Gondwana Geol. Mag. VoL 9 June, 1995, pp.

l-20

Fluorine in Environment : A Review

A.N. Deshmukht, P.M. Wadaskarl and D.B. Malpd

I Department of Geolory, Nagpur University, Nagpur
1
2 Department of Geolory, Shivaji Science College, Nagpur
!

+..

INTROIIUCTION correlation between F and Ca in the composi-

tion of meteorites. Interestingly, apatites from
With electronic configuration ls2 2s2 meteorites are nearly pure chloroapatites, unlike
2p5, elemental fluorine is just one electron apatites in crust (Van Schmus and Ribbe,
short ofthe configuration ofinert gases and as le6e).
such, it is most reactive of all the elements. On
account of this high chemical reactivity, it occurs Fluorine concentration in lunar rock and
as F in minerals. Rarely, it is also involved in soil estimated from sarnpies of Apollo-ll, has
the formation of fluoro-anions such as BFn and wide range of variations from 30 to 340
SiFu. Though electronegativity of fluorine is ppm and oompares closely with F distnlbution
highest among all elements, its electron in W-l standards and stony meteorites. Apatite
affinity (79.5 K callgm atoms) is between however, is the only F bearing mineral identi-
chlorine (83.3 K caVgm atoms) and bromine fied in Lunar samples (Mason and Melson,
(71.5 K caUgn atoms). On account of its high 1970).
chemical reactivity, fluorine is one of the most
dispersed elements in the environment FLUORINE IN EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE

X'LUORINE IN COSMOS The normal fluorine content in unpollu-

In stellar space fluorine has been detected
on$ in gaseous nebul4 NGC 7027, and one
star, r-Pegasi, andin these cosmic bodies its
,I
abundance is 5 to l0 times higher than in
I
I meteorites @rown, 1950; Aller, 1961; Suess,
fl
$ 1965). According to Suess (1965), cosmic
abundance of fluorine is 1.60 x 103 on atoms
F/106 atoms Si basic. Abundance of F in Surq
Earth's crust and meteorites is near about the
same. Very litfle is known about the mineral
phase in meteorites in which F is hosted.
However, Reed (1964) observed an inverse
ted'air is less than 0.01 pglrnl according to
Bowen (1966) aud between 0.3-0.4 pglm'
according to Oelschlager (1965). With industrial
pollution atmospheric fluorine content can
range between 5-ll1 pglm3 (Oelschlager and
Rheinwald, 1968). Presence of Hieratite flqSiFJ
and Malladrite (NarSiF) is reported in dust
particles in air over North Sea, Germany
(Radczewski, 1968). Fluorine is very toxic ior
both plant and animal life. Industrial plants
manufacturing hydrofluoric acid, ah.lminium,
srryerphosphate, enamel, bricks and industries
consuming high sulphur non-coking coal like

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I

AN. Deshmukh and others

thermal powfl plants are the main sources of rite contain fluorine as an esserrtial part of the
fluoride pollution (Griffrn et al., 1980, Deshmukh composition. Other minerals, in which fluorine
et al., 1996). is an essential component, like villiaumite or
cryolite are accessory minerals. Fluorine occu-
FLUORINE IN EARTH CRUST pies CH positions in the structure of one of the
components of the mixed crystds, u"ith possi-
On account of similar ionic radii, OH bility of complete replacement from OH to F end
ions are replaced by F ions, provided the OH member. Therefore in magmatic rocks, F
is not an electron donor' Thus, in amphiboles contents in magma and the co-ordination
and micas, complete solid solution between number of the OH position determine the F
OH and F end members is observed' content in the mineral. Despite similar ionic
size of F (1.33A") and OH (1'40A) ions, the
Strunz (1970) has ennumerated 150 fluo- difference in their electronegativity is quite
rine bearing minerals, of which 63 are silicates, large. Hence, substitution of OH by F in the
34 are halides and 24 are phosphates. In nature, structure of the minerals entirely depends
fluorite is the most wictely distributed fluorine upon bond energy and co-ordinalion number of
bearing mineral while, fluorapatite is a very the OH sites @imsaite, t961).
common member of the immiscible phase
generated during early differentiation of mafic Range and average fluorine content of
and ultramafic rnagmas, forming apatite-magne- some rock formiag minerals is given in Table
tite rocks. With progressive differentiation 1. In general it is observed that, the more
fluorine is enriched into the residuum and evolved the rock is in a given series, higher is
therefoie, its Clarke in granitoids and pegma- its F content" It is also commonly observed
tites is highest (0.08; Perel'man, 1977). that, in similar rocks, the fluorine content of
the mineral increases as the alkali content of,
Under supergene environment, on account the rock increases. From Table 1, it is also
of its high reactivity coeffrcient, the element clear tlat, the fluorine content of the horn-
occurs as highly mobile fluoride ion but its blencle increases as the silica content of
tlre
mobility is swerely restricted across a calcium host rock increases.
barrier due to CaF, preciPitation @erel'man,
1917). It is for this reason that, under supergene Similarly, in apatite, the common host
environment, the average fluorine content of of fluorine in magmatic rocks, the fluorine
calcium rich sedimentary rocks, like calcareous content increases as the parent rocks
become

