HỌC VIỆN CÔNG NGHỆ BƯU CHÍNH VIỄN THÔNG

Chapter 1

COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION

Instructor: Associate Professor Phạm Văn Cường

E-mail: cuongpham.ptit@gmail.com
Web: https://sites.google.com/view/cuongpham/home
 Agenda

1. Concepts of computer architectures and

organization
2. Functional diagram
3. History
4. von-Neumann and Harvard architectures
5. Number systems
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE & ORGANIZATION
▪ Computer organization: the components and their
operations of computers;
▪ Computer architecture: selection and connection of
hardware components for achieving the following goals:
• Performance and speed
• Functionality
• Cost
FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
COMPUTER SYSTEM DIAGRAM
 CPU EXAMPLE

Intel 8086
microprocessor
(1978)

Intel Core i7
microprocessor
(2008)
 MEMORY

▪ functions: stores instructions and data for CPU’s

processing;
▪ 2 types:
• ROM (Read Only Memory):
– Stores system instructions and data (interrupt routines, boot loader
etc.)
– Data on ROM is no loss even no power supply
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
– Stores system’s and user’s programs and data
– Data on RAM are deleted if power supply stops
MEMORY EXAMPLE
 PERIPHERALS (INPUT/OUPUT DEVICES)

▪ Input devices:
• Keyboard
• Mice
• Disk drives
• Scanner
▪ Output devices:
• Monitor/screen
• Printer
• Plotter
• Disk drives
• USB
 BUS SYSTEM

▪ For communication between CPU and other components

▪ Bus systems:
• Address bus – Bus A
• Data bus – Bus D
• Control bus - Bus C
PCI BUS
 HISTORY
❖https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTc4kIVUnoA
❖Grouped into 5 generations relying on electrical
engineering.
❖1st generation (1942-1955):
▪ Electrical Tubes
▪ Tape
▪ 1000 circuits / foot3 (1 foot = 30.48 cm)
▪ Example: ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer, cost of 500.000 USD.
 ENIAC
❖ 1st generation (1944-1959): - ENIAC
 2nd GENERATION
❖ 1960-1964:
▪ Transistors
▪ 100.000 circuits / foot3
▪ Example: UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC III, IBM 7070, 7080,
7090, 1400 series, 1600 series.
▪ UNIVAC manufactured in 1951, cost of $159.000; some
versions of UNIVAC priced from $ 1.250.000 to
1.500.000.
UNIVAC
 3rd GENERATION
❖1964-1975:
▪ Integrated Circuits (IC)
▪ 10.000.000 IC / foot3
▪ Example: UNIVAC 9000 series, IBM System/360, System
3, System 7.
UNIVAC 9400
 4th GENERATION
❖1975-1989
▪ LSI – Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI);
▪ 1 billion IC / foot3;
▪ Example: IBM System 3090, IBM RISC 6000, IBM RT,
Cray 2 XMP.
 CRAY 2 XMP
▪ shared-
memory parallel vector
processor
▪ 9.5 nanosecond clock
cycle (105 MHz)
▪ peak system performance
of 400 MFLOPS

▪ Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_X-MP
 5th GENERATION
❖1990 - present:
▪ Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)
▪ 0.18m – 0.045m
▪ Example: Pentium II, III, IV, M, D, Core Duo, Core 2 Duo,
Core Quad,...
▪ Multi/Parallel processing
▪ High speed/performance
▪ Multimedia processing.
 5th GENERATION EXAMPLES

Intel Core 2 Quad Intel Atom

 von-NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE

Kiến trúc
von-Neumann
cổ điển
MODERN von-NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
Computer
Organization
Computer
Organization
 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

motherboard
motherboard
motherboard
 NUMERAL SYSTEMS
❖Human: decimal systems {0,1,2,..,9}
❖Machine: binary numbering system {0,1}
❖For shorter: hexadecimal numbering system {0-9, A,
B, C, D, E, F}.
 DECIMAL NUMBERING SYSTEM
❖ A decimal number can be presented as a
polynomial:
anan-1...a1 = an*10n-1+ an-1*10n-2*...+a1*100
❖Example:
123 = 1*102 + 2 * 101 + 3*100 = 100+20+3
123.456 = 1*102 + 2*101 + 3*100 + 4*10-1 + 5*10-2 + 6*10-3
= 100 + 20 + 3 + 0.4 + 0.05 + 0.006
 BINARY NUMBERING SYSTEM
❖Convert a binary number to a decimal number:
(anan-1...a1)2 = an*2n-1 + an-1*2n-2 +... + a1*20
❖Example:
(11001010)2 = 1*27 + 1*26 + 0*25 + 0*24 + 1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 0*20
= 128 + 64 + 8 + 2 = (202)10
DECIMAL TO BINARY
 HEXADECIMAL NUMBERING SYSTEM
❖16-base: { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
❖ a hexa. number can be presented in 4-digit binary
 DATA ORGANIZATION
❖Bits:
▪ Smallest of storage unit.
▪ Can store either 0 or 1.
❖Nibbles:
▪ A nibble is a group of 4 bits
▪ A nibble can store 16 different values from (0000)2 to
(1111)2,or a hexa. number.
 DATA ORGANIZATION
❖Bytes:
▪ A byte is a group of 8 bits or 2 nibbles.
▪ A byte can store up to 256 values, from (0000 0000)2 to
(1111 1111)2, or from (00)16 to (FF)16.
 DATA ORGANIZATION
❖Words:
▪ A word is a group of 2 bytes
▪ A word can store 216 (65536)values, from (0000)16 to
(FFFF)16.
 DATA ORGANIZATION
❖Double words :
▪ A double word consists of 32 bits, or 4 bytes, or 2 words
▪ A double word can store 232 values from (0000 0000)16 to
(FFFF FFFF)16.
 SIGNED NUMBERS
❖ a n-bit number is in the range of:
▪ Signed number: from -2n-1 -1 to +2n-1
• 8 bits: from -127 to +127
• 16 bits: from -32767 to +32767
• 32 bits: from -2,147,483,647 to +2,147,483,647
▪ Unsigned number: from 0 to 2n -1
• 8 bits: from 0 to 255
• 16 bits: from 0 to 65535
• 32 bits: from 0 to 4,294,967,295
 ASCII CODE
❖ASCII is stand for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange;
❖ 8 bits presents one character;
ASCII CODE (CONTROL CHARACTERS)
ASCII CODE