g patience with the heir proposals for all the representatives of the ions for a constitutional and of Status and partic government of British India. The Conference also r he rights of the minority communities should be safegua and other members o} Gandhi-Irwin Pact In the second Round Table Conference, 1931, Mr Gandhi represented the Congress; Allama Iqbale+#=", the Aga Khan and Mr Jinnah" represented the Muslim League; Master Tara Singh represented the Sikhs, and Dr Ambedkar, the Dalits (the ‘untouchables’). The issue was the suitability of separate electorates but Mr Gandhi's stubborn attitude in rejecting other parties and insisting that only Congress represented all of India led to the failure of the Conference in coming to an agreement on constitutional matters. & _ Figure 8.1: The second Round Table Conference, 1931 OxForpUNDERSTANDING HISTORY hes Phe? RNa The third Round Table Conference in 1932 was poorly attended as there 8, Mr Jinnah,ésier and Mr Gandhi did not attend and were hardly any dele representatives of the Labour Party were not there either. The conference produced no results. ilure of the three Confe The reaction of the British government to the | _was that they decided to work with those pa his return from London, Mr Gandhi and Cong) who were willin and on members were jailed again ‘NOW OR NEVER’ BY CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI, 1933 In January 1933, four students studying at Cambridge University in Britain led Figere 8.2: Chaudhry by Chaudhry Rehmat Ali brought out a pamphlet titled ‘Now or Never’. In eel the pamphlet, he said that the time had come to demand a separate Muslim state called Pakistan, The time was now or it may never happen. He had come up with a name for this state and gave an explanation of it Pakistan is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It means the lands of the ‘Pak’, the spiritually pure and clean, It is composed of the letters of all our homelands — that is, Punjab, Afghania (NWFP), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan. When the word is written in Urdu the I is not used in the Urdu alphabet.” oye eka dh HE NOW OR NEVER THE COMMUNAL AWARD, 1932 duvide aan Right after the Round Table Conferences were over, the Prime Minister of Britain, Ramsay MacDonald, announced the Communal Award in August 1932. This meant that all minority communities in India— Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, Christians, Parsees, and Untouchables—would be given separate electorates in a future constitution, However, the ‘Award was net popular with the Hindus who did not accept the Untouchables as a separate minority; and Muslims were not happy because it reduced their ‘majority in Punjab and Bengal to a minority. Yet they were ready to accept it. In its annual session held in November 1933, the All-India Muslim League passed this “Though the decision falls far short demands, the Muslims have acceptedUNDERSTANDING HISTORY 3 ietl the Base intarest ofthe country néserving to themselves the'righe so Press for the acceptance of all-their demands.” Fe Cor teal Aare fel to the aura of re overturns ot ere ‘Act of 1935 by the British as the Indians, once more, had failed to come © an agreement. This Act was the last written constitution by the British for their Indian colony and would prove important for the future of independent Indias The Act became the base forthe coretitutions of Independent India and Pakistan after 1947. THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935 The Labour Prime Minister of Britain, Stanley Baldwin, was ready now to sive as much self-government to the Indians as possible. There were many amon. the cabinet such as Winston Churchill who stil fet that the Indians were not ready for it. However, the bill was put through the House of Commons and became law in 1935. + A federal system of government was instituted with full autonomy to be given to the provinces. + The Act of 1935 abolished diarchy at the provincial level but introduced it at the Centre. This meant that the provinces would be run fully by the Indians but at the Centre, the Viceroy would still be appointed by the British government, and would control Defence and Foreign Affairs. However, he would follow the advice of an Executive Committee made up mostly of Indians new provinces of Sindh and Orissa were created while Burma was pendent of India and given its own government. ided into 1 provinces, each with its own government and tes were accepted for all minority communities. jected the Act because it did not give enough autonomy their own affairs in the provinces. The Muslim League du majority provinces, Muslims might not be treated e Act because it did not give Swaraj or self-rule to still in control at the federal level. Peencayiaabes Prey cubed PS felaascaens The Labour Party, founded in 1900, was one of the two main political parties in Britain. It favoured rights for the workers and a socialist economy, based on the socialist ideology. The Labour Party came into power after the 1923 elections, and then from 1929 to 1931 and 1935. The Conservative Party, also knownUNDERSTANDING HISTORY 3 4a ‘Day of Deliverance’ from the Mr Jinnah=+#>" declares h the Muslim minorities had