shale, limestones, dolomite, calcareous sand- richer in their silica content. The
fluorine
content of biotite from higtrly evolved granite
stone etc., is high.
(0.24% Table 1) is also much higher compared
FLUORINE IN MAGMATIC MINERALS to that of biotites occurring in lesser wolved
AND COMMON IGNEOUS ROCKS gabbros (0.097W. It is interesting, howwer,
to note that, the fluoriae content of phlo-
In magmatic rocks, only topaz and fluo- gopite from volcanic ejeeta is 2.57% while

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 Fhrcrino in Eovitwred
I

TABLE I
FLUORINE CONTENT IN SELECTED IGNEOUS ROCK.trORMING MINERAIS

Name of the Nanre of Rock Range of Avg. F Refsences

Mintral F in WP/o inWt%
Aegirine 0.3 Masov et al. (1966)
Apatite allivatite 0.09 Kokubu (1956)
Apatite gab-bro 1.46-1.86 Taborszly (1962)
Apatite diorite 2.Ota.fi T' Taborszky (1962)
Apatite quartr diorite L23a.50 Taborszky (1962)
Apatite quafi mouonite 2.68 Taborvly (1962)
Apatirc granodiorite 2.49-3.31 2.81 Taborwly (1962)
Apdite -j Pegmatite 2.37-3.36 2.97 Shnakin & Shiryayeva (ll[8)
Augte q.01{.1 Troger (1935) in Correms (1956)
Biotite gabbro 0.097 Seraphim (1951)
Biotite gabbro diorite 0.10 S€mphim (1951)
Biotite quartz diorite 0.26 Seraphim (1951)
Biotite Kersantite 0.42 Nemec (1968)
Biotite syenics 0.08-1.04 0.78 Solov'yev et al. (1967)
Biotite gradte 0.08{.415 0.24 Koritnig (1951)
Biotite pegmatite O.22-3:05 1.40 Seraphim (1951)
Biotite honrbleirde grasite r.67 Nemcc (1968)
Biotite Tonalite 2.38 Nockolds & Mtchell (1948)
Hornblende Quartz latite 0.35 Deer et al. (1967)
(basaltic)
l :

Hornblende gabbro 0.23 De€r et al. (1967)

homblende diorite pegmatite 0.53 Deer et al. (1967)
Hornblende lamprophyric dyke 0.16-1.43 Nemec (1968)
Hunblende gnnite 1.50 Buddington (1953)
Hypersthene 0.03 Lof&a (1950) in Correns (1956)
tcpidolite 0.62-9.19 5.41 Correns (1956)
Muscovite granodioritc 0.16 De€r €t al. (1967)
Muscovite grmite 0.o2{.77 0.17 Saaphim (1951)
'Muscovite pegmatite 0.04-2.06 0.93 De€r et al. (1967); Nmec (1959)
Olivine 0.045 Kokubu (1956)
Phlogopite Kimbglit€ 0.27 Bouvier (1970)
Phlogopite Volcanic ejecta 2.57 Piernrccini (1950) in Correns (1956)
Sphene Nepheline syenite Kostetskaya and Mordrinova (1968)
Spheoe syenite *r-r.ru T' Kostetskaya and Mor&inova (l%8)
Sph@ Diorites 0.30{.75 Kostetskaya & Mordvinova (1968)
Spheire Granitie 0.28-1.36 o.67 Xostetskala & Mordvinova (196t)
Topaz. 13.01-20,43 De€r et al. (1967); Crntelin (1959)
Tourmaline 0.07-t.27 Deq et al. (1967) Nmec (1969)

