Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Volume 2013, Article ID 241726, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/241726

Research Article
Hot-Wire Calibration at Low Velocities: Revisiting the Vortex
Shedding Method

Sohrab S. Sattarzadeh,1 Athanasia Kalpakli,1,2 and Ramis Örlü1,2

1
Linné Flow Centre, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
2
CCGEx, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

Correspondence should be addressed to Ramis Örlü; ramis@mech.kth.se

Received 4 April 2013; Revised 11 August 2013; Accepted 20 August 2013

Academic Editor: Ujjwal K. Saha

Copyright © 2013 Sohrab S. Sattarzadeh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

The necessity to calibrate hot-wire probes against a known velocity causes problems at low velocities, due to the inherent inaccuracy
of pressure transducers at low differential pressures. The vortex shedding calibration method is in this respect a recommended
technique to obtain calibration data at low velocities, due to its simplicity and accuracy. However, it has mainly been applied in a
low and narrow Reynolds number range known as the laminar vortex shedding regime. Here, on the other hand, we propose to
utilize the irregular vortex shedding regime and show where the probe needs to be placed with respect to the cylinder in order to
obtain unambiguous calibration data.

1. Introduction the inherent inaccuracy of pressure transducers at such small

The experimental investigation of turbulent flows has been
performed in the last century to a large extent by means
of hot-wire anemometry (HWA) which is an unrivalled
technique compared to others, particularly due to its high
frequency response and temporal resolution. Therefore, it is
expected to continue to be used for the coming decades for
the study of fluid dynamics as well as constitute a reference to
other experimental methods.
Nevertheless, the technique has itself several limitations,
in particular in wall-bounded turbulent flows or complex
flow, such as wall interference and heat conduction to the
wall [1], determination of the wire position relative to the
wall [2] and also the effects of spatial resolution of the hot
wire probe [3, 4]. Since hot wires are indirect methods, they
need to be calibrated against a known velocity, which then
can be related to the voltage reading from a HWA system.
It is a common practice to calibrate hot wires against a
pressure difference reading either from a pitot-static (so-
called Prandtl) tube or across a calibration nozzle. In such
case, another problem arises, namely, that of the low velocity
calibration for velocities below say 1–3 m/s (see, e.g., [5,
chapter 8.18], [6, chapter 4.7]), which is mainly caused by
differential pressures [7].
For the calibration of hot wires at low velocities, several
calibration techniques have been developed, such as modified
calibration jets [8], the laminar pipe-flow method [9], the
rotating disk method [10], methods exploring wall proximity
effects [11, 12], and a variety of methods utilizing a moving
[13–15] or swinging probe in still air [16, 17], as well as the
vortex shedding method [12, 18–21]. In the present paper,
we will focus on the vortex shedding calibration method,
which has also been suggested in classical hot-wire literature,
as, for example, in Perry [5] or Bruun [6]. The reason for
preferring the vortex shedding method is its inexpensive and
simple setup and especially its possibility to reach velocities
that cannot easily be reached accurately with conventional
pressure transducers.
2. Background
Since the discovery by Strouhal [22] that the frequency of
the sound emitted by a wire exposed to a wind is linearly
proportional to the wind speed itself and the proposal by
Roshko [23] to expose this feature to measure the flow
2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
velocity, it is nowadays widely exploited in vortex flowmeters
[24] as well as for the aforementioned calibration of hot wires
at low velocities. Following the classical hot-wire literature
[5, 6], it is suggested to employ a circular cylinder and the
following relation between the Strouhal number, St = 𝑓𝐷/𝑈,
and the cylinder Reynolds number, Re = 𝑈𝐷/], proposed by
Roshko [23]:
21.2
St = 0.212 (1 − ), 50 < Re < 150, (1)
Re
12.7
St = 0.212 (1 − ), 300 < Re < 2000, (2)
Re
where 𝑓 is the fundamental vortex shedding frequency,
𝐷 the cylinder diameter, 𝑈 the flow velocity, and ] the
kinematic viscosity. Since the velocity, which is aimed at
being determined, appears in both the Strouhal and Reynolds
