2022 Granada Pres

Varieties of logic as algebra
and some of their empirical realisation

WS From Organizations to Goal-Directedness: Systemic
and Interdisciplinary modeling.
http://tph.tuwien.ac.at/~svozil/publ/
2022-Granada-pres.pdf
Karl Svozil
ITP TU Wien, Vienna Austria

svozil@tuwien.ac.at
Granada, Spain, Friday, February 4, 2022

Empirical nonclassical logic
1. Birkhoff & von Neumann “The Logic of Quantum Mechanics”

(1936) DOI 10.2307/1968621 “One of the aspects of quantum
theory which has attracted the most general attention, is the
novelty of the logical notions which it presupposes. It asserts
that even a complete mathematical description of a physical
system Σ does not in general enable one to predict with
certainty the result of an experiment on Σ, and that in
particular one can never predict with certainty both the
position and the momentum of Σ (Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle). It further asserts that most pairs of observations
are incompatible, and cannot be made on Σ simultaneously
(Principle of Non-commutativity of Observations).”
Empirical nonclassical logic cntd.
2. Foulis & Randall “Operational statistics” (1972) DOI
10.1063/1.1665890 “The purpose of the series of papers here
begun is to erect a new mathematical foundation for an
operational theory of probability and statistics based upon a
generalization of the conventional notion of a sample space. In
subsequent papers, we shall formally establish on this
foundation the notion of a “physical system” and an affiliated
“theory of measurement.” This latter generalized theory of
measurement should prove to be particularly useful in the
developing behavioral sciences and in addition shed some light
on the difficulties that surround the measuring process in
quantum mechanics. . . . We are prepared, for instance, to
regard test procedures on an assembly line, data gathering
processes (such as opinion polling), pencil and paper
operations (such as executing computational algorithms), and
even procedures involving subjective approvals or disapprovals
as bona fide physical operations.”
Decay & reconstruction of empirical logics by the pasting of
contexts
Context A context or maximal observable is a collection of
observables that is complete and mutually exclusive. It has a
hypergraph representation as smooth curve.
a1 a2 a3
Pasting A pasting construction is a collection of contexts with
possible intertwining contexts. It has a respective hypergraph
representation.
a9
a10 a8
a1 a7
a2 a6
a3 a4 a5
Anecdotal example: Firefly in a box
Two intertwining contexts with three mutually exclusive observables

per context; e.g.,
David W. Cohen (1989) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-8841-8,
Dvurečenskij, Pulmannová, KS DOI 10.5169/seals-116747.

b
f ≡ {2, 4} ≡ √1 , 1 , 1
l ≡ {1, 2} ≡ 1, 0, 0 2 2 2

√1 b ≡ {1, 3} ≡ − √12 , 12 , 12

f r ≡ {3, 4} ≡ 2
0, 1, 1
l r u ≡ {5} ≡ √1 0, 1, −1

2
. . . as if that is not enough . . .
; interlude <
. . . in another (part of?) the talk enter probability theory . . .

A brief note on nonclassical versus quantum probability
distributions
Tactics what “we do” tactically:
distributions
BOO take some suitable bag / collection of (maybe quantum or
partition logic) observables which are in different (intertwined)
contexts;
distributions
contexts;
CL see how a classical interpretation (aka two-valued states)
performs on them—classical predictions;
distributions
contexts;
QU see how a quantum interpretation (eg, vertex labeling by
vectors) performs on them—quantum predictions;
distributions
contexts;
CL/QU@BOO hopefully establish a discrepancy between classical & quantum
predictions —bingo!
distributions
contexts;
Note There are three important issues to consider:
distributions
contexts;
Fact in general the logic / algebra does not uniquely determine the
probability distribution aka the predictions;
distributions
contexts;
Question “given some logic or some observables, what possible
probability distributions are allowed relative to which axioms of
probability?”
distributions
contexts;
Question “given some logic or some observables, what possible
probability distributions are allowed relative to which axioms of
probability?”
Choice of the distribution depends on the physical / psychological etc
realization of the BOO.
Anecdotal example: probabilities on a cyclic logic whose
respective hypergraph is a pentagon aka pentagram aka
house
1) classical probability distri-
butions in terms of convex
a9 combinations of the 11 two-
valued states thereon;
a10 a8
2) quantum probability
distributions according to
a1 a7 Born, Gleason, and Lovász;
a2 a6 3) exotic probability ac-

cording to Gerelle & Greechie
& Miller (1974) and Wright
(1978)
a3 a4 a5
4) — ... ?
So far we only spoke about comparing
different probability distributions on fixed collections of
(interwined)observables . . .
; interlude <
. . . now we shall be talking about