-3 -
its content in phlogopites in kimberlite is content of ultramafic rocks like dunite
only O.27yo (Pierruccini, 1950; Bouvier, (12 ppm,'IIuang and'Johng 1967) and peridotites
le70). (20 ppm) iq low, while the mean fluorine
content of garnet peridotites and kimberlites,
Therefore, it follows that, fluorine which are phlogopite bearing, is signifi'
during initial stages of mafic-ultramafic cantly high (252 ppm). The mean F content of
differentiation is enriched into Fe, Ti, V, Ivftt basaltsis 450 ppm (Seraphim 1951). The range
rich immiscible phase along with chlorine and of fluorine content in syenites varies from
is occluded in apatite, of the apatite-magnetite 600 ppm to 1480 ppm (Iroger, 1935; Saito, 1950;
(Nelsonite) assemblage (Narasayya, 1917; Seraphim, 1951; Tiuekian and Wedepohl, 1961).
Malpe, 1993). It is for this reason that out of Koritnig (1951) and Troger (1935), have
all major rock forming minerals, the fluorine reported average fluorine content in
content of apatite is significantly high. nepheline syenite as 1190 ppm and 8000 ppm'
Nevertheless, the OH sites in hydroxy-apatite respectively.
structue are partly replaced by fluoride under
varied physicochemical conditions. The fluorine content of alkali granite
reported by Troger (1935) is 1400 ppm while
In all acidic melts, evolved either by a Riebeckite granite from Northern Nigeria
differentiation or by any other process, all contains 12,400 ppm fluorine @owden, 1966).
minerals which contain alkali and OH bond The fluorine contents of alkaline intrusive
are good geochemical hosts for fluorine. On rocks like larvikite (600 ppm; Baxth & BnrurU
account of this chatacter, the F abundance in 1945), pulaskite (1950 ppm; Seraphim, l95l) and
coloured micas is higher as compared to that shonkinite (1410 ppm; Shepherd, 1940) are
in amphiboles and pyroxenes. significantly high.

It is commorrly
observed that, there is a
strong and positive correlation between F and
SiO, content of the rocks, since, the average
fluorine content of ultramafic rocks is 100 ppm,
followed by intermediate rocks (400 ppm) and
granitoids (800 ppm). The average fluorine
content of alkaline rocks, however, despite
their low SiO, content, is one of the highest
(mean 1000 ppm) in igneous rocks (Wedepohl,
te14).
In volcanic landscapes, during periods of
eruption, F from depth is introduced into the
air, soil, water and plants. This fluorine
remains in the landscapes under arid clirnatic
conditions for a long period of time, whereas
under humid climatic conditions it is relatively
rapidly removed from the landscape with runoff.
In Icelan4 severe fluorosis has been observed
duri:rg volcanic activity, which declines during
quiescence.

is the sole mineral in ultra-

Phlogopite TLUORINE I}URING. WEATHERING
mafic rocks like kimberlites, which carries ].
significant amount of, fluorine in its compo- During weathering in humid tropical/
sition @imsaite, 1970a). The average fluorine subtropical climates the geochemical fate of

