GCSE GEOGRAPHY CASE STUDY REVISION BOOKLET Heolddu Geography Department Also available on the BLOGTheme 1: Challenges of living in a built environment. The following case studies could appear in the first exam paper. They will appear at the end of Theme 1 and there will be a choice of case study. Foundation Tier worth 5 marks each (3 MARKS FOR SPAG) Higher Tier worth 8 marks each. (3 MARKS FOR SPAG) Remember! You cannot get full marks in the case study without place specific information. You must draw labelled diagrams / maps if appropriate as they are an easy way to obtain marks quickly.‘A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE LIVE IN A TOWN OR CITY (i) Name the town or city you have studied. (i) Describe where different ‘groups of people live in this town or city. (Draw a diagram or map in the space if you wish). (iii) Explain why these groups of people live in this area, Inner City: In the inner city (town) zone around the CBD mainly low income families, single parents and elderly people are concentrated in areas such as Riverside. Inner Suburbs: ‘As you move out from the CBD the hosing becomes more modern and larger and more expensive. This attracts higher income families with more skilled jobs. There is a larger concentration of young married couples, families with children and elderly retired couples whose children have left home, e.g. Cathays. Outer Suburbs: In the suburbs near to the urban rural fringe housing estates are found such as Llandaff. These are inhabited by the highest earners and most skilled professionals including families and retired couples. Different groups of people live in different areas mainly due to income. For example, the most luxurious and expensive housing is found at Llandaff but only those who can afford to live there are found there. People who cannot afford to live in such areas and are on the lowest incomes are found in the inner city area such as Riverside. ‘Some people cannot drive or cannot afford to run a car. Therefore they might choose to locate near the CBD for convenience.Case Study: McArthur Glen Retail Park THE DISTRIBUTION OF A SERVICE (l) Name the service (i) Name the place (ii) Describe the distribution of the service (iv) Explain the distribution of the service Where? + Junction 36 of the M4 between Cardiff & Swansea. + Located near to the town of Bridgend and the villages of Sarn, Pen-Y-Fai and Litchard. + A brown field site that was previously a nursing hospital and then left dere- lict. + Located approximately 2 miles north of Bridgend town centre. Why there? Large area of flat land available. Very accessible site next to M4. Plenty of space available for car parking. A brown field site with services already available such as gas, electricity, water etc. Close to large urban centres of Cardiff and Swansea + Notclose to any other out-of-town retail parks of this nature or scale so less competition here. + Alarge supply of customers and labour nearby in Bridgend County Bor- ough with a population of approx 50,000 people Impact on different groups of people: Positive for ....... Local residents, school leavers, those unemployed, day trippers from outside the area. Negative for ....... the town centre traders, local residents, the town centre economy, commuters hitting congestion in this area. ZCase Study: Rural to Urban Migration - LEDC / De. You ind the pull fa: 's that thi Dey with unreliable rainfall Falling harvests so not enough food (only flour and water fer babies) Leah of water (onty supnly is from o stagnant puddle of rain water from months ago) © Paar diet — beans and rice most days, goat once every 2 weeks. «Mines and death — 6 out oF 15 children have died in ene farmity. '* No doctors o medical supplies as the can’t afford them © Wages are low. ‘Sobrandinho ‘+ Thodam has caused the ares to be flooded ~75000 people have been forced to leave their homes and their fertile tand is underwater. Compensation for their land is wery low The land is now rented and is of poor quality ~ the scrub land will take a lot to dear and they do not have enough money to buy the pump to irrigate the land. Peoale live in fear of loring their fand, money and being made homeless. ULL FACTORS INTO THE CITY. Harsh weather conditions — hat and ry mating farming very cetficutt Poor dist as 2 result of the weather. High infant mortality levels due to poor diet/lack of food and lack of medical supplies ard doctors. Unihygienic living conditions inacing, to illness and disease due to tack of money for basic sanitation, Lack of education and opportunities, Limited schooling and few careers for young people as the main industry is farming. PULL FACTORS Variety of job opportunities, both format and informal work. Higher access to doctors and medical suppSes. Decreasing populations in rural 5 areas make working the land ‘even more dificult especisity as ‘the older residents remain More ehuturen tne @ccuyy ta webuenthon Mule vaeu. aaa However ~ jobs are not guaranteed and housing food is searce and illness end is also very difficult to come by and many people death are increased. ‘end up living in fawelas. Higher access to clean water and sanitation.