“weird” nonclassical collections of (interwined)observables . . .
Inseparability 101: Kochen & Specker’s demarcation
criterion 1967, Theorem 0 of DOI:
10.1512/iumj.1968.17.17004
Graph of Γ3
Hypergraphs with nonseparable set of two-valued states
third column is Kochen & Specker (1967, Γ3 )
dd 0 a8 a80
dd dd dd 0
9 9
cv
8 11 11’ 8 11 11’ a6 a7 a60 a70
12 8’ 9’ 12’ cv 12 8’ 9’ 12’
vc 0 vc 0 0
18 19
M cv18’19’ 18 19
vc M cv18’19’ vc 0
vu uv vu 0 uv 0 vu uv vu 0 uv 0
a4 a5 a40 a50
uu uu 0 uu uu 0 M
vd 0 a2 a3 a20 a30
vd 21 dv 21’ vd dv vd 0
16 3’ 20’ dv 0 16 3’ dv 0
20 17 2’ 16’ 16’
17 2’
3 17’ 3 17’
2 2
a1 a10
Ψ Ψ0 Ψ Ψ0
a8 a80
dd dd 0 dd dd 0
9 9
8 11 11’ 8 11 11’ a6 a7 a60 a70
cv 12 8’ 9’ 12’ cv 12 8’ 9’ 12’
vc M 0
cv 18’19’ vc 0 vc M 0
cv 18’19’ vc 0
18 19 18 19
a4 a5 a40 a50
uu uu 0 uu uu 0 M
a2 a3 a20 a30
vd 21 dv vd 0 21’ vd dv vd 0
20
16 3’ 20’ dv 0 16 3’ dv 0
17 2’ 16’ 17 2’ 16’
3 17’ 3 17’
2 2
a1 a10
Ψ Ψ0 Ψ Ψ0
a8 a80
dd dd 0 dd dd 0
9 9
8 11 11’ 8 11 11’ a6 a7 a60 a70
cv 12 8’ 9’ 12’ cv 12 8’ 9’ 12’
vc M 0
cv 18’19’ vc 0 vc M 0
cv 18’19’ vc 0
18 19 18 19
a4 a5 a40 a50
uu uu 0 uu uu 0 M
a2 a3 a20 a30
vd 21 dv vd 0 21’ vd dv vd 0
20
16 3’ 20’ dv 0 16 3’ dv 0
17 2’ 16’ 17 2’ 16’
3 17’ 3 17’
2 2
a1 a10
Ψ Ψ0 Ψ Ψ0
KS, DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.103.022204
Hypergraph with nonunital set of 6 value assignments
Josef Tkadlec, DOI:10.1023/A:1026646229896 based on Erna

Clavadetscher-Seeberger, Diss. ETH Zü̈rich (Specker) handle ETH:
20.500.11850/138142 based on Schütte’s letters to Specker, April 22nd, 1965
& November 3rd, 1983 (communicated to KS by Specker).
Hypergraph with exotic contextuality derived from coloring
Hypergraph of biconnected intertwined contexts representing
complete graphs with a separating set of 6 two-valued states which
is non-partitionable: G32 , cf. Figure 6, p. 121 Greechie (1971)
DOI: 10.1016/0097-3165(71)90015-X
{5, 6} {1, 3} {2, 4} {5, 6} {1, 3} {2, 4}
{3, 4} {4, 5} {1, 5} {3, 4} {4, 5} {1, 5}
{2, 3} {2, 3}
{1, 2} {3, 6} {1, 2} {3, 6}
{1, 6} {1, 6}
{4, 6} {2, 5} {4, 6} {2, 5}
{3, 5} {2, 6} {1, 4} {3, 5} {2, 6} {1, 4}
Mohammad H. Shekarriz & KS, vertex labeling by partitions of

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} with no faithful orthogonal representation
arXiv:2105.08520.
Thank you for your attention!
^ ^ ^

2022 Granada Pres

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Varieties of logic as algebra

and some of their empirical realisation

ITP TU Wien, Vienna Austria

Granada, Spain, Friday, February 4, 2022

1. Birkhoff & von Neumann “The Logic of Quantum Mechanics”

Two intertwining contexts with three mutually exclusive observables

. . . in another (part of?) the talk enter probability theory . . .

a2 a6 3) exotic probability ac-

. . . now we shall be talking about

Josef Tkadlec, DOI:10.1023/A:1026646229896 based on Erna

{5, 6} {1, 3} {2, 4} {5, 6} {1, 3} {2, 4}

{3, 4} {4, 5} {1, 5} {3, 4} {4, 5} {1, 5}

{3, 5} {2, 6} {1, 4} {3, 5} {2, 6} {1, 4}

Mohammad H. Shekarriz & KS, vertex labeling by partitions of

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