-4-
l_
Fluorine
fluorine, is controlled by a series of intricate
processes, involving adsorption - desorption and
dissolution - precipitation reactions' During
weathqring of granite massifs, fluorine is
leached out in the initial stage itself (Koritnig,
1951). In the uppermost part of the weathered
profile, however, some increase in fluorine
content is observed. The fluorine in apatite is
very stable while, the fluorine from mica is
leached out rapidly. Fluorite (CaFr), if present,
is dissolved slowly by the circulating water'
In soil profiles, decreasing fluorine content
with increasing distance from the parent rock
is observed (Robinson and.Edgington, 1946;
Michael and Blume, lg52). It is noted that
most of the fluorine in clastic sedimentary
rocks is hosted in their micaceous constituents
(Koritnig, 1951). In a particular case, the
average F content
'of an argillic limestone is
200 ppm while the average content of its
micaceous residue is 800 ppm (Koritnig, 1951)'
Hubner (1969 a & b) has noted that F to OH
exchange in clay minerals depends upon
concentration of fluoride ions and pH of the
circulating water. Other factors also play an
important role in fluorine adsorption on
clay structures. The dioctahedral and triocta'
hedral illites are the principal clay minerals
rvhich can host fluorine W OH to F replace-
ment. It is known that, under acidic circulating
solution, fluorine is readily adsorbed in clay
structure, while in alkaline environment it is
desorbed (Hubner, 1969 b). During natural'
hydration and devitrification of glassy rocks and
glasses, about half of the original fluorine
present is solubilised, leached and lost, through
fluorine adsorption by hydrated and devitrified
glass froom coexisting ground water (Noble
et al., 1967), Fluorine content of the soils
entirely depends upon their composition and
in Environment
fluorine content of the rocks from which
they have been derived' The average fluorine
content in soil ranges between 90-980 ppm
(Fleischer and Robinson, 1963). Decomposition
of organic remains are the thain source of F in
soil 'in warm and humid climate' From acid
soil, F is readily leached, while biogenic
accumulation Prevents it.
In
permafrost regions, decomposing
plant remains are the main sources of F in
water. Peaty horizon in soil can contain t4to
25% water-soluble F and the halogen migrates
in the form of organic comPlexes.
Due to higher Ca distribution in arid
climate F migration is inhibited. In semi-arid
climates, which are most prevalent in
Peninsular lndia, fluoride migration is
controlled by chemistry of surface and sub-
surface waters. During dessicated surnmer
season, mobility of fluoride ions is inhibited
by higher calcium and low TDS of the
surface and subsurface waters. During post
monsoon, the mobility is enhanced due to
relatively low calcium distribution and
higher ionic strength of the waters (Hand4 1975
and 1911).
FLUORINE IN SEDIMENTS
Except for evaporites, fluorine is the
most abuiidant halogen in the sedimentary
rocks (Wedepohl, 1974). Fluorite (4E'1yo F)'
apatite (3.5% F), mica (between 0'14 to
0.22% F), illite @etrveen 0.11 to 0.26% D and
montmorillonite (0.03% F) are the chief
fluorine bearing minerals in sedimentary rocks
(Koriting, 1951 and 1953). Therefore, the
kind and the distribution of fluorine bearing
-5-
 AN. Deshmukh and others

mineral ultimately determine tlre fluorine
content of the sedimentary rocks. Among
sedimentary rocks volcalniclastics and their
secondary derivative, bentonite co[tains the
highest amount of average fluorine of 5950 ppnq
1000 ppm, respectively (Robinson and
Edgington, 1946; Kokubu, 1956).
Fluorine abundance in sandstones varies
widely and ranges from 270 to 450 ppm
(Koritnig, 1951; Turekian & Wedepohl, 1961).
From Carboniferous (360 t 10 m.y., to Cretaceous
(130 t 5 *.y., Ershov et a1., 1988), there is
distinct and progressive decrease in the average
fluorine content of the sandstones. The average
fluorine content of Carboniferous sandstone
is 450 ppm, that of Triassic sandstones
(245 m.y) is 320 ppm, while the average F
content of Cretaceous sandstone is 280 ppm.
In shales, the fluorine content varies from 510
to 800 ppm. There appearc to be a space and
time relationship with respect to fluorine
distribution in shales, too. The average fluorine
contents in limestones of different age and
place is widely different and ranges from 90 to
940 ppm (Seraphim, 1951; Mchael and Blume,
1952). The lower limit of fluorine distribution
in dolomites (180 ppm) is higher than that in
lime stones (Koritnig l95l). Different types
of'oceanic clays are considerably enricheil
in fluorine (430 ppm, Shepherd 1940; 730 ppm,
Fleischer and Robinson, 1963).

TABLE 2
THE AVERAGE FLUORINE CONTENT IN DIT]FERENT SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
@leischer and Robinson, 1963).

Rocks Range in ppm Avg. in ppm

Limestone upto 1210 220

Dolomite 110400 260

Sandstone and 10-1100 200

Greywacke

Shale t0-7600 940

Volcanic Ashes 100-2900 750

and Bentonites

Oceanic Sediments I00-1600 730

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 Fluorine in Environme'nf

It is interesting to note that fluorine in of chemical origin, co-precipitation of CaF,

sedimentary rocks is due to presence of and CaCO, is the major Process, which
fluorine bearing minerals like fluorite and controls the fluorine distribution in the rocks.
apatite or due to presence of clays which The fluorine cofltent of marine anhydrite
is

adsorb fluorine by F to OH replacement or solely due to precipitation of CaF,

(Schneider,

by admixture of skeletal debris in which 1953 & 1954; Kruger, 1962 a, b, c). Small
hydroxyl bonds are replaced by fluorine in amount of isokite (CaMgFPOr) and wagnerite
the hydroxy-apatite structure (Carpenter, (MaFPO) were found in carbonate rocks, by
1e69). Braitsch (1960 & 1962).