numbers, it has been proposed to employ the so-called
Roshko number defined as Ro = St Re = 𝑓𝐷2 /] [23].
The obtained Ro-Re—relation is usually favored over the
St-Re—relation given in (1) and (2), due to its linear and
explicit nature [6]. When it comes to the exploitation of the
vortex shedding phenomenon behind a circular cylinder, it
has been a common practice to restrict the method to the
laminar periodic vortex shedding region or the so-called stable
range [12, 18–20], that is, 30 to 48 < Re < 180 to 200
[25] described through (1). Since this regime is susceptible to
oblique shedding which can alter the St-Re—relation [19, 26],
special attention needs to be drawn to the end conditions
of the cylinder as well as the interpretation of the measured
frequency spectra [27].
While for flowmeter applications the Reynolds number
range is commonly within the fully turbulent regime or the so
called irregular range (although with quite noncircular shed-
der geometries that exhibit a much less Reynolds number-
dependent range), only very few have employed the region
beyond the transitional range inheriting the discontinuities
in the St-Re—relation [25, 28], which occur between the
two Reynolds number regions defined through (1) and
(2). While there were practical reasons to favor the stable
range for calibration purposes in the past, for example, due
to the employment of zero-crossing counters [18, 29] or
signal generators and oscilloscopes to determine the vortex
shedding frequency by means of the so-called Lissajous
figure [5, 30], the shedding frequency can nowadays simply
be determined by fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms.
Also, the utilization of the irregular regime would avoid
the aforementioned difficulties related to the appearance of
oblique vortex shedding.
In the present paper the vortex shedding calibration
method for hot-wires is employed in the irregular region and
it is shown to be a robust and reliable technique.
3. Experimental Setup and
Measurement Technique
The experimental data was obtained in the Minimum Turbu-
lence Level (MTL) wind tunnel located at the Royal Institute
of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. The test section is 7 m
I
8
III
6
4
II
y/D
2
0 I
0
−2
D
z/
0 2 4 6
x/D
Figure 1: Schematic of the coordinate system centered around the
cylinder of diameter 𝐷. The streamwise, vertical, and spanwise
directions are denoted by 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧, respectively. Hot-wire
measurements at constant free stream velocities were performed
at the intersection points of the red 𝑥-𝑦 grid. Positions indicated
through blue crosses or crossed-circles and denoted by roman
numerals will be referred to and described throughout the paper.
long with a cross-sectional area of 0.8 × 1.2 m2 (height ×
width). The maximum speed with an empty test section is
70 m/s, and the streamwise velocity disturbance level is less
than 0.025% of the free stream velocity. The air tempera-
ture can be regulated within ±0.05∘ C by means of a heat
exchanger. For further information regarding the flow quality
in the MTL wind tunnel, the reader is referred to Lindgren
and Johansson [31]. Two circular cylinders with a nominal
diameter, 𝐷, of 8 and 12 mm (giving a length-to-diameter
ratio of 150 and 100, resp.) were spanned at the middle of the
wind tunnel in terms of height and length. Throughout the
remainder of the paper, the streamwise, vertical, and spanwise
(i.e., along the cylinder) directions are denoted by 𝑥, 𝑦, and
𝑧, with the origin set at the centre of the cylinder as depicted
in Figure 1.
The hot-wire probe used for the present measurements
is a standard straight hot wire with a platinum wire of
nominal diameter of 5 microns and a length of 1 mm. The
hot-wire was calibrated in situ in the free stream against a
Prandtl tube, which was connected to a micromanometer of
type FC0510 (Furness Control Limited), from which also the
ambient temperature and pressure were obtained. Calibration
curves were taken at the beginning and end of each set of
measurements and fitted to a calibration relation proposed
by Johansson and Alfredsson [32]
1/𝑛 1/2
𝑈 = 𝑘1 (𝐸2 − 𝐸02 ) + 𝑘2 (𝐸 − 𝐸0 ) , (3)
Advances in Mechanical Engineering 3

where 𝐸 and 𝐸0 are the anemometer output voltages at

velocities 𝑈 and zero, respectively, and 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , and 𝑛 are
calibration constants. While the first term of (3) is related to 60
the classical King’s law [33], the second term takes account on

fPee /var (e)

