Stainless Steel (SS)

What do you mean by stainless?

History of SS:
> 1912:English metallurgist Harry Brearly invented Ss.
> 1913: First commercial production started in UK.
Stainless Stecl (SS)
> 1915: WORLD WAR I< SS was used as valve for aircraft

> 1919-23: At Shefield Mass scale production started for surgical

equipments and utensils etc:

>1924: SS roof was made in USA

>1929: Commercial SS tank was made for storage of milk
>1929-30: Chrysler building at New York...world most
recognise skyscraper..
Department ofMletallurgical and Materials Engineering. NTT Warangal Department of Metallurgical andMaterials Engineering, NIT Warangul

History of Stainless Steel (SS) Fe-Cr Binary Phase Diagram

Cr-Fs Chromium-iron

>1929+: Extensively beingused as structural material for the construction

of buildings,bridges etc in Europe &USA.
>1931: Rolls Royee produced 5S radiator
1950: SS accessories in car
1200}
>1963: SS razor was produced
>1969: Apollo 11 << first men in rocket.many applications of SS
> 2000 +: SS toys

>2016: 8 - storey building was made in Gurgaon within48 Hrs, 90 60

Department of Metallurgicul and Muterils Engineering, NIT Warangal

Depurtment of Metallurgicaland Materials lEngineering, NTITWarangul
 Fe-Ni Binary Phase Diagram
Fe-Cr Binary Phase Diagram
System950
Cr-K
Fe-Ni

Department of Merallurgicaland Materials Engineering. NIT Warangal Department of Metallurgical and Muterials Engineering, NIT Warungal

Types of Stainless Steel (SS) Types of Stainless Steel (SS)

Precipitation Ferritic SS Austenitic SS
Precipitation
Point Martensitic SS Ferritic SS Austenitic SS Point Martensitic SS Hardenable (PHSS)
Hardenable (PHSS)

<1920 Not easier as

History Developed<1920 Developed< 1920 Developed wW-II (-1945-48) Easy - Low C SS compared to
Difficult- High C SS Dificut
M/c ability SS Easy
14-27% Cr, 0.1 Cr+Ni 2 23, Ni & Cr with low C Addition of S &
12-18% Cr, 0.1 0.2% C etc. >>S& Se addition
C<0.02 Se
0.8% C etc. (<0.1)
Composition AISI405, 430, 202, 302, 304, 17-4PH, 17-7PH, Mag (c- matrix) &
AISI403, 410, 416, 446
501, 502 304L, 316, 316L, PH-15-7Mo Magnetic Non-magnetic Non-magnetic (
316LN
Mag/ Non-mag .Magnetic
matrix)
Response> Corrosion
Better than M-SS &
.Solution Annealing Lesser than c-SS Lesser than y-SS Better than SS SS
Response to Resistance
Y’M (low alloy) followed by Ageing
Heat No response No response Chemical and Surgical, food,
Treatment Y’M (high alloy) Aireraft Structure, food procèssing High temperature
Cold Working + Applications Petroleum chemical, Nuclear applications
Aging ’ M
industries, Auto industries etc.
Industry etc. sector
High ductility - Difficult - presence Costly too Costly!
Deformability Cold/ Hot working extensive cold Cold working Cost Cheaper Cheaper
of precipitates
working

Department of,.Metullurgical and.Maleriuls Eurinecriue. NIT larungal

Depurtment of Metallurgiral and Malerials Engineering. NIT Warangul
 Features of Ferritic Stainless Steel
Features of Martensitic Stainless Steel
> Single Phase: No HT
> Phase Transformation:
>No Nickel:

> Corrosion Resistance: Adherent Cr,O, layer

> Mechanical Properties f(wt% Carbon)
> Hardening: Oil (lowC) &Air (high C) quenching media
> Cold Working:
> Cold working:
> Deformation: Cold working followed by Annealing
>Pitting corrosion: Presence of Fe-Cr
> Types: AISI type 405,430, 446
> Magnetic:

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. NTT Warangal

Departmeni of Metallurgical and Materials Engincering, NIT Warangal

Features of Austenitic Stainless Steel Effect of Alloying Elements in SS

Common Grade: 18/8....
ºSingle Phase: > Si
> Cu
ºCold Working: > Mn
202 vs. 302 > Mo
Types: 201 vs. 301, > Ni
AISI type 201 SS: Cr -17%, Ni -4.5%, Mn -6.5 E 301 > Cr
AISI type 301 SS: Cr- 17%, Ni-7% Kind Attention: Mn E Ni Concept of Cr equivalent& Ni equivalent:
rReplacement: type 302 by 202 && 301 by 201 to save Mfr Cost 1.75(Nb)
Chromium equivalent = (Cr)+ 2(Si) + L.5(Mo) + 5(V) + 5.5(Al) +
Others: 303,304, 304L + 1.5(Ti) + 0.75(W)

Most common: 316, 316L, 316 LN... Nickelequivalent = (Ni) + (Co) + 0.5(Mn) + 0.3(Cu) + 25( N) + 30(C)
r Satabilised Steel: (Ti, Ta, Cb) <347,321 etc. Departncut of Metallurgicul and Muterials Enginceriu4,
NIEWarangal