It should be noted that out of the total it appears that the aYerage
Therefore,
fluorine content of the clays associated with fluorine content of non-marine sediments
clastic rocks, 8O-90oA is hosted in the minenls should be lower than sediments of marine
of the mica group while the remainder is origin. Studies by Bloxam and Thomas (19691
occluded in ion exchange in clay minerals 1970) have shown that the fluorine content
like, montmorillonite, iilite and kaolinite. The of near-shore sediments is significantly lower
arerage fluorine content of sedimentary than the fluorine content in off-shore marine
micas and illite is more than 1.5 times the sediments. Since the fluorine content in the
average fluorine content of igneous rocks' sedirnents is also influenced by several other
Fluorine enrichment over chlorine by a factor factors, it cannot be used as an indicator of
of 105 during CaCO, precipitation, as suggested marine origin or otherwise.
by Carpenter (1969), is'most probably due to
co-precipitation of very small amounts of CaF, TLUORINE IN NATURAL WATERS
with CaCOr. It is for this reason that out of
the total solubilised fluoride added by rivers, During weathering and circulation of
only 10 to 2O%o fluorine co-precipitates as water in rocks and soils, fluorine can be
CaF, alongwith CaCO, and Ca(PO),, in oceans leached out and dissolved in ground water.
(Carpenter, 1969). The fluorine content of ground water varies
greatly (0 to 35 ppm) depending on the type
FLUORINE IN CARBONATE ROCKS of rocks from which they originate (Bond,
AND EVAPORITES 1945; White et al., 1963; Kopf et al., 1968).
In general, abundance of fluorine in fresh
In carbonate rocks, fluorine is contri- water varies between 0.25 to I pprn (Hawkes
buted by fluorite, apatite and clay minerals and Webb, 1962).
in different proportions. The solubility of
fluorites in nahrral waters depends upon CaF, The fluorine conteilt of the hot springs
solubility product which, in turn, is affected v'aries from 0"15 to 55.4 ppm (Grneliq 1959:
by formation of ionic complexes and Matuura and Kokubu, 1955; Sugawara, 196?)
the strength of these complexes in water and is seen to increase with increasing
(Srivastava et al,, 1996). As such, in limestones temperature, but the mol ratio of FiCl remaias

-'v -
 AN. Deshmukh and others

approximately constant.In India, hot springs et a1., 1968; Strubel, 1965). The solubility
(35" to 100" C) are mostly distributed along product of fluorapatite at room temperature is
the major lineaments and rifts (Ravi Shanker, lower than solubility product of hydroxy
1986). Their fluorine content varies from 10 or chlorapatite. But, theoretically calculated
to 17 ppm @anerjee, 1967; Chowdhury et al., values do not match with the experimental
1964; Chowdhury and Handa, f973). data (Valyashko et al., 1968). Similarly, the
value of CaF, solubility product is also not
The fluoride content ofsurface water also very certain but, the value of 'K' as l0-r0'57,
varies greafly from 0 lo 6.4 ppm, depending on eiven by Handa (1971) is commonly accepted.
the fluoride content of ground water feeding a In natural waters, howwer, on account of the
given stream (Fleischer and Robinson, 1963). ionic strength of complex forming ions,
Fluorine content of rivers in humid regions the solubility of CaF, is drastically modified.
varies from 0.058 to 0.25 ppm, Calcium and Sulphate ions signifiqantl, 1.\tr t
CaF, solubility in natural waters, often
Fluorine content in lakes varies from 0 causing CaF, precipitation (Handa, 1977;
to 0.34 ppm. In permafrost regions, F Perel'man, 19?7; Deshmukh et a1., 1993). Under
content of lakes is proportional to dissolved supergene environment, fluorides in natural
organic matter and it varies from 0.16 to waters get precipitated as CaF, across calcium
0.34 ppm. In arid regions, it varies with the barrier @erel'man, 1917\. In ground water, the
chemical class of lake, Na-lakes, being distribution of Ca and F is therefore, antipathic
generally rich. (Hand4 1977; Viswanadham and Murty, 1977;
Deshmukh et al., 1993; Srivastava et al., 1996).
According to Bewers (1971), the mean On the other hand, higher alkalinity in natural
concentration of fluorine in ocean water is waters tends to increase fluoride solubility. It
0.03 to 1.32 ppm, and is seen to increase is for this reason that, despite higher average
with depth @iley, 1965). fluorine concentration in calcareous shales
and limestones, the ground water hosted in such
In rain water, fluorine may originate aquifers is relatively poor in its fluoride
from the sea and mostly varies from 0 to 0.089 content (Kodate et a1., 1996). In arid and
ppm, but near cities and industrial areas, values Semi-arid regions, the fluoride content of
upto more than I ppm are reported @ewers, ground water is higher, compared to ground
1971; Gmelin, 1959; H^tlida, 1977). water from humid areas. This is probably due
to higher TDS in ground water, resulting in
Solubility of fluorapatite (CarF(PO)3) increased ionic strength and consequently
and fluorite (CaFr) in natural waters is very higher CaF, solubility in the ground water. In
low (Appelo and Postma, 1993). Solubility such cases, viscosity of the ground water would
and solubility product of fluorite, fluorapatite, tend to increase and consequenfly, the yield of
chlorapatite and hydroryapatite are calculated the wells would decrease (Deshmukh and
by many workers (Handa, 1977; Valyashko Chakravarti, 1996).

