Lives gr 00 this Unit, you will be ple 1 2 eseribe interfacial phenomenon thd its. significance: gene adsorption and classify it ‘wo physical, and chemical adsorpion: explain mechanism of adsorption; | eplain the factors controlling jusorption from gases and solutions on solids; + eglain adsorption results on the basis of Freundlich adsorption isotherms; + appreciate the role of catalysts in industry: + equmerate the nature of colloidal state: + describe preparation, properties and purification of colloids; * dassify emulsions and describe their preparation and properties; describe the phenomenon of gel formation; list the uses of colloids. Unit t olive Chemistry Somes the most important chemicals are produced industrially) by leans of reactions that occur on the surfaces of solid catalysts Surface chemistry deals with phenomena that occur at the surfaces or interfaces. The interface or surface is represented by separating the bulk phases by a hyphen or a slash. For example, the interface between a solid and a gas may be represented by solid-gas. or solid/gas. Due to complete miscibility, there is no interface between the gases. The bulk phases that ‘we come across in surface chemistry may be pure compounds or solutions. The interface is normally a few molecules thick but its area depends on the size of the particles of bulk phases. Many important phenomena, noticeable amongst these being corrosion, electrode processes, heterogeneous catalysis, dissolution and crystallisation occur at interfaces. The subject of surface chemistry finds many applications in industry, analytical work and daily life situations. ‘To accomplish surface studies meticulously, it becomes imperative to have a really clean surface. Under very high vacuum of the order of 10* to 10° pascal, it is now possible to obtain ultra clean surface of the metals. Solid materials with such clean surfaces need to be stored in vacuum otherwise these will be covered by molecules of the major components of air namely dioxygen and dinitrogen. In this Unit, you will be studying some important features of surface chemistry such as adsorption, catalysis and colloids including emulsions and gels.aSsecse_— ible nature: Physical adsorption of a reversible. Thus suit eGab & Gas/Sold + Heat gas is adsorbed when pressure tg More of Kat Is decreases (Le-Chatelierse prerte, volume ve removed by decreasing pressure. Since (yoy s exothermic, the physical adsorption gegyt low temperature and decreases with increas; rea (Le-Chatelier's principle) (hv) Surface area of adsorbent: The extent of adsorpuion with the increase of surface area of the adsorbent, divided metals and porous substances having large Surg are good adsorbents, () Enthalpy af adsorption: No doubt, physical adsorp, exothermic process but its enthalpy of adsorption is WUitejn 5 40 kJ mol’). This is because the attraction between fas a! and solid surface fs only due to weak van der Waals ore” Characteristics of chemisorption () High specificity: Chemisorption is highly specific an, only occur if there is some possibility of chemical bine between adsorbent and adsorbate. For example, nye adsorbed on metals by virtue of oxide formation and hyn is adsorbed by transition metals due to hydride format, (i) Imeversibility: As chemisorption involves compound formaiz is usually irreversible in nature. Chemisorption is ae exothermic process but the process is very slow 2, temperatures on account of high energy of activation. Lite: chemical changes, adsorption often increases with rs temperature. Physisorption of a gas adsorbed at low temper: may change into chemisorption at a high temperature. Ust high pressure is also favourable for chemisorption. (iii) Surface area: Like Physical adsorption, chemisorption * Pig. increases with increase of surface area of the adsorbent. (v) Enthalpy of adsorption: Enthalpy of chemisorption is (a) Re £8 by ay generally ing tempat Sik —> (80-240 kJ mol: as it involves chemical bond formate ¥ ‘able 5.1: Comparison of Physisorption and Chemisorpti®! . It is caused by chemical? | formation. yt TE &. Itis not specific in nature, | 2. Itis highly specificinm 3 9 Its reversible in nature. 3. Ibis irreversible. we 4. It depends on the nature of | 4. It also depends on the ™ \/ 88. More easily liquefiable of gas. Gases which Ol gases are adsorbed readily. with the adsorbent ~ chemisorption, yf 5. Enthalpy of adsorption is low | 8, Enthalpy of adsorptie! | @0-40 KJ mor" jin this case. | (80-240 kd mot") int Chemisiry 2g, Pe Le gg6. Lowtempe, jor sorption gts vourabte 6. High temperatyre ts favourable With Inerease of tere for adsorption. It increases with 7. No Ty 3 ralure. + of temperature. appreciable Ure, | the increase of tempera “nergy ts needed, “ctlvation | 7, High activation energy 1S 8 It depends ona sometimes needed area. It increas, NS surface | 8, It also depends on the surface increase ofsurinec ett 2M | area. It too increases with an Itresults intag ete | increase of surface area. layers on a ntullimolecular, 9, It results into unimolecular adsorbent uunder high pressure layer , adsorption = The variation in 4 1" gotherms Pressure at cons} Freundlich adsor tion isotherm: empirical relationship between the q mass of solid adsorbent and pressure relationship can be expressed by the m = kp" (n> 1) aaeie where x is the Freundlich, in 1909, gave an jwantity of gas adsorbed by unit at a particular temperature. The following equation: + 6.1) mass of the gas adsorbed on mass m of the adsorbent at pressure P, k and n are constants which depend on the nature of the adsorbent and the gas at a particular . temperature. The relationship is generally represented in the oxen. form of a curve where mass of the gas adsorbed per gram of | the adsorbent is plotted against pressure (Fig. 5.1), These curves 273K indicate that at a fixed Pressure, there is a decrease in physical adsorption with increase in temperature. These curves always seem to approach saturation at high pressure. ‘Taking logarithm of eq. (5.1) ab — fig. 5.1: Adsorption isotherm x 1 " log = log k +2 tog p + (5.2 y ‘The validity of Freundlich isotherm can be verified by plotting log = on y-axis (ordinate) <| b and log p on x-axis (abscissa). If it comes to be a straight line, the Freundlich isotherm is valid, = —<\ otherwise not (Fig. 5.2). The slope of the 1 Slope=— straight line gives the value of +. The intercept on the y-axis gives the value of log k. Freundlich isotherm explains the behaviour of adsorption in an approximate meuner, The Log K (Intercept) x factor 2 can have values between 0 and 1 n — robable rang 5). Thus. equation (5.2) | ( le range 0.1 to 0.5), quation me ‘h isotherm Holds good over a United range of pressure Fig. 5.2: Freundlich isother p2% Surface ChemistryWhen i 20. «x = constant, the adsorption ts. Independent Hn, When = 1k = kp Ley & p. the adsorption Yates with pressure, ty Both the conditions are supported by experimentay The experimental tsotherms always seem to approach sagt!) : I Ihih pressute, This cannot be explained by Preundlich wens I fails at high pressure M7, 5.1.8 Adsorption Solids can adsorb solutes from soluttons also. When a go) from acetic acid tn water Is shaken with charcoal, a part of ql Solution adsorbed by the charcoal and the concentration of