the effect of natural convection, which becomes important at 40
low velocities.
The hot-wire anemometer system used is a DANTEC 20
StreamLine 90N10 frame in conjunction with a 90C10 con-
stant temperature anemometer module. An offset and gain 0
was applied to the top of the bridge voltage in order to match
6
the voltage range of the 16 bit A/D converter used.
4 2
y/ 2
D
0 1 f/fp
4. Vortex Shedding Calibration Method
Figure 2: Premultiplied power spectral density map for the voltage
4.1. Placement of the Hot-Wire Probe. When it comes to the signal from the hot-wire at 𝑥/𝐷 = 1.5 across the 𝑦-plane, indicated
application of the vortex shedding phenomenon for calibra- through 𝐼 in Figure 1, for 𝑈∞ = 4.2 m/s. The premultiplied spectral
tion purposes of hot-wires, there are barely any guidelines amplitudes have been scaled with the variance of the voltage signal in
in terms of where the probe should be placed both in order order to make the spectral peaks also outside the wake region. Note
to measure the hot-wire voltage related to the free stream that the spectral plot along the visible centerline of the wake (i.e.,
𝑦/𝐷 = 0; red line) displays a higher amplitude than the fundamental
velocity, 𝐸, as well as the vortex shedding frequency, 𝑓. The
frequency. The robustness of the determined fundamental frequency
reason for this is probably due to the fact that “most research is also emphasized through the red line parallel to the 𝑦-axis.
in the past has been focused on circular cylinders” [25] when
it comes to bluff body wakes, and in turn, there is a large
body of literature regarding the near-field spreading rates of 7
cylinder wakes, which can be consulted to find a suitable
location for various Reynolds number ranges. Furthermore, 6
due to the presence of an absolute instability in the Kármán fp NaN
vortex sheet, the shedding frequency can be “felt” wherever 5
the probe is placed. Nevertheless, it was decided to map 4
the wake region for both utilized cylinders at a free stream
y/D