-8-
 lfluorine in Euvironnrr:nt

I}IOGEOCIIEI\1IS'TII.Y O}," FLTIORINE It is obscrved tlrat, fluorine contcnt ol

food itenrs grown in fluorosis cndenric arcas
In very nrinutc anlouuts, fluorine is anomalously high and therefore fluoride
is r:sse:rtial lbr growrh and ntaintenance of ingcstion of the affected ,population, through
plan ts and ve rtebnri Cs, in cluding mau. food, iS also significantly
large (Wakode et al.,
Fluorirte content of planls, nlostly cultivated I 993; Jyothi Kurnari er al., I 996). It is

;:lan'ls, is generally lorv. exccpt for tea. rvhich observed that, fluorine intake in jorvar
coltaius upto 40() pprn l)uorine (lvlarais, 1943), (Sorghurn vulgare), wheat (Triticum aestivum),
Fluorinc coilleilt irr li.uits, sccds. . stcnis, wood rice (Oryza sativa), red gram dal (Cajanus cajan)
aud bark is generally lotrcr tharr tlre content ilr and red chillies (Capsicum annuum)
is in
ll roots und leaves (Undcn;ood. 1962). Sirnilarly, proportion to the fluorine distribution
in
1i sea-food contains slgni[icirrrtly higher their rooting media (Batra et al., 1996; Jyothi
' aruounls of fluorinc colrrparcd lo frcsh rvaler Kumari et al., 1996). The average
Fluorine
lbod (Pcrel'lnau, l9?7). Iu rlifl'ercnt vegetables, Partition Faclor (f foodlF soil) is
highest in dry
fluorine contcnt in leaves virrics froln j-20 ppnr, red chillies (15.76)
and is followcd by
on dry rnattcr basis. In vertebr:rlcs, on tlrc ash l'luorine Partition Factor in red gram
dal
basis, the lluorine contenl ol'the bones is (5.319), jowar (3.616), wheat (2.437)
and rice
rnuch higher tlmr the fluorirrc contenl of thc (2.40). ln hurnan beings,
the safe lirnit of
solt lissucs. Thc fluorinc corrlcnt irr beef llrrorinc ingcstion is vcry narrow. Fluorine
borrcs iish (cattlc) varies fronr 1.5{)-l t{{)r) ppnr ingestion frorn
all sources below 2.75 mgday
loclschlagcr et al , lt)$1 it. b). Iiluorinc irrtakc in adults leads to dental carics rvhile, above ?.75
irr plants is through atrnosphcrc (by leal,es) nig F/day results in various typcs of fluorosis.
and through soil (iiy roots). In anirnals, It is known that, excessive fluorine ingestion
including man, thc I'luorinc ingestion lis also a$ects enoglr cyclc (Itao, l97T).-
Simiiarly,
prinurily from drinkilrg rvaier, bul considerable excessive fluorinb iri low:
doses destroys leoth
allouul of Iluorides arc also ingcsle<I through enamel, leuding to dcntal 'caries
while, in very
lbod and pollutcd at.rrrosplrerc (Srikantiir, 1977; large doses, results in
osteosclerosis. It is
Wak,rdc cl. al., l9g"l. Balra ct al., 1996). suggssted that,
in jowar eating populition of
Elerricntal ititake in plarlts. includtng fluorine, fluorosis enderuic
areas. fluorine ingestion is
dcperrils upon bioc!ienrrcirl clrtr:tilcrislics of higher conrpared
lo either wheat-or rice-eating
pl:rrit spccics, tlrc gro*'tlr \tirllc ul'llrc
llllrnt and subjccts, witlr higher dcgree of fluoritlc rctention
disrrihution of tlrc particulat clcrrrcnt ilr soil in the former (Srikanria,
1977). lr is suggested
nnd ar rrrosphere (Deshlruklr urrd plriile, l9g3; that due to higher nrolybdenurn
content in
Parrde ct ul., l ggl). As such, lhe flrrorine jolvar, compnrcd to
wheat or rice, the fluorine
intlke in planls, irrclueling lood bcaring rctcntiou is enlmnced (Deosrhale and Gopalan,
plilnts. is *,idely diflercrrt. Avcr*ge fluorine 1974; Deosthale et al,, 1977).
Average fluoride
conrr:nl ot' diffcrcnt phuts/plant parts growirrg contenls of some
conirtron cereals/millets
in pollutcd and unpollutcd cnvironlnent is and pulses cultivated in fluorosis endemic
gi.r,crr irr T'able 3 (Oclschlagcr and Rheiun,ald, villrges
of Chandrapur district of Maharashtra
I e68).
are given in Table 4.
 AN. I)cshmtiklr and others