THE REORGANIZATION OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE, 1937-39 essive Congress rule to his advantage and a cake his message to the Muslims of India. Not only 9 had suffered under the rule of Congress ‘0 unite ners tO nally led the campaign and was able © cinder the Muslim League flag. He came to symbolize the ind hopes for a distinct identity. Mr Jinnah’s=*= popularity ~ ham the title of ‘Quaid-e-Azam<+4'="” or Great Leader. The (940, the Lahore Resolution would demand Pakistan as a separate 22" persot n India The Quaid’s+#2" standing as the leader of an All-India Muslim League is reflected in the picture below. With the grand Jamia Masjid of the Mughal emperors in the background, the Quaid+#+” (in red circle) is garlanded and is led in a procession with a mass of people surrounding him. Re glade Pe OresPea Pai ras GLOSSARY authoritarian exercising authority, control hoisted = raised QUESTIONS ~~ Why did the three Round Table Confe! settlement? ences fail in r eaching a constitutiong What was the importance of the Communal Award of 19327 Why was the Government of India Act passed in 1935? Explain the importance of the Act of 1935 to Indian politics, Why did both the Congress and Muslim League reject the Act of 1935? Which part of the Act was put into practice and what were the results? $b @\shalfe & What were the long-term effects of the 1937 elections? 8. Why was the end of the Con, gress government termed a ‘Day of “ Deliverance’? 9.) What was the importance of the Pirpur Report? 19-Explain how Mr Jinnah-'#s2 reorganized the Muslim League. What were ~ the results? Activity Organize a debate on the communal question with one side representing the Congress and the other the Muslim League.T EVENTS LED TO WORLD WAR The harsh terms of the Politically and economic: crisis that followed worlch Nazis, a nationalist Popularity, and when they ¢ of Versailles and take y of Versailles late Germany weale ation was aie Wore OY Figure 9.1: Joseph Stalin of Russia (left): Benita # Soares Frans oh Sosa (tip Meanwhile, dictators in Europe were actively asserting* their yeoman: Musseslies and his Fascist party in Italy, Stalin and Comenunisen inv Russice, ae Frances ie Spain became powerful and aggressively acquires territory (or themmatinen First, Germany took over Austria and then acquired a part of Caschenlanaldca Where Germans were in majority. Italy, now 2 police state under Munsalies, and took over Ethiopia (in Africa) and then Albania (wm Europe). Sei fas involved in a civil war in which Hitler and Mussolins gave armed supgirt {to the nationalists. In the East, Japan invaded China ie: 1937 deg thowsartes, then Mongolia in 1938, but it was met with tough resistance Serr theSR WAR: 1939-45 World War Il was even more destructive than World War | with fighting ta iM tain B taking place in Europe, Asia and Africa. The main players were Germany, Japan, «8 f Italy who formed an alliance known as the Axis. The Countries that faced a ad? er in battle and came to be known as the Allies were at Britain, France, Russia arly fifty other nations includin, the Commonwealth countries, and European allies % Africa, Asia, and the Middle East China, and the USA—‘the Big Four'—with n *’ colonies and mandates in £ ADOLF HITLER AND THE RISE OF NAZISM & Nhe Germans were very unhappy about the Treaty of Versailles (1919) ang Its harsh terms.\Germany could not afford to pay for the World War | damages. During’ the 1920s the Germans were very poor: there were not many jobs and the price of food and basic goods was high. Dissatisfied with the government, {hey voted to power a man who promised to undo the Treaty of Versailles, make Germariy) recover economically, and bring in a strong and stable government) His name? was Adolf Hitler and he was the leader of the Nazi Party|which won the elections of 1930. In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany and in 1934, he took over power completely as a dictator. Figure 9.3: The Nuremberg Rally, 1935: note the ‘Swastika, the Nazi symbol. Figure 9.2: Adolf Hitler of Germany oes believed the German race to be the purest of the Aryan ster especially Jews, Slavs, and gypsies, were sidered jor.) Racism became a part of educationimNaai Germany ven Women’s rights to education and careers were curtaltedy Hitler wanted G Germany with more territory for the Germans. Communism wa rother threat to Hitler’s Germany which he wanted to suppress* at all cos THE EVENTS OF WORLD WAR I! many attacked Poland on | September 1939 and quickly went on to conquer(Denmark, Luxem jourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, and France! Italy joined Germany's side that same month, Japan entered the war the USA millitary base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, in December Pacific Ocean. Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1942 but was forced ender at Stalingrad in February 1943. The fighting spread to Greece th Africa where German and Italian forces fought the Allies. The war strategy of the Allied commanders Winston Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin made the war turn in favour of the Allies. By 1943-44, the Allies started to halt the advance of the Axis Forces in North Africa, France, Soviet Union, and the Pacific, with Italy and France being invaded and liberated by 1944 Figure 9.4 Left to right: Churchill, Roosevelt Figure 9.5: Left to right: Clement ‘and Stalin ot Yolto, February 1945 and Stalin ot the Potsdam Conferenes World War It facts + It was the most widespread war thus far * It lasted six years, from 1939 to 1945. * It involved more than 100 million soldiers from 30 countrie * It resulted in up to 75 million Attlee, Harry Truman. military and civilian d The of life was in the USsSR—24 million, The cost material loss and destruction is immeasurable uly 1945 OXFORD=e i Sr Ar WAR: 1939-45 Figure 9.6: An aerial view of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, Figure 9.7: Hiroshima under attack Hawaii in 194) x by the USA, August 1945 O G ¢ ? 2) RE (The surptice aie by the Japanese on the US naval base, nc in Hawaii, on 7 December 1941 drew the USA into World War lifThe United States used the newly invented atomic bomb to wipe out the Japanese cites of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, which led to Japan’s syrvende This was the first and only use of atomic weapons in World War wy) ae ‘The Japanese attack In 1945, Allied Forces drove into Germany from the east (Russia) and the ‘on Pearl Harbour west (UK and USA). Germany surrendered on May 1945, with Adolf Hitler destroyed 188 committing suicide in his bunker at Berlin. aircraft, sank or damaged seven INDIAN INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR Ii ships, and resulted in around 3700 'n 1939, the British Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow declared India’s entry into the casualties besides War. This decision was taken without consulting prominent Indian Congress damage and leaders who had been elected into office in the 1937 elections. Consequentis destruction on the the Co ministries resigned and Congress leaders declared Nazism and ground. Fascism* to their held beliefs of non-violence. However, Indian Congres: also used this opportunity to ask for independence of India from Briti which they said was similar to Nazism and Fascism, and refused to vith Britain's fight against the Axis powers (Germany, Italy. and J dia was granted independence. Bo an cone took peri World Wer It orem Africa, and other locations around the globe. —se On ALE ceed Japanese takeover of Burma and some parts of Indian territory Was halted by Indian soldiers, These forces included tanks, artillery, and alrborne forces Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses, Britain's highest award for bravery, during World War Il BRITAIN’S RELATIONS WITH THE CONGRESS AND MUSLIM LEAGUE DURING WORLD WAR I! Quaid-e-Azame'#=" had termed the resignation of the Congress government as a ‘Day of Deliverance’ from Hindu oppression. During World War I, the Muslim League came closer to the British(The Quaid held several meetings with the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, and assured him of Muslim (4 Jp support for the British war effort, thus earning the goodwill of the Britis! ( the same time, the Quaid-'#'” used the resignation of the Congress ministries oO a to his advantage. The experience under Congress rule of 1937-39 gained support for the Muslim League. It developed into a mass movement leading to the Lahore Resolution of 1940 in which Muslims demanded a separate 2 om Coser demands and Gandhi's Non-cooperation Movement for independence did not succeed and Congress leaders were all jailed by the British government. By June 1941, 20,000 Congress members were in prison ___ They were released at the end of 1941 when the threat of a Japanese invasion | Gf India seemed possible and the British governmentsent the Simon mission for talks with the Congress leaders, In 1942, the Simon mission Plan was rejected and Gandhi made another call for civil ence for the British to ‘Quit India’. As a result, most of the important ase members including Gandhi and Nehru were again imprisoned and gre not released till World War II was finally over by the end of August 1945, / E CONSEQUENCES OF WORLD WAR II cts of World War Il were long-lasting—politically, economically; and 1n terms. Most parts of Europe and Asia lay in ruins. The destruction was immeasurable. Nearly twenty-eight million people in EuroPe he war and twenty-one million were left ‘homeless and starving. More dead were civiiase World War Il resulted in the doveiat oF rope as the centre of world power and the USA the new superpowers. The development of the ni e nuclear age. European nations, economically weakened Ors o longer hold on to their colonies which became indepen and a new world order emerged.UNDERSTANDING HISTORY 3 Aas arate The alliance between the USA and USSR broke down as the Ussp wanted tp spread Communism in Europe and Asia. This began what is termed the ‘Cog War’ i.e. unfriendly ties without armed conflict. COMMUNISM VS CAPITALISM [ine politicians in the USA had a different belief system on which their government was based. This was the capitalist system which 8ave individuals and businesses the ownership of the means of production and the right t0 Produce for profit. This economic system combined with democracy also sie People the right of free speech and free