Sinem U2 HH Emirates ris the chentéul ‘energy & % SAFER Exothemmte § Raackant —> Prodvets + Heat we * Endotermies Reaclant + Hear Prodvct s = ae Klip > Eethalpy Change when d- of mmole s of Ake suvctanee peach as wiritken Yn the » eq? (TEs for balareed chendcal eq” and - apprapm&te state sumbols) ‘ ; eg Na(sy + 4 eh (gq) > Nact(s) * Ne —> Erthaley change. - when of a sobdanee Ss formed from Ses constitvest ele mevit of standard conditions [1 atm, 298k). . 29, C§®) 4+ OF @Y C0,68) Bw AHP ob. an element fs. zero, 1 4 AWE, > Erdhalpy change wher oh wolen fs 1 eroduced WW nevbrolizatton neaction « & ANG, > Energy _cevined when [onal] of aseovs atom is formed from Rs element, —> endarthernie ey. Nac) > Naid) JM ¥ | |* BEA (Bind enthalnd —> Enthatpy change when [A wol of a bud SH gaseous state Fs becken an doun . Prodveed atomS Are also gqasaous. and 24: 2) > W® + HQ) 1 * Wes (aw % eo D> AN® = AL (Prodcets) ~ Be Spent at (Reactors) — Se Saat (Reactarts) d * Weak absorbed = me AT * Enthaley change’ = heat absorced glitch 8 mole ~~ Fivorine ALWAYS has on oxidation wowber -1. * SOL, @e,0; | S,0,, — > oxidatfon number -2 > * NO, NUS — > oxidation woe +4 Mnd —> oxidation women > s4° at ONAzng Agents —> 0, 5 Halogens, HY | Fed | KMn 0, (actaied) Assis a Wate, 07 (aeraiMed) , Co, 077 | STAs og bs Oe pevee est ) | . " t | . ic ‘ ray x! Reducing Agents —> Melalss Fe", \W,0, (tn absence of WD | Na,S20, , $057* “London _ Force S ocars _ between alll moleeuian sulbstanee *Trsiontaneos dipcle Induced dipole bez LF Pdrdowy mot of et density. - > é foree More e- 5 more Scper sion: oF eontact between molecules , s More pdints greater -Léndon Forees. ¥ Permanent dipcle dipole ! ‘ . © Occurs Wy pdar woeleevles , ¥ 68) permanent MRpdle — permon’nt’ dipole’ WPeomanent dipcle —Wdveed Npole s Decreases down ahem ae Penk gc tine halides ; . ss Plectronera tive dee. down = aR: A => Bond polarity dee a : - ag Wado Bonding: - . yeh * Attraction between andy POs) Se ny drogen , atom and lone pair of e of ancther molecle. ste Water 4) tn eh oY woleevles = jrahe sapolly are roa * Each Oxuqen sv erounded tow Lown — W akoms (a covalently, [ad A hydrogen onde) . ja tee of G woleevies “Weld tone ther toy Ny deogen "Donde. ; a s | Loge area of open space Raside Pings Gat 5 why, less dence hon water) * Reon > ardehyde , \eottene: 9 Carbo xylie acid. all are sdvble “mW water ez Whey fonm hydrogen bonds uth water, ; bo ey 2h ar i ¥% Geovp-1 metol, oxides, and _vm@va\ chlorides, ave sdlude Wy water. | , x Mel oY ‘ot Gwop 2 metals _ deceased down, ye: e Size of" ‘me, hor ge howd!“ 2 : , fad & © Change density decreases "Electrostatic Sonee of attraction between eabfons aie VG and sea of Adglocalized a ddeveases. 9-1 oy “We Bo . less energy needed, le an ssie «| | Solout Ly of Grovp-2 metal Ditles and Uydvortdes dea” || down grove Y / . t : he hed 2 Size of cation, inc. e Lattice ererqu dec. iy A « Sautton enthaley becomes wore exotherwic.