the acid Phase in the solution, Stinilaty, the Mtns solution whet shaken wat becomes colourless, The precipitate of MuOI, attains bine when precipitated in presence of magneson reagent. The “ to adsorption of magneson. The following observations ha in the case of adsorption from solution phase: (@ The extent of adsorption decreases with an increase in tempera, x(ii) The extent of adsorption increases with an increase of, surtace 7 of the adsorbent. am lili) The extent of adsorption depends on the concentration of thes in solution. “ (iv) The extent of adsorption depends on the nature of the adsorb and the adsorbate. The precise mechanism of adsorption from solution is not know Freundlich's equation approximately describes the behaviou,. adsorption from solution with a difference that instead of pressin concentration of the solution is taken into account, i.c., ‘ Xe kecim - # Mere it? me Te 63 creep, TOY (Cis the equilibrium concentration, i.c., when adsorption is comple Laquaf eb On faking logaritum of the above equation, we have qr > ov? log = logk +2 log : 8 ave colour js ve been m, Plotting log x against log C a straight line is obtained whit shows the validity of Freundlich isotherm. This can be test! experimentally by taking solutions of different concentrations of ace acid. Equal volumes of solutions are added to equal amounts ® charcoal in different flasks. The final concentration is determine! ® cach flask after adsorption. The difference in the initial and th! concentrations give the value of x. Using the above equation, valif! of Freundlich isotherm can be established. 5.1.6 Applications The phenomenon of adsorption finds a number of applicatio™ of Important ones are listed here: ‘ Adsorption () Production of high vacuum: The remaining traces of ait adsorbed by charcoal from a vessel evacuated by a vacuum PY to give a very high vacuum. Chemistry d2i() Gas masks: ¢, or mixture of alsers {© device which consists of activated charcoal mines to ad leet) #S usttally used for breathing in CO (i) Controt Sica aval adsorber Femovings ine tw) Removal of eo f louring Remove J matter from Temoves colours of solutions iy: fh ) Heterogeneous cataly: it eat many gascous re tnd aluminium gels are used as Molsture and controlling humidity solutions: Animal charcoal ‘orbing coloured Impurities: of reactants on the solid surface of the s: Adsorption ts tnereases the rate of reaction, ‘There are catalysts, Moye ttons of industria Importance involving solid facture cture of ammonia using iron as a catalyst. manufacture of 180, by contac} nickel in the i ai {process and use of finely divided hydrogenation of oils are excellent. examples of catalysis Separation of inert gases: Dire of gases by charcoal, a misty adsorption on coconut el (vil) In curing aise, heterogeneous wi {o the difference in degree of adsorption ure of noble gases can be separated by arcoal al different temperatures. Ses: A number of drugs are used to kill germs by getting adsorbed on them, (il) Froth floatation proce: by separating it from using pine ‘ss: A low grade sulphide ore is concentrated silica and other earthy matter by this method oil and frothing agent (see Unit 6), Adsorption indicators: Surfaces of ce silver halides have the property of adsorbing some dyes like eosin, fluorescein, etc. and thereb: y producing a characteristic colour at the end point. o rtain precipitates such as is: C1 lysis based on (x) Chromatographic analysis: Chromatographic analy: 1 the phenomenon of adsorption finds a number of applications in analytical and industrial fields. - Intext Questions it istics of Chemisorption. 1 Write any two character! . 2 Why does physisorption decrease with the increase of temperature’ ir 3Why are powdered substances more effective adsorbents than theit aystalline forms? “atalysis manganese a composition. reactions can b s slowly giving n heated strongly decompose: dioxygen 653-873K. 2KCl + 30, wided. the — i n a little -of manganese dioxide is adde However, whe! . iderably lower temperature range, mpositi at a considerably lower temperature range, Se 653! at Ee at a much accelerated rate. Th 533K ant ie. 473-633K - wil c s and ith respect to its mass a ide remains unchanged \ F : a ‘ ‘J a manner, the rates of a umber ef chen eal ln ee ere presence of a foreign substa e by the m altered 129. Surface Chemistry5.2.1 Homogencous and Heterogeneous Catalysis Chemistry 1305 (®) Heterogeneous catalysis systematic study of the effeet of various foreign sug ree oor chemical reactions was first made by Berzetiget@tey, uuested the term catalyst for such substances in a Substances, which accelerate the rate Of a chemicay y, mselves remain chemically and quanillatively uncha, "ty, | reaction, are known as catalysts, and the Phenomenon, Ad ah, atalysis. You have already studied about catalysts sing Its In Section 4.5. ne Promoters and poisons Promoters are substances that enhance the activity of a ca poisons decrease the activity of a catalyst. For example, 4, Process for manufacture of ammonta, molybdenum act. as quilt for tron which ts used as a catalyst Prey E N,(g) + 3H,(g) > 2NH,(g) a Catalysis can be broadly divided into two groups: (a) Homogeneous catalysis When the reactants products and the catalyst are in the | (.e., liquid or gas), the process is said to be homogeneous «. The following are some of the examples of homogeneous ¢,, () Oxidation of sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide with, din in the presence of oxides of nitrogen as the catalyst in hc chamber process. 5 2S0,{8) + 0,(g) “Ys 250,49 The reactants, sulphur dioxide and oxygen, and the cate nitric oxide, are all in the same phase. | (a) Hydrolysis of methyl acetate is catalysed by H* ions furnis. by hydrochloric acid. HCW CH;COOCH,(I) + H,0(l) —> CH,COOH{aq) + CHOe Both the reactants and the catalyst are in the same phase (ii) Hydrolysis of sugar is catalysed by H* ions furnished sulphuric acid. CH20;,(2q) + 1,00) =, ©.H1,,0,(aq) + CH,0.69 i se Solution Glucose Fructose |) : Solution Both the reactants and the catalyst are in the same phase The catalytic process in which the reactants and the catalyst | different phases is known as heterogeneous catalysis. Some 0! examples of heterogeneous catalysis are given below: | (@ Oxidation’ of sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide 4 presence of Pt. 280, 250,@) ; The reactant is in gaseous state while the catalyst i solid state.sption Theory = This theo: (@®) Combination bet ammonia tn thee a i nee tm enti * Tt ON Gy ‘Actants are Solld state. “T° kascous state while the (HW) Oxidation of amm 'S proces ANIL + 50,9 reactay solid s ate. (iv) Hydrogenatioy nickel dinttroges and dihydrogen to form of finely divided tron In Haber’s process. lyst 16 in the > ANO(s) + 611,018) Mts are Are In kascous state while the catalyst Is in the M of vey ‘as catalyey Betable olls in the presence of finely divided Vegetable oi One of the react 's(0 + HL)", Vegetable ghee(s) state while the ‘ants is In liquid state and the other in gaseous catalyst is in the solid state. ry explains the mech, vt anism of hete is catalysis. wi gneterogeneous — The old theory, known as on heterogeneous cataly: catalysis th sorption theory of catalysis, was onthe reactants in gaseous state or in