Journal othe Sau Soir of Arcultural Scenes 19 (2020) 216-224 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com Stasi Full length article Estimation of energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission of cotton ® crop in South Punjab, Pakistan ama Muhammad Imran", Orhan Oz¢atalbas*, Muhammad Khalid Bashir” *Deparent of Agra Ezonomis, Ani University OT0S8 Atala, Tskey nate of Aelia an Resource Eonar, University of Arete Faolba, Pokan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ‘rc iso Receved § March 2018 Revised 16 September 218 ‘Accepted 24 Seplebet 2018 ‘valle online 2 caber 2018 ‘The agricultural sector is 3 eansumer a well as a producer of energy This study explores the relationship between energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission of cotton crop in Punjab province of Pakistan. Standard energy equivalents megajoules (Ml) were used to measure energy from different inputs and ‘ouput, similary, a standard unit kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent (kg CO,) was used to estimate ‘iret and indirect greenhouse gos emissions from the use of frm inputs. A non-parametric dats envel= ‘opment analysis was used to estimate the energy efficiency of cotton growers. Farm efficiency analysis {ool (FEAT) was used to estimate greenhouse gas emission and its intensity. The results showed that a {otal of 58,374.07 M] ha input energy was used in cotton production, and output energy was calculated 353,14 M) ha |The results of DEA showed that 2% and G1 farmers were technically andl pure tech= ‘ically efficent, respectively. The technical. pure technica and scale efficiency score of the cotton grow ef were 0.77, 090 and 0.85, respectively. Optimum energy requirement was found to be 534,882.65 M ha" demonstrating that if recommendations are followed 22.65% of input energy can be Saved, The total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was calculated to be 1928 kg CO; ha '. GHG intensity 2 ratio of kg CO;n emission por Ml of eutput energy produced was estimated 0 be 0.07 kg CO;/M] in cor {on production. As part of recommendations, energy management in term of efficient sustainable and economic use of energy in cotton is highly recommended. © 2018 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier BV. on behalf of King Saud University. This isan ‘open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ntp|reativecommensorglicensesfby-ne-nd.0), iReports: ney sein arcane Input-output energy {GHG emission Cotton 1. Introduction kinds of energies are used in the agricultural sector like human, animal, wood, coal, gas, ol, solar, wind, hydro, etc. However, the Energy is an important driving force for the development of ‘every sector especially for agricultural sector which isa consumer as well as a producer of energy. There is a close relationship between the agricultural sector and energy (Zangench et al, 2010), It supplies energy in the form of bio-energy (Ozkan et al, 2004). There isan intensive use of energy in al type of agricultural ‘operations which are on the rise to meet the need of ever growing, Population (Jonze, 2004). According to an estimate, 60% of the ‘world population is malnourished (Pimentel etal, 2005). Different F Coesponding autor Email addesses: manivayaboocom (M. tmean}, thaisoouat ed pk (ok Bashy eer ceview under respons of King aud Universi = Production and hosting by Elsevier ‘psdoiorj10.10161355a,2018.09007 Use of fossil energy has increased especially in developing coun- tries (Pimentel et al, 2007). Almost, 60-90% of the consumption ‘energy in the production process of agriculture is non-renewable (Canakei et al, 2005). In China, the fossil energy use increased 100-folds due to the production of fertilizer and pesticide along, ‘with irrigation from 1955 to 1992 (Pimentel et al, 2005). Based ‘on current consumption estimates, the world's supply of oil anc _ga5 will last for 40-60 years (Campbell, 2008), ths will affect the ‘agricultural sector of almost every country of the world, The supplies of agricultural inputs not only consume lots of ‘energy but emit greenhouse gases (CHG) whose environmental impacts are likely to increase (Beddington, 2012; Kastner et aly 201.2), The major use of commercial energy in agriculture is during production and operation of agricultural machinery (Stout, 1990). Most of the agricultural operations like, land preparations, icriga- tion, fertilization, spraying, and harvesting are performed using fossil fuels. The combustion of fssil fuels in agricultural machinery releases carbon dioxide (CO;) in the atmosphere (Lal, 2004). Excessive of aver-use of fertilizers leads to loss of nutrient 58-077x)0 2018 The Authors. roduton and hosting by Esever BV. an behalf King Sad University ‘isamopen sees ale under the CC BW NEND Hesse (fp eseatiecommans gens) nn.