~ atetitty of CATION 40 aktnns towards Ftself | ¥ | Polarizing power is the | electrons from the anion = Hiss 2 a\_guipaates * Solubiltty of Gwovp-2 met dec. down we a 2 Dion larger than corion i sme of eaklon Ane. down QrovP * Packing, between catfon jand anton fe. as, =LatBee enthalpy tne. ts * Solutfon enthalpy becomes more, endothermic 4 * Thermal _stolellfty a rIne. Su charge and dee. In size of cation | 3 | mereases, charge density . * Polaridng power Sne. s Compound url be decomposed easily ° @ fe ° 2° neweases with dec. in polarising * Thermal stability power of cation, ¥ Thermal stability, of Giroup-4) amid Group- 2 metal eavoonates, / nitwates | hydroxide Mme. Anion. ne: leChrange save J» Stze ok Heaton Ive. i* Change sdencity, dee. ule i|* Polarizing power dec. 4 $0 bes ~ aise Si ‘ Eneogy nequived Sue.iS ——— : Beittng pomt ‘me. down group ez, tntermolecvlan Covees Me. down yore : ; Reducing power ne. down Group. * Tonisation energy dee, down Qroup dve to fe. th Size of don, eit ‘ \put pe TBleetoon afSine dee, down group, [et >F >Gr rr] . Hlectoonegativity dec. down grove * Solueriity Wo water ‘dee: down.’ Ihe group. * Solobiiky In a Organi solvent Tne. doom group. ¥.T, mw hexane 8s Violet /purple _ 3 ¥ TiGaii > Pale brown/ straw 5 x Wexane less dense than water % Leg Coty, denser = than... water, wel ET ie dak whowih rb yi | esi! ; He 21\,S(Q) > Potten egg * F, (4) > yellow Smell x a (g) > Mireen e # NO, Q)— boown # Gr,(S) > Bork red On iQh)> Rea’ brown pnts Qa eongent ¥) TU) > Greg /Black 7, (8) > Purple WW GA(g)s white emake | oh NOPE on. . «| S() > yellow He Rydeogen halides | $0, (QF colorless, choléing omell wasty [cteamy SO, | SomeH Test for Th + Add starch ‘comms, Vt tyens wwe-Llaee * Teck Tow halide Tone t s Add HNO, (to remae Carkonate Smporities RAS AGING), ur suwte — ept ur dissolves iw dilute: ammonig. Be > OFF write /pale eweam |e dissolves Tu eone. arnmorte To = Mellow © > doeswt Aissolve. UX Test Sor so, Add added Kj8r,03 5 green solofoy Finns Ad tect for HO + Hold a geass vod uth ammonta sol” | dense white fe of NY Forms 0, Rests a glowing cpltnt ¥ AD, doens Rme water — willy. wit 5 Add Nad [KOU and warm 5 Pngert ¥ Teck for smelling ,Wa Is given, out. s yiTest Sor Soy Rad Nek and Bat, white eet. of | Basa, forms, | halide + Ammonta <> Rmmontun balide | Masrapen Taine Timon WF (aRKe cod)*Maloyen ¥ Cad lait <> Welal halle F Metal holate (1) +420 * Malogen + Wot Auali - Metal hatde + Metal halate A) + i “Wo Hh wk at ; ° ee al Malate (\)—S Waeld days ! jwretal Malate (VY) Nato, x) Metal halide + W,50, + Metal Wadro gen sulphate + Hydrogen halide aug (feta) | ") ‘ * We benogenous eatalyst -S diferent physical state from vevetai x| Womogeneous catalyst > come physical ctate:! | | ¥) gas Trsoloble fe water —> vse over waten delivery to collec 4 CFCS Fedeucrneeciteayel ‘damage Ozone lagen Sm he Upper cokmnstnere | used’ KE aerosol caw Gel Y—|lonqawte; NNOvITTON 2 Too cpaies combine 0 _for sho —proiet. [are e] “ALELIMINATION 8 “Too atu) grows ave @ removed Torin — : C=C bond. st : a 3 Sunes Tiwr TON’ Too veortont species combine —topptren to a : | —— $B in pt sesien Le ese PINS TDATION $ Deganie com ievpblind= Wee, 4 Wtf qcins 0. OFk 5), WNPROLYSTS +O os of water _ replat — atom / grou + Rew anganic _ompnund 6) POMMERT SATION s Lange no. of molecules react How fapa mn i eepuction 2 Adstilon of bubrogen Gy. 3 Tapes of Mechanions’ = AV. i) Free sadica\ sulostituMon ty alkanes $ + Homolyttc__bond lvreaking Leach atom. Meees ne e~ fronton] : Attackin “species are _ free radicals . |e * Occurs ty UV Wight / Sun Nat| Elatiours yl -|Hintti ation > eae Ae tee fi 5 a ; [Propagation we fh Pep bnee Fo mn