solutions, are adsorbed of the reactants on tect the Solid catalyst. The increase in copcentration ‘leas ae ison the Surface increases the rate of reaction. Adsorption in_exothermic process, the heat of adsorption is utilised in enhancing the rate of the reaction, The catalytic action can be explained in terms of the intermediate compound formation, the theory of which you have already studied in Section 4.5.1 The modern adsorption theory is the combination of intermediate compound formation theory and the old adsorption theory. The catalytic activity is localised on the surface of the catalyst. The mechanism involves five steps: ( Diffusion of reactants to the surface of the catalyst. (i) Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface of the catalyst. (ii) Occurrence of chemical reaction on the catalyst’s surface through formation of an intermediate (Fig. 5.3). (iv) Desorption of reaction products from the catalyst surface, and thereby, making the surface available again for more reaction to occur. (v) Diffusion of reaction products away from the catalyst’s surface. The surface of the catalyst unlike the inner part of the bulk, has i ide the seat for chemical forces of free valencies which provide ‘ttraction, When a gas comes in contact with such a surface, its molecules are held up there due to loose chemical combination. If Tifferent molecules are adsorbed side by side, they may react with other resulting in the formation of new.molecules. Thus, pea G molecules may evaporate leaving the surface for the fresh forme reactant molecules. talyst remains unchanged in mass This teow. on at the, ‘end of the reaction and ts effective io and chemical compos! 1 Bly Surface Chemistry‘Adsorption of ing molecules | | 9-90 sass. —— b PON, — 9-9-9 Reac | ~OmON, od niolecules ] aiyst surface having Jeon iree valencies react Fig. 5.3 f lado Desorption et | | ‘Adsorption o) siresiuet islet ates react —o—0-90— a note Pot dt tap <—— P90, formation of — —— Product —o-~d_g_1 intermediate and desorption of products Catalyst Intermediate even in small quantities. It however, does not explain the catalytic promoters and catalytic poisons. Att - Important features of solid catalysts (a) Activity ‘The activity of a catalyst depends upon the strength of chemisin to a large extent. The reactants strongly on to the catalyst to become active. However, they ., not get adsorbed so strongly that must get adsorbed reas they are immobilised anj., Feactants are left with no space on the catalyst’s suri. adsorption. It has been found that for hydrogenation reacins catalytic activity increases from Group 5 to Group 11 meta. maximum activity being shown by groups 7-9 elements 91. periodic table (Class XI, Unit 3). 2H,(g) + 0,19 > 2H,00) Selectivity The selectivity ofa catalyst is its ability to direct a reaction toy a particular product selectively, when under the same re conditions many products are possible. Selectivity of dif: catalysts for same reactants is different. For example, starting ™ H, and CO, and using different catalysts, we get different prot @ COW) + 3H,.@ “> cH@ + H0@ Gi) COW) + 2HAg “#9, cH ong) (ii) COW + H@ > HCHO ‘Thus, it can be inferred that the action of a catalyst is highly si in nature. As a result a substance which acts as a catalyst it reaction may fail to catalyse another reaction. o) 5.2.3 Shape- 2 oft The catalytic reaction that depends upon the pore structure Selective a “Catalysis by catalyst and the size of the reactant and product molecules is os Zeolites shape-selective catalysis. Zcolitcs are good shape-selecti rs because of their honeycomb-like structures. They are micro” Chemistry 132 ee ote anyp aluminosilicaies ee atoms are “mensional network of silicates In which AL-O-SI framework. “Th fblaced by aluminium atoms. giving e siz Feactio the size and shape of react tM taking place in zeolites depend Upon the pores and cavities of (iene {Ml Product molecules as well as upon as synthesised for carat’ colites. They a as well ‘alytic gel hey are found in nature a ZeOMES ave being dn’ Slecuvity, INE Very Industries for cracking of Reed used as caialysts In petrochemical zeolite catalyst use Y«lrocarbons and isomerisation. An important alcohols directly now {roleum industry is ZSM-5. It converts mixture of hydrocarhane ine (petrol) by dehydrating them to give vith three a ZYMCS Are complex nitro since by Thing i OxenOUS organic compounds which are lectus of Righ molecular me ae They are actually, protein ‘They are very effective ‘alalyst those connected with natural pr in the bodies of animals and wi catalysedl by enzymes. The en: catalysts and the phenome: Many enzymes have been cells. However, the first ‘The following are some ind form colloidal solutions in water. lalyse numerous reactions, especially 'sses, Numerous reactions that occur plants to maintain the life process are zymes are, thus, termed as biochemical ton is known as biochemical catalysis. obtained in pure crystalline state from living ‘nzyme was synthesised in the laboratory in 1969. of the examples of enzyme-catalysed reactions: @ Inversion of cane su ugar. The invertase enzyme converts cane sugar into glucose and fructose. > CiH,0 faq) + 00) ““*, ©,H,,0,{aq) + C.H,,0.laq) Cané sugar Glucose Fructose (i) Conversion of glucose into ethyl alcohol: The zymase enzyme converts glucose into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. C,H,,0,(aq) => 2C,H,OHIaq) + 200, Glucose Ethyl alechol (iii) Conversion of starch into maltose: The diastase enzyme converts starch into maltose. 2(C,H,.0),{aq) + nH,00) “> nC, H.,0,,faq) Starch Maltose (iv) Conversion of maltose into glucose: The maltase enzyme converts maltose into glucose. CHO, (aq) + H,01) “> 2C,H,,0,9) Glucose Maltose s —_ (v) Decomposition of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide: The enzyme urease catalyses this decomposition. “ Urease NH,CONH,(aq) + H,00) "> 2NH\@) + COLD . 7 ‘sin enzyme converts proteins into peptides ” tn stoma rastine, Ue panereattc trypsin converts proteins into while : ino acids by hydrolysis. | Caen of milk into curd: It is an enya reaction brought (vii) about py lacto bacilli enzyme present in curd. 133. Surface Chemistrynistry “134. ves the summary of some Important enzymay = table 5.2 at rable 5.2: Some Enzymatic Reactions Cty, AiR Sucrose ~» Glucose and iructone ey Glucose > Ethyl alcohot and catty | invertase zymase Starch ~» Maltose Al, | pw 7 Maltose -» Glucose Maltase | Trease Soyabean Urea Ammonia and carbon i, | pepsin Stomach Proteins ~» Amino acids te Pep s —— —— —~ Characteristics of enzyme catalysis Enzyme catalysts fs unique in its eflictency and high degree of spay The following characteristics are exhibited by enzyme catalyy,. (i) Most highly efficient: One molecule of an enzyme may trang one million molecules of the reactant per minute. lin (w Highly specific nature: Each enzyme ts specific for a given rea, i. catalyst cannot catalyse more than one reaction It does not catalyse hydrolysis of any other amide. (iii) Highly active under optimum temperature: The rate of an e reaction becomes maximum at a definite temperature, calleay, optimum temperature. On either side of the optimum tempera the enzyme activity decreases. The optimum temperature ray for enzymatic activity is 298-310K. Human