velocity range around 1 and 4 m/s. 3 fp

In the following results from the cylinder with a nominal
diameter of 12 mm are shown to demonstrate the method,
whereas results for the cylinder with the diameter of 8 mm
are also provided later. Figure 2 shows the premultiplied
power spectral density map for the hot-wire voltage signal
at 1.5D downstream of the cylinder across the 𝑦-direction
for 𝑈∞ = 4.2 m/s, where 𝑃𝑒𝑒 is the power spectral density
function of the measured signal and 𝑓 is the frequency
domain. The frequency domain in the horizontal axis is
normalized with the fundamental frequency 𝑓𝑝 regarding
the applied free stream velocity. The fundamental frequency
𝑓𝑝 is hereby determined by finding the maximum of the
premultiplied spectra, that is, 𝑓𝑃𝑒𝑒 , without any ambiguity
across the wake in the 𝑦-direction, except along the centerline
of the wake, where the picked up frequency is an integer
multitude (harmonic) of the fundamental frequency, 𝑓𝑝 .
In order to ensure that the measured behavior is not only a
local observation at one downstream location, measurements
in the 𝑥-𝑦-plane have been performed at all intersection
points of the depicted measurement grid in Figure 1. The
result is depicted in Figure 3 where the white area is
illustrating the region in which the fundamental shedding
frequency is captured. As apparent from this figure, the
fundamental shedding frequency, 𝑓𝑝 , can unambiguously be
determined across the entire wake in the range 1 < 𝑥/𝐷 <
6, except along the centerline, where the amplitude of the
harmonic dominates the fundamental frequency. Although
2
2 × fp
1
0
−1
1 2 3 4 5 6
x/D
Figure 3: Downstream evolution (i.e., 𝑥/𝐷) of the determined
frequencies for the same experimental conditions as in Figure 2
through measurements at all intersection points shown in Figure 1.
The fundamental frequency, 𝑓𝑝 , was captured in the white area,
whereas its harmonic was in the red area. No dominant frequency
was captured in the blue area. Vertical dashed line corresponds to the
downstream location that will be employed later on for calibration
purposes.
the fundamental frequency is present for the region |𝑦/𝐷| >
5.5, it can not unambiguously be determined, since its
amplitude is comparable to that of the background level. A
quite similar result can also be obtained by directly taking
the maximum of 𝑃𝑒𝑒 ; however, favoring the premultiplied
form helped to suppress low-frequency modulations as well
as enhance the fundamental peak and thereby yield maps free
of wrinkles.
4 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
1.2
0.8
1 0
2
3
x/ 4
D 5
5 2 3 4
1 f (H
6 −1 0 y/D
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2
U/U∞
Figure 4: Surface plot of the evolution of the mean streamwise
velocity scaled by the free stream velocity in the 𝑥-𝑦 plane. White
shaded areas denote 𝑈 within ±1% of 𝑈∞ .
While the positioning of the hot wire for the deter-
mination of the fundamental frequency has been clarified,
the position for the measurement of the mean voltage of
the hot-wire that is related to the free stream velocity, that
is, 𝐸, needs to be checked. The surface plot of the mean
streamwise velocity depicted in Figure 4 clearly shows that
irrespective of the downstream location, |𝑦/𝐷| > 5.5 appears
to be suitable to obtain the free stream velocity. Note also
that the turbulence intensity reaches the free stream level
much quicker (not shown here) and therefore will not bias
the obtained mean voltage corresponding to the free stream
conditions. A less stringent lower threshold can also be used
for further downstream positions. This rule of thumb is also
valid when taking the results from the lower velocity as well
as the smaller diameter into account. Hence, taking all results
with some tolerances into account, it is recommendable to
determine the fundamental shedding frequency for 1 <
𝑥/𝐷 < 6 within 1 < |𝑦/𝐷| < 4, while the hot-wire voltage
related to 𝑈∞ should be acquired at |𝑦/𝐷| > 5.5. These
recommendations are also close to those given by Ardekani
[21], who gave 2.2 < |𝑦/𝐷| < 2.9 for 3 < 𝑥/𝐷 < 6, for the
regime bridging, the stable and irregular regimes, namely,
100 < Re < 430, in order to determine both 𝐸 and 𝑓
simultaneously. Nevertheless, it seems more appropriate to
comply to the limits given here, due to the extended Re—
range employed, in order to obtain an unbiased hot-wire
voltage which is related to the voltage in the free stream.
Having established the two regions in which (1) the fun-
damental frequency of the vortex shedding can be obtained
from the voltage signal of the hot-wire and (2) the region
where the hot-wire is exposed to the mean voltage of the hot-
wire that is related to the free stream velocity, it becomes
obvious that a single hot-wire problem can be utilized for
both purposes. Traditionally, one hot-wire is used to detect
the shedding frequency, while a second—the one that is
calibrated—is measuring the voltage related to the free stream
1 1.8
(fPee )∗
1.6
V)
100
E(
6 7
101 1.4
102
z)
Figure 5: Premultiplied power spectral density map for the voltage
signal from a hot-wire located 3D downstream of the cylinder
for different 𝑈∞ . The power spectral density is computed from
measurements within the wake (i.e., 𝑦/𝐷 = 2.5), while the mean
voltage from the hot wire is obtained outside the wake region (i.e.,
𝑦/𝐷 = 6). The asterisk denotes normalization of the premultiplied
spectral amplitudes to unity in order to visualize the fundamental
peaks as well as to ease visualization of the hot-wire calibration
relation. Note that the frequency axis is plotted in logarithmic scale
in order to emphasize the low velocity (i.e., frequency) region.
Obtained calibration points for 𝐸 versus 𝑓𝑝 are highlighted by red
circles, and the red solid line is (3) fitted to the data pairs.
velocity. For smaller wind tunnels, where blockage might
influence the quantitative results presented here, maps as
shown in Figures 3 and 4 can easily be obtained and used for
future calibrations.
4.2. Application of Vortex Shedding Calibration Method. Hav-
ing established where to place the hot-wire probe in order to
pick up the fundamental frequency, 𝑓𝑝 , as well as an unbiased