ee i Trecninakion EE RT EE aN ge eae “Cus as Sener, Hat $CH* > CHy—CHy DeLeerRomiire “ADDTTION To ALKENES 3 |tattocling species are cleetropliles — electrophile attracts electrons (accepts A pain. af eo) Pa __ te electrophile attacks double bond of ALKENE , then, |, wuclaplile attacks cavboraton J+ weleoplile isa cpecies Wits lone gain ¢ ‘of electrons, |s heterolytic. bond. ert sch tn ¥ Akeene + electrophile (ver » Br, 7){| i | 3} Nic ronaise SvUBsTIW TION TW WALOGENO ALKANES 3 (Sn) i a Aeling, SPECIES ame nucleophiles (sox | fen [N}3) l Weterolyte bond breaking | EXAMPLE 2 ix Reaction | between Bromoethone and KOH (ar) \ ry & oO S \. Cx Be — cr eC—OHn + Bp 3G a % \ ae) ie 4 4 u ; One ; I Reactfon between lhalegencalkane and ammonia (NH), wv 4 4 . | s- he | c\ La —> H,—C NH. He | : || CoNVERSTONS JO _HALOGENQTLKANES CHatogenation) TA] Chlotnation of alectol % | Aleohol A Pee ——> Chlordalkane + Ha + PO: a, i| Gite said) (eisty, Some } 2} Mlechal + PA, —> @ Chloroalkane + WaPO, x Pde ealforn ot WH grove cam be done with dis | 3, Ter Bory (2) Alechol + HA —> Chioroallkane + W,0 | . ~ |) B Gromination of alechol + )) Alcohol + Pr, —> Bromoalkane + H,Po, ey otek Ss heated under vefiux wth Kr and , (SO-p cone.) > Wer ‘prodvces which veaats 1 Hoa alcohol +0 form beomoalkane ond water. | Meohol - WB —> Bromoalkane “> aveher HO - |) : | Todination of alecho| t 2 Q Algohol_ + PL, > Lodoalkane « + HP Gnixture of damp red phosphorus and jodtnd) mixture le ond P3) Is healed onder rdluyse ac att) = By Derudeadton ol alcohol i : ae Be Akeehel. & a ee Tigi Heating Aledhol wits cone. W,60, [ ¥e00, -prodiees alkene and | water, ft ire # Aldehyde (—cHo) ; Ketone (~¢o)_ . | Carbo ry\ie acid Econ) _ | Oxidation of aleobaol 2 fi © ft" eee alechol tas a\dehyde oe carbo xulic acid ve Tell? oteomt OS co tune oe aledaat eS vo nenction a _# Odising agents $ __ as : BS KMnd, | Kate, Oy “n_excess acid WN, /H S04 ~ Sevn0, —> golem changes from PURPLE to ¢ = Ki tr, 0; > avlor changes fem ORANGEBD KeranGate _belwean Carboxylic acids Land Aleohole ae, ble | - Yo Acid a@ turns x litrws paper red “ ~ ha 2), Corbory\ie _a@a te Zn [NaeO, [Naze02 —eMemesenee of | | * Mconal + more veactive metal S Wo »[ 0s Ss a si a — ——-.ofherFesee — GR Vinillarity between -Carloxylic.actds and. Aleohals.¢ Add. Na/Li_, Lote produces...cClenvescere..o8 Ha, Add Pete. . bot. produces misty fumes of He Yh ne Spe Ben eiclis. f Feletba all ahente. Reagent pple CSlver Comboralie acidTH Preparation of Aldehyde from. Alec Pdi lation, wih_add ian | Xhermowmeter TAY -umgngy + fronule / FA Preparation of Carbaytie acid Som Alec [Heat under ——_—-« fe ssger _|7= Weleig. condense water ney { _ $< Pound bottom Sasle ——|| reaction = Taules age prepare Ketone vse a a\coho\Purification and Eorentet — 1} Simple etillation, ©) d) Fractonal aketilatien 3] Savent “Bcinoatfon. pri Se a ey denim | Desing, eno oa AA 8 He eter nie Desig agents s— Cat, Ma $0, Na, $0, 5 @a0 an point. piss ; ok ~ Bred Aare eg te men “Aluene + 4,0 % BOX are heated “onder rok luxoh Sdeaibutte on Reaction +. 7 I} Bt bat Rx Chalogencatane) NY RX aie RoW 9, 2x > Row 9 ax SN 5 won (wtete) €(attos a * neta eogiile Ss. ew) QRX _Nes RNY, (arine) (ortoating veleole Ts NW it sealed Woe en w get lene pain en Condition 3 Wi, Afadvel a ethanol a4 heated Sh sonled tee