body temperature bey, 310 K is suited for enzyme-catalysed reactions. (iv) Highly active under optimum pH: The rate of an enzyme-catalyy: reaction is maximum at a particular pH called optimum pH, whic is between pH values 5-7. () Increasing. activity in presence of activators and co-enzyne: The enzymatic activity is increased in the presence of cert example, the enzyme urease catalyses the hydrolysis of urea on substances, known as co-enzymes. It has been observed that wte a small non-protein (vitamin) is present along with an enzyme, tz catalytic activity is enhanced considerably. Activators are generally metal ions such as Na*, Mn, Co™, Ci ete. These metal ions, when weakly bonded to enzyme molecules increase their catalytic activity. Amylase ‘in presence of sodiit chloride i.e., Na’ ions are catalytically very active. (vi) Influence of ihibitors and poisons: Like ordinary catalysts, enzya* are also inhibited or poisoned by the presence of certain substan The inhibitors or poisons interact with the active functional gr on the enzyme surface and often reduce or completely destroy catalytic activity of the enzymes. The use of many drugs is relat” to their action as enzyme inhibitors in the body. Mechanism of enzyme catalysis ‘There are a number of cavities present on the surface of colloidal parte of enzymes. These cavities are of characteristic shape and possess groups such as -NH,, -COOH, -SH, -OH, ete. These are actually the 4“ oyoe, Heer ee centres on the surface of . Z enzyme particles. The ZL) molecules of the reactant \e s|=|E —|, J) (substrate), which have ot . complementary shape, fit y4 Into these cavities Just like a key fits into a lock. On Enzyme-Substrate account of the presence of rate rate Enz sini) complex, zyme Products active groups, an activated rea complex Is formed which then decomposes to yield the products, zyme-cata vyme-catalysed reactions may be considered to proceed Binding of enzyme to suby E+S SEs’ Step 2: Decomposition of the ac x hanism of en: gat: Med ro ne catalysed! reaction ‘Thus, the en; in two steps, Step 1: strate to form an activated complex. _cagsts in’ Some of the important technical catah lytic processes are listed in 0 gasty Table 5.3 to give an idea about the ‘utili 7 ty of catalysts in industries. Table 5.3: Some Industrial Catalytic Processes oe a seis process for the manufacture of | Finely divided iron, molybdenum as promoter: aroma conditions: 200 bar pressure and 723-773K temp- A + SHL@ 2 2NHIQ) > | erature. Now-a-days, a mixture of iron oxide, | potassium oxide and alumina is used. Platinised asbestos; temperature 573K. Aig + 50.9 >4NO(g) + 6H,O(g) 209 + O.lg) > 2NO.(@) 40,9 + 24,00) g) — 4HNO;laq) _ ntact PROCESS. manufacture | Platinised asbestos or vanadium pentoxide (V,0,); sulphuric acid. temperature 673-723K. Shi + O18 + 280,8) Sif + HS0,(aq) > H,S,0,() oleum ‘SOx0) + H,0() — 2H,SO,laq) Intext Questions steam in “4 In Haber’s process, nydrogen is obtained by reacting methane sam Mesence of NiO as catalyst. The process is known as lean foring, Why "necessary to remove CO when ammonia is obtained PY at q s “ys tne ester hydrolysis slow in the beginning and become! ‘ometime? process of catalysts. \ Mts the role of desorption in the 135, Surface ChemistryColloids Classification of Colloids 5.4.1 Classification Based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium Solid Solid Solid | Liquid Liquid Liquid | cas Gas Chemistry 136 _ {0 some special properties of colloids to be discussed later in, Jearnt in Unit 2 (hat solutions are homoge . Neon We vow that sand dn water when stirred stives 4 Suse, Yo, slow Jy setiles down with Gime. Between the (wo extremes of gna solutions we come across a large group of syste ms enjf dispersions or simply collolds. A colloid Is a heterogeneous system in which ong . red (ilspersed phase) as very fine particles tn aye, called dispersion mediur rs ‘The essential difference between a solution and a cog particle size. While in a solution, the constituent paricne bi small molecules, in a colloid, the dispersed phase mes particles of a single macromolecule (such as prover mice) ot ny atoms. ions oF mol On Dor pol ecules, ¢ eiloles but small ough yo 0% My Moidal part Per unit a result of their small size. Consider a cube with 1 cm side tn total surface areca of 6 em’, If it were divided equally into 191, the cubes would be the size of large colloidal particles and he," surface area of 60,000 em’ or 6 m*. This enormous surface area Colloids are classified on the basis of the following criteria Physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium (i) Nature of interaction between dispersed phase and disper, medium (ii) Type of particles of the dispersed phase. Depending upon whether the dispersed phase and the dispers medium are solids. liquids or gases, eight types of colloidal s are possible. A gas mixed with another gas forms a homogen: mixture and hence is not a colloidal system. The examples 0 various types of colloids along with their typical names are | in Table 5.4, Many familiar commercial products and natural objects are cc! For example, whipped cream is a foam, which is a gas dispersed Table 5.4: Types of Colloidal Systems ‘solid Solid sol Some coloured glasses and gem st Liquid Sol Paints, cell fluids | Gas Acrosol Smoke, dust Solid Gel Cheese, jellies Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream, butter Gas Aerosol Fog. mist, cloud, insecticide spr | Solid Solid sol Pumice stone, foam rubber | Liquid Foam Froth. whipped cream, soap lather | | fb- SS —_ eee Sed at emergency alrplane landings are Dlolowteat Mids are ! nicous sols ( solids 8 dha Plea cell, proteins and nuctele acids are 4 “lspersed in an aqueous solution of fans 44 WL of the vari common are sot, “types Of colloids saver in Table 5.4, the most emulsions (liqurg, Suds in tquids). ge Is in solids) and WAS in Iie Iuids), gels (liquids in n take Up discussion or gla}: However, in the present Unit, we shall be mentione, he ‘sols’ @ that ifthe nd ‘emulsions’ only. Further, 1 may AquASOL OF hydrogel Ae M!SPErSION medium is water, the sol 1s called Osol 2 : called alcosol and sq ant tthe dispersion medium is alcohol. It Is Depending upo st geation and the disaraen nalure of interaction between the dispersed phase spss Nature” namely, lyophitt Medium, colloidal sols are divided into two categorie eet ction Iwater is the dis enn attracting) and lyophobic (solvent repelling). mea Dispersed hydrophobie P“*S!e" medium, the terms used are hydrophilic and puseand ()) Lyophitic colloids: The word fopesio. | vophilic’ means liquid-loving, Colloidal se rectly formed by mixifig substances like gum, gelatine, starch. yu Ted Tyesaeth & Suitable liquid (the dispersion medium) are that ‘vophilic sols. An important characteristic of these sols 15 hat if the dispersion medium is separated from the dispersed Phase (say by evaporation), the sol can be reconstituted by simply remixing with the dispersion medium. ‘That is why these sols are also called reversible sois, Furthermore. these sols are qitite stable and cannot be easily coagulated as discussed later. (i) Lyophobic colloids: The word ‘lyophobic’ means liquid-hating. Substances like metals, their sulphides, ete., when simply mixed with the dispersion medium