rana tigrina) wf calda aad a wD : (oust 3.14) @ tadlet all aA as Qa B vat cred aoua 3, Gi) AaaL Heed ae Hadi MA Gael aid wani ai ures ual 2 aaa 8. sai weueld sued out salud tet sel a eataa B. Gi) Fea AAR B, (Qe WR AT ollotsid aural all) 243 alse da B (uri Wel -Asaih& said wa 8 3). Gy) ye Ag mela, 8, Fi swe Algal ascll Gaurd wm a B, Auer woouri rela cide Jedls aout Get B, wad ALL exseuni cided mona B. () *aaGuied A waGuil aaai ssi B. atuGuioedd ae Tenet ¥2t dat vague via td aad aiauiled 8. earl Gadel ave a 42 yaGuird via sisuflal avila use a wal da 8. vila = ie Hk ater Baserd ape ou Birde Mar vA B. az waevil cle sedi a sn Guise wa atisuilal oud) BL ont Wa B. BA Aqaaud #2 B, a Anbar catiart werd usc v2 Guilell 8. datatsri sued asta ae wary Da gat M2 cflael essitell aur ag eardlauiledl As As da 8. solve a wagiet mug 3.14 244 oYyale 3 aalgzeri eat aye — AR Guanes — yrsdall at = Goro SUR (Calotes, Garden lizard) aH AA Yeo ouaeael Ma WA B (euglA 3.15). @ tadle all, 45, oe aut aiell Yodal adaudd 8 Grade va wR anfiealle olloul aL HA B: aug 3.15 sR Gi) tail arto, Fiseusi2 wl ae ua tig rusted ds 3 Fat We WY Aaa DB, A Ba AA BL. ald we Ds AS Ui AA dadai dad. abd youd Ma alt we oleae 8. Ge) Medaysa via aisvilodam A AS Guisd da B. ca waleaet yee dar MeeL aI WURMA aweL yg UB. aallgzei eat ay — Aged Guay — ysdall al akan vil + sti A gall} aaa we Mat wad well 8 % Aes slat, qu} gai we du d. 44a (Columba livea) saga As ad woud Garett aye Hala el BFF ABoud oi oe Mell 1B. dai usr aaWll ALA yw B (ouUgMA 3.16) © saint @ take Visi sake 2. G Yaw de Usd awe a, REL AA Avil ain aduag 8. Gi) tard A hav aE cid RA aia ded. ai wat Guaid, alia Bs ais aadai, Raa aivd WA siti Bod war HA B (% vleswll dsrdai ea 8), 6 a os . uit dy) WL eartaat adi Muri aa wal ureals vai ae adel 8. PAULA 3.16 SARyedoreuat wictelist @) abl vanaad Wi Meer ease aur as da B. (i) Get AB maguisdd ubdai guide add da B. waGuisdai ERA wr wisi Cas, Fi As waourtl dar sill vel mun ag ods de 8, % aul ascar eat aaled ame widiaa Guael 8, (vil) 4ti Wa das Hae Mal HA B, aaflszeri eat ayer — AEM oueyera — yrsdall ast — est wad (Oryctolagus lagomorpha) wad eral watt 8. AF a ofa sufledai sae wad yor wa 8, Anti suaaaeli fl yn & (ous 3.17) : @® WR Wa Bi B A He seu wile doud aaictal 40 em Fadl dla 8. @ ale w Quid da 8; % a, 44, oned aA cdl od tad 8. Gil) aug ds vind ahh arma wag mud 3. ail dae yaa B au Ae AL selueaa vel select, Aa HA B. Gat devi wl via da a, Fal Bes cid yeu 22 8. Gan Ded wal are Beas sel sos ain Mat MAB. A usleidel & aii dl ysl allayeadee (vibrissac DALAL whiskers) Wel 52 8, pleads iv) atedl ust aasee oRet Hs HA aL BA Aa aay 3.17 aad xa 8. (teal ted, sa aL aeya Bd da 8, as AS YHA quedadlad ei da B. wet wil sz gw AR da 8, Ger au Gea wean at dag tet wield aA via was aii auadl da 8. eu well sucmadl 3. (i) Yd ctl, Gell 2 Ael aaa atdlere da 8,yale 3 aalgzeri eat ayo AREA Guanyert — yssdall at = edt wall 1, Rou-axi suiai aaela Rou-Byi srlai wel aad ydad ga wd: Rowt-a, Reust-B @ ade @ arilon (b) Brea dG ase (© Agr via @roydsa) Gi) wake @) seule (iv) Hi (vy) dReusel 2. waailai ae, ser dar dM a ya dgiad B 7 3. 2 dat Wet Pa A yea astadd aud.waar 4 gs aia Jad 42 2A suse Ae an AebIA eu sad. Rigid = arid sel saat HA tt Hac AMA Tel 42 3. Ael As w vst ddl oridl wen (Hgds, Bases WA gains) 3 As saai ay Wad Addl Hdl wRa del (rads, aeiaes) de 8, AMA aur aa sabur A onsvti ua ada ave d. Re Al drdeai se, musa, sel mA Arla sia we ARad wa aa 8. aa waori AYA Aar Ad eat now sll 3 F ell WA Aetla auederrai ou a 8, orgRuta : (A) seeil aad @ Rerun wel ad Be, ma veld audde, sana usléed ad Be, sina wolésusigd and Be Gi) Yat da wlwid 2uarL Be Gil) géleifsisde wsisd md Be Gv) sdandajeaiva, atl anual ar Rai sel (B) aimvla Mayda aH seat AL Wael Velie atl = wults aneuladl As wet, Gaadld, adele, zd oq, 100 ml ett flee dae aH Rall saievflel, sd aPed, sass, aa, ade, Boe, aiadl vil, aeedieia, aie amy, AA HA ypealG sud esd. MRA S22 Maldl HZ - 10% HNO, A ant Feai sett APs ARori eowdl, APs BRA stad 42 100 ml H,SO, aA aad 10 mi weit MAMA aed sa. ani 50 gm K,Cr,0,, VaR susie GAL a sas ea ais dlael dai ayaa avd 10 ml a ad 4 100 ml well a2 sal, Bal a eidid aH wsat 42 srt aL. uel: | | Ae@ cid Widradl ald made deels ddl sulle aro euhs reed EL aaeuReiriidl ABA 42 eo Ful sofa 0.5 em mt gasirilal sil, eo mt essai well eRe oli ad 10-15 Pie yel Gs aaa eu geal ama Gal mr ci yl Gail eu wBavll au gasdeai Wel afl vat aed.wale 4 ea gsi aS aL sate alae ORAL ons saat oflse DIMA aml aS BA Govt, Fal oe ow gaan ew oA, eA, yas state go ollsaatl YE GuR oud ayy RA MUSA AMAL ea sal ta vy 2oanA tt welll aude 4p Fell aaet b. yalawa) widouazat ~~ M% c. eterna ateuaeat d. ourgeinaiaeny) eee iy 2. tL) aieuaeat aiaalas qencclla Boa RuiRa akroBa PALA 6.1 miicriaeAt (a) HA aHoutel aU (b-e) rT)WAL 6 (by HeuaRAYoLTtaL + #4 ArGeuzr mer aa 8. deaph wd Bua B war dell svdl Ryden Qari (Hemi) AS asa B. 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