: r r' 'I'ABLE 3
AVES,:4GE TLUORtryU CONTENT Or PLANTS & ANTMALS rROM
ARf,AS WTII EMISSION OT TLUORINE
li
(Oelschlagcr rt al., 196E)

Flrrorine, ernitting Sample Average ppm F (dry wt)

..source .
pollutcd 'unpolluted

lndiistrial arca. bccl lc..rves. 19.00 $.J$::,

Wcisrvcilcr/Gcnn:lny . grass 15.(x) 6.80,,
2{).O0 6.1A

(litv urc;r, "digil;rlis lirrr;rl;r 3 t.(x) 8.00

lv'lannlrcin/Ccrrnilny
'.
Itrie kt ard. , pilu rrecdlcs 53.9() 1.30 "
Lladcn/Cennanv l&2r'crrrsold
pine uccdlcs 37.3$ 3.30
R hcirrlarrd/Cef tnitnv ltc;rr old :.

Brickvard; 'l bccl lcavcs 40.00 8.30

Rhcinlarrd/GcrnraRy

Glass Factory red clovcr , 46.00 6.70

Badcrr/Gcrmany pige neetlles 85.00 3.30 '

(ilass Faoorl, hornbcanl lcnycs 2585.00 10.00

Wu rt t cnrbe19/6criria li1'

li rra rrrgl [.':tal0 :'

liid 'clovcr
Lv 1503.0() 6.70
Wurltcurber g/Cerrnarrv ' unrvashed ''
red clover'washed ' t01.00 6.70

Ertanu:l ,Fq.glorl. lindcn leavcs 317.00 14jj}

Wurt :iribeig/G en n any liorse chestnut
t r
,408.00 $.2a
leaves
'
rnaplc leavcs 2l !roo 7.00
copper beech 316.00 10.60 *
lcaves
. hornulL:itr) lcaves 58 00 10.00

(1ablc 3 contd.....:)

l() -
 l"lrrorine in Environmenl

('l'abtc 3 contd ..,...)