do not form the colloidal sol. Their colloidal sols can be prepared only by special methods (as discussed later). Such sols are called lyophobic sols. These sols are readily precipitated (or coagulated) on the addition of small amounts of electrolytes, by heating or by shaking and hence, are not stable. Further, once precipitated, they do not give back the colloidal sol by simple addition of the dispersion medium. Hence, these sols are also called irreversible sols. Lyophobic sols need stabilising agents for their preservation. has Depending upon the type of the particles of the dispersed phase, colloids Chssification are classified as: multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids. i o i a large number of atoms Sed on Type of {) Multimolecular colloids: On dissolution, & Patticles Foe 0 or smaller molecules of a substance aggregate toxether to form tipersed Phase Sm having size in the colloidal range (11000 nm. The spectes ‘iltimolecular, Spee med! are called multimolecular colloids. For example, a tomoleculer jous sizes having many atoms. ontain particles of various size V i oa ol vousists of particles containing a thousand or more of tatggg ated Suiphnur sol consists r molecules. ; SA far colloids: Macromolecules (Unit 15) in suitable . Mac orm solutions in which the size of the macromolecules solvents 137 Surface Chemistryemistry yasg, may be in the collotdal range, Such systems 4. macromolecular colloids, These collotds are quite staph nble true soliitions in many respects. Examples qf iP ring macromolecules are starch, cellulose enzymes: and those of man-made macromolecules ; nylon, polystyrene, synthetic rubber, ete, (ui) Associated colloids (Micelles); There are some subst at low cortcentrations behave as normal strong clect higher concentrations exhibit collofdal bel nee rolytes, 5 hh aviour due jt formation of awsrcgates. The axgregated particles thus forme," called micelles. These are also known as Associated coh The formation of micelles takes place only lola, pove a temperature called Kraft temperature (PDund bower pa ttleu, “cor tion called critical micelle concentrat ne neentration (Cg) “Ailution, these colloids revert back to individual ions, Surface ag." agents such as soaps and synthette detergents belong to th For soaps, the CMC is 10 to 10° mol L. ‘These colts Pie bott lyophabic and Iyophilic parts. Mieclles may contain 2. 7 as 100 molecules or more. any Mechanism of micelle formation Let us take the example of soap solutions. Soap is sodium oF potas, salt of a higher fatty acid and may be represented as RCOON.* ee sodium stearate CH,(CH,)¢COO'Na’, which is a major components: many bar soaps). When dissolved in water, it dissociates into Rose and Na’ ions. The RCOO" ions, however, consist of two parts —- Ty hydrocarbon chain R (also called non-polar ‘tail which is hydrophone {water repelling), and a polar group COO” (also called polar ionic ‘heat which is hydrophilic (water loving). The RCOO” ions are, therefore, present on the surface with their Coo groups in water and the hydrocarbon chains R staying away from it ant remain at the surface. But at critical micelle concentration, the anions ar Pulled into the bulk of the solution and aggregate to form a sphercd ° i NNN ON AN AN BIND ee Na NN ae tHe SS * chon, V4 ate Sodium stearate (C,,H,COO Na) ZN AK AN fi PN PN A A; Ge NN tHe, Hydrophobie tail ‘Stearate ton DPANWIWAAWALQ) Hydrophilic head ee | Hydrophobic tail Hyder head Pig. 5.5: Hydrophobic and hydrophilic Parts of stearate ion@ & ja) Arrangement of stearate ‘ons on ‘Arrangement of stearate ions ing of water (ionic micelle) at cri concentrations of soap Cleansing action of soaps It has been menti at low concentrations =a urface 8 of soaps ide the bulk tical micette Shape with their hydrocarbon chains Polnting towards the centre of the sphere with COO. part remaining outward on the surface of the sphere. An agg thus formed is known as. 4 micelle’. These micelles may contain as many as 100 such fons. Similarly, in case of detergents, ¢-6- Sodium laurylsulphate, CH,(CH,),:SO« Na’, the polar group is -SO, along with the long hydrocarbon chain. Hence, the mechanism of micelle formation here also is same as that of soaps, f hydrocarbon — ke ca cater that a micelle consists of a hydrophobic a we ES fo gore. The cleansing action of soap is due to the fact that Soap molecules form micelle around the oil droplet in such a way that hydrophobic Part of the stearate ions is in the oil droplet and hydrophilic part projects out of the grease droplet like the bristles (Fig. 5.7). Since the polar groups can interact with water, the oil droplet surrounded by stearate ions is now pulled in water and removed from the dirty surface. Thus 47: (a) Grease on cloth (b) Stearate ions fee ranging around the grease droplet and (c) Grease droplet surrounded by stearate tons (micelle formed) soap helps in emulsification and washing away of olls and fats. The negatively charged sheath around the globules prevents them from coming together and forming aggregates. s44 Preparation —_A few important methods for the preparation of colloids are as follows: of Colloids — (a) Chemical methods Colloidal dispersions can be prepared by chemical reactions leading to formation of molecules by double decomposition, oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis. These molecules then aggregate leading to formation of sols. car snd . Auda As,O,+ 3H,S —2*“""""_5 As,S,sol) + 3H,O OF Aw SO, + 2H,S —2s##4 35(sol) + 2H,0 5 +. $d 2 AuCl, + 3 HCHO + 3H,0 —*ti1_> 2Au(sol) + 3HCOOH + GHC! Electrodes: ~ FeCl, + 3H,0 —“*— Fe(OH), (sol) + SHCI ( Electrical disintegration or Bredig's Arc method ‘This process involves dispersion as well as condensation. Colloidal sols of metals such as gold, silver, platinum, etc., can be prepared by this method. In this method, electric arc is struck between electrodes of the metal immersed in the dispersion medium (Fig. 5.8). The intense heat produced vapourises the metal, which then Pondenses to form particles of coll dal sen Usd fo pre pace vel! ocual sal” & —> 139, Surface Chemistry pepe oF coma Dispersion medium Ice-bath ig Sredig’s Are method GoldFr — Sa = CER AS Felons pptwith Fe 2 £ (c) Peptization sin reptization may be defined as theprocess. of convertin Into coltoldal sof by shaliny wirdispersios medi pekieg Ott savialT amount of eleetrolyte, The electrolyie yaa diag Iscated peptelag agent) This. method ts applied Hencra tau Sr treshe prepared’ preempitate Into a colloidal soi, Fy. During pepttvation, the precipitate adsorbs one of thy electrolyte on its surfice. This causes the develops hegative charge on precipitates, whieh ultimately Break particles of the size of a colloid, You will learn about the? development of eharge on solid particles and then Section 5.4.6 under the heading "Charge on collodigl parte’ : 5.4.5 Purification Colloial solutions when prepared, generally contatn exces, of Colloidal of electrolytes and some other soluble impurities. While te pre 2 eer, Solutions —_ {races of clecirolyte fs essential for the stability of the eoheep larger quantities coagulate it. ILis, therefore, neces: to revlth concentration of these soluble impurities to a requisites fu in Process used for reducing the amount of impuritice toamen minimum is known as purification of colloidal Solution” Purification of colloidal solution is carried out by the ile ing () Dialysis: It is a process of removin, j Dialysing substance from a colloidal solution’g: membrane Y Meany , diffusion through a suitable membran’™ C_, Water particles tions or smaller molecules) n.a tari > can pass through animal membrane (olystt Crystalloid parchment paper or cellophane sheet but not Sol particle, Solloidal particles. the membrane can be yt dialysis, The apparatus used for this purpose dialyser. A bag of suitable membrane containing colloidal solution is suspended in a vessel ths, which fresh water is continuously flowing (Fie § Fig. 5.9: Dialysis ‘The molecules and ions diffuse through membrare: the outer water and pure colloidal solution is lef bk : Wu) Electro-dialysis: Ordinarily, the process of dialysis is quite sx can be made faster by applying an electric field if the dissolved subs.