Depurtment of Metallurgical und Muterials fingineering. NIT Wurungul

 Schaffler Diagram
A Austenite
M Martensite 28 Schaffler Diagram
F Ferrite
equivalernt
Nickel content
Ferte
24
20
AE %Nieg A
16

12

8
M A+M+A
F 4
M+F
to
Chromium equivalent 4 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
% Crea
Departent of Mtullureical and Materials Engineering. NTT Warangal
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, NIT Warangal

Intergrannular Corrosion (IG) Intergrannular Corrosion (1G)

ºy-SS is susceptible to IG due to 500 to 800° Cheating range.
º Reaction between Cr &Cleads to loss of Cr by CrzaCs <Cr <2 wt%. > Prevention of IG:
It will become sensitised i.e. IG will likely to form... >» High temp Solution Annealing/ Soln Quenching...
Minimum Cr to make S5: 10 wt % » Addition of strong carbide formers
-IG on Gb: fig » Lowing of "C content (AISI type 304L contains 0.03 wt% C
whereas 304 contains 0.06 to 0.08 wt%C).
Corrosion from this side
Corbide º Effect of Carbon:
>» Low Carbon (< 0.03%) on Properties:
Grgin Groin
Incorporation of N into steel:.concept of High N steel...
Define High N Steel: A steel is said to be high nitrogen steel if
Cissoived metai alfa matrix contains 0.08 wt% of nitrogen and gamma matrix contains
0.4 wt% of nitrogen.
Departnwnt of Merallurgical and Malerials Fngineering. NTT Warungul Departmwnt of Metullurgical und Materials Engincrng, NIT Warangul
 Different Phases in y-SS
(1). Common: Ferrite / Martensite/ Austenite/
Duplex Features of Precipitation Hardenable SS (PHSS)
(2). From Bìnary Phase Diagram: FeCr& FeNi,
CNi,
> Chemical composition:
(3). Carbides: MC, M,C, M,C, M,C, M,;C%
>> TiC, NbC< FCC
>> Cr,Cy, (FeCr,C3<HCP > Heat Treatment of PHSS:
>>Crz:C< FCC
>> 17-4PH ’ Solution Treatment: y’ Mand then Aging’
(4). Nitrides: >> M(CN) <TiCN Co-herrent precipitates in M matrix
>>MN< TiN
>> M,N <Cr,N >> 17-7PH ’ Solution Treatment for homogenisation and
then Aging ’ Co-herrent precipitates iny matrix
(5). Borides: M,B, M,B
>>17-7PH: Cold working and Aging:
(6). Boro-carbides: M,s(CB)%<(FeCrMo)>:(CB)% >>>Cold working dis-stabilise yphase...Mst
Y’M &then Aging
(7). Others: Chi Phase - FesCri,Moj, && Laves Phase - Fe,Mo
Deparnent of Mtallurgicaland Materials Engineering, NIT Warangal Departnent of Wetallurgical and Materials Engineering, NIT Waran gal

Stainless Steel (SS) Vs. Maraging Steel (Mar S) Stainless Steel At a Glance
º Mr. Bieber of INCOo (1950) was the developer of Maraging Steel. It is basically
low temperature creep resistant steel.
(1). Min amount Cr is 10 wt% (approx) in order to make stainless
Chemical composition of Mar S: Grades - 17Ni 1600, 18 Ni 1400, 25 Ni, (2). High corrosion resistance comes due to presence of adherent Cr,O3!
Grade 200, Grade 250, Grade 300, Grade 350etc. NiO layers.
The 18 Ni 1400 Grade contains 18 Ni, 8.5 Co,3 Mo, 0.2Ti, 0.1 Aletc. (3). Types of SS
(Hardening agents: Mo, Ti, Al, Ch etc) (4). Most common & widelyused SS is AISI type 316 SS
(5). Stability of SSwhich comes from Schaffler Diagram
- Key Features: Good resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking (6). SS is susceptible to form IG
High mc ability because of low carbon
Extensively used as Rocket Lunching Pad(MIDHANI &ISRO)
Heat Treatment:
>> Annealing ’ Air Cooling Cold Working ’ Aging
’ Co-herrent precipitates in M matrix
>> Annealing ’ Air Cooling’ Cold Working’ Aging (1300 oC)
’ Precipitate willraise Ms ’ Aging ’ Precipitates in Mmatrix
Departnent of Metullurgical and Materials Engineerng, NIT Warungul Departonut of Metallurgical und Muterias Engncering. NIE Wurangul
 Super Alloy (SA)
Introduction: Super alloy is a generic term to few elements, which is developed for
high temperature (> 550 oC) applications. It has hot Hardness, Hot Oxidation Resistance
and High Creep Strength. These are three types (Fe, Co andNi based).
History:
1940, UK:Nibased super alloy was used as turbine blade.

Tiand Caddition in Nichrome (80% Niand 20% Cr)

became Nimonic 75 and then
Gamma prime (Ni,(Ti/Al)was introduced.
upto Korean War (1964) and stop
USA: Cobased SA was developed and used
working due to shortage of Co ore.
(NizNb) was introduced.
Inconel 718: Gamma double prime
started
Adopted British method i.e. using Ni based SA. European Countries
| USSR:
using Ni based SA.
MIDHANI, Hyd.
USSR helped India to set up
Warangal
Materials Engineering, NIT
Department of Metallurgical and