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Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth’s blend
of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and
helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. The adulation bestowed upon her both in
her lifetime and in the ensuing centuries was not altogether a spontaneous effusion. It was
the result of a carefully crafted, brilliantly executed campaign in which the queen fashioned
herself as the glittering symbol of the nation’s destiny. This political symbolism had more
substance than usual, for the queen was by no means a mere figurehead. While she did not
wield the absolute power, she tenaciously upheld her authority to make critical decisions and
to set the central policies of both state and church.
Regarding her childhood, Elizabeth’s early years were not auspicious. She was born at
Greenwich Palace, her father was Tutor king Henry VIII and her mother was Anne Boleyn
who was the second wife of Henry. Henry had defied the pope and broken England from the
authority of the Roman Catholic Church in order to dissolve his marriage with his first wife,
Catherine of Aragon, who had borne him a daughter, Mary. Since the king ardently hoped
that Anne Boleyn would give birth to a male heir, the birth of a second daughter was a bitter
disappointment that dangerously weakened the new queen’s position. He had to have a
male because the birth of a male was regarded as key to stable dynastic succession.
Before Elizabeth reached her third birthday, her father had her mother beheaded on
charges of adultery and treason. Moreover, at Henry’s instigation, an act of Parliament
declared his marriage with Anne Boleyn invalid from the beginning, thus making their
daughter Elizabeth illegitimate, as Roman Catholics had all along claimed her to be.
However, the emotional impact of these events on the little girl, who had been brought up
from infancy in a separate household at Hatfield, is not known; presumably, no one thought it
worth recording. What was noted was her precocious seriousness; at six years old, it was
admiringly observed, she had as much gravity as if she had been 40.
When in 1537 Henry’s third wife, Jane Seymour, gave birth to a son, Edward, Elizabeth
receded still further into relative obscurity, but she was not neglected. Despite his capacity
for monstrous cruelty, Henry VIII treated all his children affectively. Elizabeth was present at
ceremonial occasions and was declared third in line to the throne. She spent much of the
time with her half-brother Edward and, from her 10th year onward, profited from the loving
attention of her stepmother, Catherine Parr, the king’s sixth and last wife.