= in the impure colloidal solution is only an electrolyte, The procs - then named electrodialysis. The colloidal solution is placed in 2 ba: gee suitable membrane while pure water is taken outside. Electroies= very fitted in the compartment as shown in Fig, 5.10. The ions present in® colloidal solution migrate out to the oppositely charged electrodes (iil) Uttrafittration: Ultratiltration is the process of separating colloidal particles from the solvent and soluble solutes presi: Dian the colloidal solution by specially prep alysing filters, which are” permeable © mespbrane substances except the colloidal pati C.. Water+ Colloidal particles can pass in > Bieetrolyte ordinary filter paper because the pews Cathode (00 large. However, the pores of filter 2° cay_e-reckuiced in size by imprest with colodion)solution to stop the jo colloidal particles. The usual collod! 1 a 4% solution of RIFTS fy mixture of alcohol an eh nun paper may be prepared by soall™® Chemistry 14 shad oft hemistry 140 Us tyepilten paper a4 eueslad chaning, FU ie pate gk ac Crystalloid Sol particle Crystalloid Fig. 6.10: Electro-dialysisa OO Alter pape Tina . and then fry? Sllodion sot hyde Cotta ely dye ition, hardening by. fram ange Ultrafiltration ig sat ned fa tra he. materkals SPST Si pr a gute : Sap 0 speed up the process. pres Peper ATE then stineed wa ett pate Tell Siete ultra Ter © PUre Colloidal s¢ ae fresh dispersion medium (solven) (0 ‘olution, erties = VATIOUS properties i) Cr exhibite y n o PGottotda w Colgate prop ne “ by the cotloldal solutions are desertbed below: of the erties: Coll ions © numbe 0 sols! ‘smal uber of aS comp, prope tiny fs compara Properties (osmotie pees Tievaluess of coligative “depression in ree Presse. Towering Ih vapour pressure. small order ne ce Point and elevation in boiling point) are of same concent ieee 10 Values shown by true solutions at Ge be ow oe effect: If homogencous solution placed in dark is observed in the dircetion of light. it @ppears clear and, ifit is observed from a direction Al Tight angles to the direction of light beam. it Microscope @PPears perfectly dark. Colloidal solutions viewed in the same way may aiso appear reasonably cl rr translucent by the tranbeaitted li a Scattered tight slucent by the transmitted light but they rrtttiles na colloidal qyndall cone show a mild to strong opalescence. when viewed a at right angles to the passage of light. i.e., the ws pathr of thé beam is illuminated by a bluish light \. ‘This effect was first observed by Faraday and later studied in_detail by Tyndall_and is termed 2 Tyndail effect. The bright cone of the light 1s called Tyndall cone (Fig. 5.11). The Tyndall effect is due to the fact that colloidal particles scatter light in all directions in space. This scattering of light illuminates the Fig. 8.11: Tyndall effect path of beam in the colloidal dispersion. Tyndall effect can be observed during the projection of picture in the cinema hall due to scattering of light by dust and smoke particles present there. Tyndall effect is observed only when the following twe conditions fied i) The diameter of the dispersed particles is not much smaller than. ¢ wavelength of the light used; and ff) The refractive indices of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium differ greatly in magnitude. ~ qyndalll effect is used to distinguish between a colloidal and true . solution, Zsigmondy, in 1903, used Tyndall effect to set up an soratiofas known as ullramicroscope. An intense beam of light ts Pr al solution contained in a glass vessel. The focussed on the colloida s focusset ot ht is then observed with a inferoscope at right angles to foc oe individual colloidal particles appear as bright stars against he beam. Ind\vidtUtramicroscope des not ender thie actual colloidal a dark backgican at only observe the light scattered by them. Thus. Pe icles visible tg not provide ay information abot the size and ultram sn oC jal particles. shape of colloidal pa “of colloidal solution depends on the wavelength (i) Colour: The colon oC aispersed particles. The wavelength of light of light scattered ®Y Te Size and nature of the particles. The colour further depends Colloidal solution 111 Surface Chemistry tivFig. 5.12: Brownian movement _Chemistry 142 1 solution also changes with the manner the light. For example, a mixture oft Mig e when viewed by the reflected light and req hq psmnitted ight. Finest yold sol 18 red in eau! in es, It appears purple, then blue ang fn, i th, ally, () Brownian movement: When collotdal solutions are yy a powerful ultramicroscope, the colloidal partictes fd a state of continuous zig-zag motion all over the fey motion was first observed by the British botanist, Rong! and Is known as Brownlan movement (Fig. 5.19) Thats is independent of the nature of the eollotd bay tm, the size of the particles and viscosity of the solution the size and lesser the viscosity, faster is the mn St, The Brownian movement has been explained 4. to the unbalanced bombardment of the Particles, it, molecules of the dispersion medium. The Brownlag "5 has a stirring effect which does not permit the page sellle and thus, 1s responsible for the stably ran W) Charge on colloidal particles: Colloidal particles ali an electric charge. The nature of this charge is the. the particles in a given colloidal solution and may f° Positive or negative. A list of some common sols with th of charge on their particles is given below: . 