mean voltage from the hot wire, 𝐸, hot-wire calibrations with
both the 8 and 12 mm cylinders covering a velocity range
from as low as 0.15 m/s up to 10 m/s were performed. While
the low velocity end was restricted due to the stability of the
MTL wind tunnel, the higher end was mainly used to have
a sufficient overlapping region with the conventional hot-
wire calibration against a Prandtl tube. For the performed
calibrations, the hot-wire was placed 3D downstream the
cylinder, and measurements were taken at 𝑦/𝐷 = 2.5 and
6 (indicated with II and III in Figure 1) for 𝑓𝑝 and 𝐸,
respectively, for each tunnel speed.
The result of such a calibration is depicted in Figure 5,
where the premultiplied spectra are mapped for different
tunnel speeds and hence different 𝐸. Utilization of (1) and
(2) yields the free stream velocity, which coupled with the
measured voltage 𝐸 provides the data set for the calibration.
Results from both cylinders have been depicted together with
a conventional calibration by means of a Prandtl tube in
Figure 6. Note that for velocities beyond approximately 2.5
and 4 m/s for the 12 and 8 mm cylinders, respectively, the
relation given in (2) tends to underestimate the determined
velocity, since the St-Re—relation reaches a maximum and
Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Table 1: Calibration cases depicted in Figure 6 with the utilized Reynolds number range and the coefficients for the best fit to the modified
King’s law, that is, (3). C3 corresponds to the conventional calibration method.
Case Cylinder dia. (mm) Re
C1 8 280–5500
C2 12 140–8200
C3 — —
2 first and first two calibration points from the 8 and 12 mm
1.8
E (V)
1.6 1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 5. Summary and Conclusions
1.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
U (m/s)
Figure 6: Conventional hot-wire calibration plot and magnified
view on the low velocity region (insert). Blue stars and dashed line
are from a conventional calibration against a Prandtl tube, and red
circles and solid line are from the vortex shedding method (same
data as depicted in Figure 5), while the black squares are obtained
similarly but with a cylinder diameter of 8 mm, instead of 12 mm.
The lines are obtained from (3) (which inherently enforces that the
curve goes through 𝐸0 , denoted by +) fitted to the corresponding
data.
starts to decay from Re ≈ 2000 on. In order to utilize
the calibration points beyond this Re, the St-Re—relation
for Re > 2000 was taken from well-established empirical
data [25, 34, 35]. Although, “in practice, (2) is often also
applied for higher Reynolds numbers, [⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ], it should not be
used for Re > 5000” [35]. Nevertheless, it should be noted
that for velocities above 2 m/s, the conventional calibration
by means of a Prandtl tube is favored compared to any
other method, and therefore, the explained extension of
the vortex shedding method for higher velocities is barely
an esthetic operation. The Reynolds number range utilized
for the vortex shedding calibration method in the data
illustrated in Figure 6 is presented in Table 1 for both cylinder
diameters. The calibration constants, 𝑛, 𝑘1 , and 𝑘2 , for the
fitted calibration data to the modified King’s law relation, that
is, (3), are also provided in the table for better comparison
between different calibration curves.
Coming back to Figure 6, the general agreement between
the conventional Prandtl tube calibration and the results from
the vortex shedding calibration obtained with two different
cylinder diameters over more than an order of magnitude
in velocity can be appreciated. Hence, the utilization of the
irregular vortex shedding regime is justified. Although the
5
Fitting coefficients
𝑛 𝑘1 𝑘2
0.4797 2.671 1.884
0.4896 2.723 1.775
0.4874 2.743 1.828
cylinders, respectively, are within the transitional regime,
there appears to be no marginal difference in 𝑈 when
taking various St-Re—relations for the transitional regime,
when displayed in such a plot. Nonetheless, the obtained
velocities could differ up to ±3% in this narrow Re—range,
but such a deviation can still be considered fairly accurate
when compared to readings from pressure transducers at
differential pressures around or even below 1 Pa.
Hot-wire anemometry is since a long time the standard
measurement technique in turbulent air flows. Its indirect
working principal, however, calls for calibration against a
known velocity to which the voltage from the hot-wire
anemometer can be related. Commonly, the hot wire is cali-
brated against the pressure difference reading from a Prandtl
tube; however, at low velocities, this becomes problematic,
due to the inherent inaccuracy of pressure transducers at low
differential pressures.
In the present work we have demonstrated the so-called
vortex shedding calibration method which has been known
in the past as the simplest and most accurate method to
calibrate hot wires at very low velocities but has only been
utilized to a very narrow Reynolds number regime. Here, we
propose to utilize also the irregular vortex shedding regime
and thereby extend the Reynolds number range.
The flow field behind a circular cylinder has been mapped
by means of hot-wire anemometry down to 6D. From these
measurements, it could be inferred that both the fundamental
vortex shedding frequency as well as the hot-wire voltage
related to the free stream velocity can unambiguously be
determined irrespective of downstream position for 1 <
𝑦/𝐷 < 4 and |𝑦/𝐷| > 5.5, respectively. The proposed ex-
tension of the well-established vortex shedding calibration
method has been demonstrated to yield accurate calibration
data for hot-wires over more than a decade in velocity for a
selected cylinder diameter down to 0.15 m/s (restricted due to
the employed wind tunnel and not the method itself).
Acknowledgments
This research was done within KTH CCGEx, a centre
supported by the Swedish Energy Agency (STEM), Swedish
Vehicle Industry, and KTH. Professor P. Henrik Alfredsson is
acknowledged for stimulating discussions.
6 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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