enterprise i.e. to invest ina business for profit. The democratic way of life was precious to the American people and they took-it upon themselves to uphold freedom and democracy in other countries as well The USA aimed to contain Communism from spreading to other countries; the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed fo defend democratic values, and the Marshall Plan was formed to financially help European states affected by World War Il to recover economically and adopt capitalism and free aa) oe I Capitalism Communism * People can make as much * Rich people must be forced to Money as they like, share their wealth with all, * Factories and other property * Factories and other property should be owned by individuals should be owned by the state or companies, ‘on behalf of all the people. * The government should * Communist government interfere as little as possible in believes in getting involved in the lives of the people. every aspect of people's lives. [2 ston page sous + arc choose whoever they want as allowed to vote for the pecleders | Communist Party only. to * The press cannot criticize the 3 government. not * The Communists disregard beliefs religion as having any role in government and discourage it.UNDERSTANDING HISTORY 3 QUESTIONS Ss What is meant by ‘Nazism’? 2-What were Hitler's views about the German race? 3 Why did the Nazi Party gain popularity in Germany after World War |? 4, Explain why World War II took place 5. Explain Germany's role in World War Il 6. How was Japan brought to surrender in World War II? @Q What made the USA enter the war in 1941? Explain how the balance of power changed after World War Il © How did the Congress and Muslim League respond to Britain's role in World War II? A (10) What was British reaction to the Satyagrcha or civil disobedience by Congress at this time? 11. How did the USA aim to control the spread of Communism? Acti ity ‘On a map, label the areas where action took plac and paste pictures of the four main leaders during the war. .e during World War ll. Find RUA Org Ze GLOSSARY assert = make others recognize on right or authority ido-European of Myanmar suppress = to put an end to something by use of force or Fascism dictatorial system that demands ymplete control{ecological developments Inthe mid-20" century CHAPTER 10 OT ak ea acon ars ata YC R in NeCattormalli et World War Il, Europe lost ite supremacy i leadership and the USA and USSR became the two superpower fear woapons, Furthermore, the imperialist countries, weake Id on to their colonies whict war, could nger he independence Both the USA and USSR tried to establish their presence by suppor progress and development in their areas of influence. The Marshall Plan yap one such effort by the US in war-torn countries, Rapid industrialization togy place, particularly in Asia; new inventions and developments during the war uch as jet engines for planes, radar, electronics, and nuclear power came to be used in transport, communications, and the production of energy. Further developments in television, radio, antibiotics, computers, helicopters, ang rockets led to space exploration and THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS The devastation caused by World War ‘led to the formation of an international ey ee would keep world peace and Prevent another war, The idea was Tocca. bY the US’ President: Weedrow Wilson, who came up with 2 “point agenda for peacekeeping Forty-two nations joined the League of oe and Geneva in Switzerland was chosen ‘as the headquarters; the oe countries later increased to fifty-eight. However, the League which rom 1920 to 1946 became ineffective as it could not prevent World War It as it did nec any Military capability and could use only economicUNDERSTANDING HISTORY 3 eae Reais Ail kazaa tl ‘a member of the League as its USA was not and Britain and France, League's charter, 4 War |, could not provide military support sanctions. Furthermore, the Senate did not ratify* the economically weakened by World the League was able to take care of world ‘establish a permanent Court of International Justice, and promote cultural preservation and scientific development. The League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 when the United Nations cane into being after World War Il. The League’s shortcomings were addressed and its political goals achieved by the United Nations. In the field of humanitarian aid, health issues, look after refugees, THE UNITED NATIONS ’7 The United Nations came into being on 24 October 1945, after World War Figure 10.2: Emblem of Ito keep peace in the world. Nearly all countries joined the United Nations the United Nations so that war, especially with nuclear weapons, could be avoided. The United a . Nations Headquarters are in New York City, USA.) A’ 2. The main bodies of the United Nations are: * The General Assembly + The Security Counctl + The Secretariat * The Economic and Social Council * The International Court of Justice The General Assembly is the main body and has 193 member countries, each of which has one vote, regardless of its size and population. The Security Council is the most powerful body with five permanent members—USA, UK, France, Russia and China—and 15 other