2 ; FP ERE ERS eo ees drated metallic oxides, ‘Metals, e.g., copper, silver, t, OF View & ‘AME on aly ©, AlOs-xH,0, CrO,.xH,0 and | gold sols, | Fe,0,.xH,0, etc. | Basic dye stuffs, e.g.. Metallic sulphides, e.g, ass, congo red sols. des, eg. TH, sol. FLOM): | Sols of starch, gum, gelatin clay, charcoal, etc. methylene blue sol. | Sb,S5, CdS sols. | | | Héemoglobin (blood) Aéld dye stuffs, e.g., cosii, | The presence of equal and similar charges on colloidal partic! largely responsible in providing stability to the colloidal solu because the repulsive forces between charged particles having charge prevent them from coalescing or aggregating when they closer to one another. ° The charge on the sol particles is due to one or more reasons." due to electron-capture by sol particles during electrodispersio"’ metals, due to preferential adsorption of ions from solution due to formulation of electrical double layer. Development of cag on sol particles by preferential adsorption of ions is described ‘ The sol particles acquire positive or negative charge by prefs A adsorption of positive or negative ions. When two or more he present in the dispersion medium, preferential adsorption 0!Diffused layer Hos a a common to the colt rk ard explained Motdal partiele : i) When mg at fg ly tokens, Ts ear Pe : examples: potassina IV diluted mples: M todide rnltrate tyadded to highly diluted lodide tons hoa polation oe colloidal sot re n. the precipitated silver lodide adsorbs the dteperigg ee plated 8 ued Ispersion mediv 1 negatively charge’ SUIS. Howe nedium and ness Satin, Positively oe veve® When KE solution Is added to ABNOs Fom dispersion mogi eet 9! results die to adsorption of Ag" 108 Ag Negatively’ (b) Weel, is. . hydrated fone othe excess of ot water, positively charted 801 Of when f ke ai 4s formed duc toadsorption of Fe” ions. However, Solis obtain te Sadded to Naot anegd charged SS Plane with adsorption oor ee FeO, 5H,0/Fe" — a Positively cha 0;.xH,0/O1L Y charged Negatively charged Kel Rg nioa |e TE hare Agi Ag as Wado aot arued Positively charged Having a¢ ottthinen ae colondey OF Rekative charge by selective adsorption counter ions from the oN @! Particle as stated above, this layer attracts ARE ee metum forming a second layer, as shown below. ‘The ‘ 7 fale Ombination of the two layers of opposite charges around the collotdal Particle is called Helmholtz electrieal double ayer According 1 modern views, the first layer of ions is firmly held and is termed fixed layer while the second layer is mobile which is termed diffused layer. Fig. 5.13 depicts the formation of double layer. Since separation of charge is a seat of potential, the charges of opposite signs on the fixed and diffused parts of the double layer results in a difference in potential between these layers in the same manner as potential difference is developed in a capacitor. This potential difference between the fixed layer and the diffused Tayer of opposite charges is called the electrokinetic potential or zeta potentialy “Ti two particles of an insoluble material (precipitate) do not have double layers they can come close enough and attractive van der Waals forces pull them together. When particles possess double layer as shown in Fig. 5.13, the overall effect is that particles repel each other at large distances of separation. This repulsion prevents their close approach. They remain dispersed and colloid is stabilised. ition of more electrolytes to sol supresses the diffused dottle tiger ana reduces the zita potential. This decreases the electrostatic repulsion between particles to a large extent and colloid 5.13: Formation of precipitates. That is why colloid is particularly sensitive to 13; ion double layer oppositely charged 10n®: e of charge on colloidal partictes is (vi) Electrophoresis: The aa experiment-When electric potential confirmed by elPt yo platinum electrodes dipping in a colloidal 5 applied acre dal particles mes: towards one or the other solution, the collo! ‘ement of colloidal particles under an applied electrode. The MEM alled electrophoresis. Positively charged electric potenti ‘ds the cathode while negatively charged particles mo ‘ whe surface Chemistryticles move towards the anog nonstrated by the followin 5.14). lectrophorests, Le.. mover prevented by some suttable means, jee Pan, the dispersion medium begins to money Pn, field, This phenomenon is termed elecge (vill Coagntation or precipitation: “Ty, 2 Cottoldat the lyophoble sols ts dute to the presen," solution on collotdal particles. If, somelow fe removed, the particles will come nearer lo form aggresates (or coagulate) a Ach under the foree of gravily 4 ‘The pencess of -settling-of coltoidat Partie, | led congulation or precipitation of 4 The coagulation of the lyophobie sojg carried out in the following ways. en Ui By electrophoresis: The colloidal particles move toward wos electrodes. get discharged and precipitated By mixing (wo oppositely charged sols: Oppositely charged sol. | : mixed in almost equal proportions, neutralise thelr charees | Partially or completely precipitated. Mixing of hydrated fern "| (+ve sol) and arsenious sulphide (-ve sol) bring them in the recipi | forms. This type of coagulation is called mutual coagularin {AA By boiling: When a sol is boiled, the adsorbed layer is dey, due to increased collisions with the molecules of dispen.| medium. This reduces the charge on the particles and ulmee| Igads to settling down in the form of a precipitate. aby persistent dialysis: On prolonged dialysis, traces of w electrolyte present in the sol are removed almost completely: the colloids become unstable and ultimately coagulate. 'y addition of electrolytes: When excess of an electrolyte is at the colloidal particles are precipitated. The reason is that coll interact with ions carrying charge opposite to that present themselves. This causes neutralisation leading to their coagulate The ion responsible for neutralisation of charge on the partici called the coagulating ion. A negative ion causes the precipita of positively charged sol and vice versa. . Ithas been observed that, generally, the greater the valence flocculating ion added. the greaier is its power to cause precipitave ‘This is known as Hardy-Schulze rule, In tg coagulation cba a sol. the Hlocculating power is in the order? AI">Ba">Na’_ _Abmilarly, in the coagulation of a positive sol, the focculatins#e" is‘in the order: [Fe(CN)I* > PO," > SO," > Cl ‘The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in millimoles rl required (o cause precipitation of a sol in two hours is called coast value. The smaller the quantity needed, the‘higher will be the Reservolr 46> Anode ™ MS exper” ¢ Mey Initial level Water — (aispersion am mediut S OPpasi| Coop ati power of an ion Vpiambe og Chemistry 144 Flouuleting — Flusl aki on powen! -wha teen a calle) LR Ne otal git op ree 3 on wisely etordon af AN be odded fo tomt of @F | YOPHILC ge Le Fold be foless ple mi | .! 4 wun |e” # tors ne MUCH are respon kot Lydt& When these (wo man he charge, 2onsible for the stability of yophilif and solv: Are removed (by adn an electro hs eee such This is done alo oth colloidal particles vie and (ii) by adding a suitable aleohiol 2 added to co ' lehyaray Meohol and acetone are add condition, a sma quanti ra of dispersed phase occurs, Under this yrag! 4 Protection of cottoigg — “*'"*l¥le ean bring about coagulation. Lyophilic sols are ei are more 5 fact that Wophitic cotton. lable Able than Iyophobte sols, ‘This 1s due to the are covered by a sheath OF ettsWely solvated, ic. colloidal particles Lyophilic colloids thaym 4 Mt in which they are dispersed collokds: When a Ivophiie sol gaits Property of particles form a layer around pec the latter trom electrolytes, te poblable called protective colloids e protecting lyophobic lyophobic sol. the lyophilic particles and thus protect the Colloids used for this purpose are These are liquid-tiquid he ‘olloidal systey e. divided droplets in another liguit ita mint Partially miscible liquids 4 t i cSnulsions the dispersion of finely re of two immiscible or 's shaken, a coarse dispersion of one liquid in the other is obtained