..---,.-----__. -;-_,_.._.-_-__:a-:_:_r-:;:-:__*.11-,.:----
Fluorine emirring Sampte Avcragc pirm F (dry wt.)
Polluted unPoUutod

Aluminium Smelting rn+adowgrass & haY 38.50 6.t0

Fu:nacc, pelvis bone 2?30.00 i50-1E00 (Ash)
Baden/Gdnhsny " :: (cattle) :

bones (cattle) 5724.00 1s0.1000 (Ash)

vine leaves r733.00 I1.90

Aluminium Smelting
Furnace, France rib (cattle)' l I1300.00 150-ls0o (Ash)
pelvis bone 10700.00 150-1800 (Ash)
(cattlc)

Aluminium Smelting tail ve(ebra ?085J0 150-1800 (Ash)

Furnace, (cattle)
WestfalervCernlitn)' . back vertebra 78.18.00 15&1800 (Ash)
(cattle)
.:
Hl'dro&roric acid 179.0O ,: 6.E0

FactorXr ,Wirtten&qrg 252.00, 6.30 :

grass 148.00
sun$€r barley 157"00,
o ,.
apple leaYes 1582.00 ,.19.?0' i '

pear leaves . 1.1E9.00 , 19.80

pcar f'ruits l0:70 0.70
strawbcr,ry leavcs . 212.00 i 2.30
strawterry fnrits 22.@
red,currant lPaves 12{,00- 13.90
rcd 'currant fruits 15.00
srveeti:cherry l€aves 934.00 4.90
s,weet- cherry fruits 20.00 , 3.60 .

IIydrofluoric,,,Acid . meadowgff,ss , ''. 32?.00,'' 6.80 :.

F:rctory,. Lower , . hay '', ,107.00 6.E0 , !'

4
Saxony/Sermany,

'!
- ll -
 AN. Desimukh and others

TABLE 4
AVERAGE FLUORIDE CONTENTS OF SOME COMMON TOODSTUFFS
FROM FLUOROSIS ENDEMIC VILLAGES OF CHANDRAPUR DISTRICT

Foodstuffs Avg. F nrg/I00 References

gm live wt.

Whcat 6.',l&9 I (l Batra et al., (1996)

Ashlesha et al., (1996)
Jyothi Kumari .et al., (1996)

Rice 5.078 l0 --do-

l'owar 8.835 l0
-do-_
II

lfed Gram Dal 14.42 Ashlesha et al., (1996)

rl
Jyothi Kumari et al;, (1996)

Red Chillies 31.50

-do-

Excessive fluorine ingestion in human till thc cxposure contiuues. Iu the process, the
population results in dcveloprncnt of dentat . ratc of synthesis of bonc rnaterial (hydroxy
fluorosis rvhen exposure is at a low level and apatite) is considerably increased leading to
skeletal fluorosis when fluorinc cxposure is excessive bone formation or Osteosclerosis, a
critically high. The incidcrrcc o[ fluorosis is basic symptom of subjects suffering from
higher in tropical and subtropical countries, skeletal fluorosis. It is also observed, that in
probably on account of higher drinklnng bhildren (2 to 12 years) and adolescenrs (12-Zl
uialer consumption (Srik:rntia, lg't't). It is years) the inipact.) of ' excessive fluoiidei
observcd that, in adulrs, cxposrd to lrigh ingestihn is significarrtly nrilder. The rapid
fluoride ingestion, the hydrosyl bonds of the skeletal growth in this age group, probably
h1'droxy apatite matcritl in bone tre partly helps in imnrobilizing a major part of ihe.
replaced by fluoridcs. The authors surnrise excessive fluorine by fixing the halogen in.
that biochernically the body's defcnsivc grorving bones by fluoride (F). replacement
lncchanisnt, in order to inullobilize fluoriue of OH sites in hydrory-apatite bone nraterial.
froln llrc circulating rnobile plrase in the It also explains why chitdren and adolescents
bodr', (blood and ccllrrlar fluids), fixes are affccted by deutal fluorosis and not by
e.\cess fluorides into hvdroxy apatite skelctal fluorosis, despite largc excessive
uratr:rial of lhc bonc try rcplaccnrcnt of OH fluorine ingesrion (Kodatc el $1."1. 1996; Ashlesha
b.r' F (Teotia and "leotia, 1992) irreversibly et al., 1996).

t2
 Ftsibo h Erviromod

ACKNOWI,EI'GEMENT also duc to thc , H€ad, DaPartment of

Geology aod thc Hea4 Dcpartnmt d ltromc-
for
The authors are indebted to the Scienie, Nagpur Univcrsity, Nlgpur,
Ruml Derrclopment Delartnrent, Gorcrnme'nt prwiding bcattrY fr€iliti€s.
of Maharashtra, for the grants. Tharks are

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