members are elected for two years by the General Assembly. The Security Council and General Assembly are the decision makers, but the other officials and civil servants that run the United Nations make up the Secretariat. The Secretary General heads the Secretariat ero job in the United Nations. ie ’ : Economic and Social Council, UNESCO, and Figure 10.3eae My Roce et WORLD WAR tt The Universal Declaration of Human Rights This very important document was drawn up by the United Nations and n 10 December 1948, t was signed and \dopted by the Majority of the UN's member countries, UNDERSTANDING HISTORY The International Court of Justice is based in The Hague in the Netherlands; its function is to settle disputes between countries. The Court comprises 15 judges elected by the Security Council and General Assembly In 1947 Mr Jinnah-+<= made independent Pakistan a member of the United Nations. In the 1948 war in Kashmir, the United Nations intervened and a ceasefire was established. It was decided by the United Nations that 2 Plebiscite* be held in Kashmir to decide whether Kashmiris wished to be part of Pakistan or India. So far the plebiscite has not taken place and India has kept a large military force in Kashmir since then. The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan is there for peacekeeping purposes. THE COLD WAR The two superpowers, the USA and USSR, entered into a confrontation® t Create spheres of influence for their doctrines* of capitalism and communist. Many countries, including China, adopted Communism as an ideology, and most countries of the world began to side with either superpower: Communist countries sided with Russia and capitalist countries with USA. This hostility came to be called the ‘Cold War’, which meant that without armed conflict both superpowers tried to curtail the influence of the other. In two cases, however, war did take place. The first war was over Vietnam where the USA by sending in its forces, to halt the takeoverPOWER SHIFTS- Ral Reka eight years 0 ISSR Afghanistan breakup Howeve: into a civil war present times events and consequence: incident in the USA THE CREATION OF ISRAEL The two world wars also redrew the were given to Britain and Fra countries til they c¢ Lebanon, Iraq. and Pale France. Britain took Zeonist? pressure t 1917, gave the Jews the THE BALFOUR DECLARATION, 1917 See hake od 9 century a Zionist movernent had beg to establishing a sca ed the to jon World War | » Palestine, the Jews would be able to perwaace the aN act Of British policy the foreign secretary of Briteeee can THE WORLD AFTER Relea anny ramet oly 1 ous ve rater Af you see ting ie venaraee Ue toe irtetg oF Ge ZHeLet Patent, hm Br) tpn. a letter to Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community to be forwarded to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and ireland) . AA ‘His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of 4 national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours* to facilitate* the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.” igure 10.6: Lord Balfour. ne author of the Balfour The declaration said: This open statement of British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine led the League of Nations members to entrust the United Kingdom with the administrative control of Palestine as a mandate in July 1922, which they held till May 1948. The Arabs, in November 1918, contested the declaration and appealed to the British authorities, denouncing it saying: *...we always sympathized profoundly* with the persecuted Jews and their misfortunes in other countries... but there is wide difference between Such sympathy and the acceptance of such a nation. ruling over us and disposing of our affairs...” At the time of the Declarat were Arabs and the numberUNDERSTANDING HISTORY Pees anes Bra RNCRZUN «gin Palestine numbered nearly 600,000 On 15 pendence as 2 5 By 1947, Jews settle tte for the Jews. Israel was t "to be made on the basis of israel declared its inde after Pakistan's creation, in 19 state identity lediteranes” Figure 10.8: A mop of Polestine and Israe! showing © f Jet sateen, 1945-2000; src expansion continues to date5 Pee pra ea De eR Coa GLOSSARY ratify = to vot sign for agreement plebiscite = vote by people on an important issue confrontation = coming face to face with hostility doctrine = rule or principle which forms the basis of a belief détente = improvement in olitical/diplomatic relations sophisticated = ‘advanced and complex Zionist = in support of establishing the Jewish state endeavours = effort: try hard to do something facilitate = to make ‘an action or process easier profoundly = deeply: intensely UNDERSTANDING HISTORY 3 QUESTIONS 1. Why did the European states have to give up their colonies after Worl War I? 2. Explain the role of the United Nations after World War Il came to an end 3. What led to the Balfour Declaration of 1917? 4. How did the Balfour Declaration help in the creation of Israel? 5. What was the purpose of the White Paper issued by Britain in 1939? 6. On what basis did Israel declare its independence in 1948? Activity Research and make a list of the United Nations’ Secretary-Generals from 1946 to the present, along with the dates.