which is called emulsion. Generally, one of the two liquids is water. There are two types of emulsions. li) Oil dispersed in water (0/W type) and (i) Water dispersed in oil (W/O type). digits frst system, water acts as = lispersion medium. Examples of this type of Qin water Water in oil emulsion are milk and enh ogr oe In Fig. 5.14: Types of emulsions milk, liquid fat is dispersed in water. In the ' second system, oil acts as dispersion medium, Common examples of this type are butter and cream. Emulsions of oil in water are unstable and sometimes they separate into two layers on standing, For stabilisation of an emulsion, a third component called emulsifying agent is usually added. The emulsitying agent forns an interfacial film beiween suspended particles and the medium. The principal emulsifying agents for O/W emulsions are proteins, gums, natural and synthetic soaps. etc., and for W/O. heavy Teta salts of fatty acids ng cin alcools, lampblack, ete luted with any amount of the dispersion fae Os nS aoe vaind: the dispersed liguid when mised, forms mealum, On, droplets in emulsions are often negatively charged a separate layer. The dvopipy electrolytes. They also show Brownian and can be precipitates Oye hulsions can be broken into constituent movement and Tyndall effect. Emuls liquids by heating, freezing, centrifuging, ete. re across in our daily life, are colloids. The ear, the wooden furniture we use, the read, are largely composed of colloids. a we com Most of the substances, ome meals we cat, the clothes we we houses we live in, the newspapers We Surlace Chemistryy + Free mg point of is Fe care the interesting and noteworthy ¢ Following, Y exap ; Aol” dome > colourof the sky: Dust particles alongwith w, Sor, () Blue rien a, aa tye seater blue light while reaches our eyes andthe yey in, Aol” Oe (i) Fog. mist and rain: When a large mass: of aye Msi! Uc qalyfrticles, Is cooled below its dewpoint on the moisture icles forming gi ure continue to ae sit they ROM Te peddcletdsndenses on the surfaces of these part RoFEe and | PThese droplets being colloidal in ni} “ (is jhe form of mist or fog. Clouds are aerosols hy Fe) propesittwater suspended in air. On account of eon! whe? | upper atmosphere, the colloidal droplets of waren, AEE gto uuer in size, tll they come dow: OW by ali! Be wen iguer in si 'y cot nin the form OF rain, 5% the ratnfall occurs when two oppositely charged clo 5 IUis possible to cause artificial rain by throws! nd or spraying a sol carrying charge opposite toh clouds from an acroplane. © the , (iii) Food articles: Milk, butter, halwa, ice ere: all colloids in one form or the other. (iv) Blood: It is a colloidal solution of an album styptic action of alum and ferric chlorid coagulation of blood forming a clot which s () Soils: Fertile sotls are colloidal in-nature in which jy a protective colloid. On account of colloidal nature moisture and nourishing materials, (W) Formation of delta: River water is a colloidal sotution og, water contains a number of electrolytes. When river waters: sea water, the electrolytes present in sea water coagulate tic . Solution of clay resulting in its deposition, with the formation. Applications of colloids Colloids are widely used in the industry. Following are some exs: (@ Electrical precipitation of smoke: Smoke is a colloidal seu. . solid particles such as carbon, arsenic compounds, dust « air. The smoke, before it comes out from the chimney, is led a chamber containing plates having a charge opposite to thate= by smoke particles. The particles on’ coming in coniact wii: plates lose their charge and get precipitated. The partici: ° settle di loor of the chamber. The precipitator is High voltage — (Cottrell precipitator Pese electrode (i) Purification of drinking water: The water obiaine= ogee ee Alum is added to such water to coagulate the sus" impurities and take water fit for drinking pup Particles (ii) Medicines: Most of the medicines are colloidal 8 For example. argyrol isa silver sol used as aS Smoke-> Colloidal antimony is used in curing kalaaz gold is used for intramuscular inject at Led san ate4 magnesia, an emulsion, is used for stomach “ Colloidal medicines are more effective because ! Fig. 5.15: Cottrell smoke precipitator large surface area and are therefore easily VINE gy nal ‘AMS. FUit juices INO subst, le Solution i. tops further jy, tums 3. Sols Chemistry 1toe in nature, When a hide, which loldal 8 Soaked tn tannin, whieh ¢ nisin 1 the 1a ttleles, mutual coagulation take mn tlening of leather, This process 18 ACtON Of soy N sas are‘also used in place of tannin. 'M Section 5, ips ene detergents: This has already been Ww) (vi) Coating 4 Photographic plates or films are ase phant!son of the light sensitive silver bromide Plates or celluloid films. . Alex is ao are Negatively char teal i ‘colloidal solution of rubber particles which, (il) Industrial prodie Rube Is obtained by coagulation of latex. ne oducts: Sraphite lubrica inks, synthetic plastics, rubber. c., are all colloidal solutions. (i) Rubber industry: 1 Paints, ints, cement, e 57 What modification can you suggest j Intext_ Questions why is it essential to wash the preci ” quantitatively? Precipitate with water before estimating it sl b . resulting into a his Seiten the bull The athens mega Me econ on he substance on which adsorption takes place is called adsorbent, In. physisorption, aisorbate is held to the adsorbent by weak van der Waals forces. and in chemisorption, adsorbate is held to the adsorbent by strong chemical bond. Almost al slids adsorb gases. The extent of adsorption of a gas on a solid depends upon mature of gas, nature of solid, surface area of the solid, pressure of gas and temperature of gas. The relationship between the extent of adsorption (x/m) and pressure of the gas at constant temperature is known as adsorption isotherm, Acatalyst is a substance which enhances the rate of a chemical reaction without itelf getting used up in the reaction. ‘The phenomerion. using catalyst is known as {| catalysis. In homogencous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase as are the } retants, and in heterogerieous catalysis the catalyst is in a different phase from | that of the reactants. san | Colioidal solutions are intermediate between true solutions and suspensions. i The size of the colloidal particles range from 1,to 1000 nm. A colloidal system consists | {two phases - the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. Colloidal systems | we classified in three ways depending upon () physica} a the disper Phase and dispersion medium (ii) nature of interaction betwes r znd | dispersion medium and (iii) nature of articles of pe rape a a syst “ interesting optical, mechanical 2 | change ae neta penticles in a sol into the insoluble_preelp ate OF SD | anging the-colloidal_particles_in_a_sol_into-t cae some suitable electrolytes-is-known as cof igus esos plsyerms which both dispersed phase and dispersi | | aking emulsion is ‘| a dispetstiype. he process of ma : Qin water type and (i) water 3° Ronan cng gen ssi 3 ification.To sta tly used as emulsifiers. Colloids S added. Soaps and detergents are most frequeyty Vr S added. Soaps and deterge as in daily We. “tral applications in industry as well as 18 147 Surface Chemistry