(i) Name a place where the population is changing or where people are from? (il) Describe the changes and what is causing people to move away? (il) Explain how these changes have affected the area? Where? Rural to Urban migration is occurring in North East Brazil. People are being pushed away from the drought ridden area known as the ‘Caatinga’ such as Sao Francisco and Nova Casa Nova and are being pulled to the big cities in the south east such as Belo Horizonte, Rio De Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Place Specifics: Caatinga’ local name for harsh drought ridden environment. Located in NE Brazil. * Sao Francisco River known locally as ‘Old Faithful’ as it gives life to residents of Nova Casa Nova. + Pulled to cites such as Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Rio De Janeiro in the SE of Brazil. Why are they moving? People are being forced/pushed due to a very harsh climate which causes long- term drought. As a result water is scarce and crops fail year after year. People especially the young and elderly starve and become very ill. With no access to clean water, nutritious food and medical attention the infant mortality rate and death rate is high, e.g. Mrs Da Silva of Nova Casa Nova has lost 6 children due to starvation and illness. Impacts: Young men and women are leaving the area in search of a better quality of life which they think can be found in the cities of the south east. They sometimes send money back to families in the countryside. The area now has less young, energetic, fit and healthy people to help farm the land and run the house. The young and el- derly find life an even bigger struggle and cannot look after themselves as well. ae Case Study: Rural to Urban migration in an LEDC POPULATION CHANGES IN RURAL AREASCase Study: Planning Issues In a Residential Area PLA, r ( FIs jeg) al > How should Bargoed be developed? Scenario: Bargoed is currently under going major redevelopments and regeneration called Bargoed’s big idea. The purpose of this scheme is to improve road links around the town and improve the shopping and leisure facilities within the town it self. These changes will cost a total of around £50 million A new feature of this plan is an overall strategy that identifies three distinct functional areas within the town centre. Though not rigidly defined, there should emerge three complementary zones in the town centre, with major national retailers and leisure facilities in the south, an employment and enterprise zone in the north and a ‘traditional’ town centre in the middle, offering a mix of public facilities, in- dependent locally owned shops, cafes and restaurants, many of the latter taking advantage of the views from the rear of properties overlooking Parc Coedtir. Local Baker: “I am very upset that my family bakery is going to close after 40 years of business. We cannot compete with the cheap prices of the super- market.” This is a positive / negative view be- cause Unemployed person: “I am so happy to get an interview at the new Morri- son's, itis local to my house and the money will really help my family. This is a positive / negative view be- cause, Local school children: “My brother and I have been late to school for the last six months due to road works around Bargoed linked to the re-development.Case Study: visitor pressure in ‘Snowdonia National Park’ ‘A RURAL AREA UNDR PRESSURE FROM VISITORS: (i) Name and locate a place under pressure from visitors. (ii) Describe the attractions of the area. (iil) Explain the problems the visitors may cause. ‘Where? Snowdonia National Park is situated on the west coast of Britain covering 823 square miles of diverse land- scapes, Snowdonia National Park is a living working ar- ea, home to over 26,000 people. As well as being the largest National Park in Wales, Snowdonia boasts the highest mountain in Wales, and the largest natural lake in Wales, as well as a wealth of picturesque villages like Betws y Coed and Beddgelert. Snowdonia is an area steeped in culture, and local history, where more than half its population speak Welsh and is located in North ‘West Wales. Things to do: ‘Snowdonia has many attractions on offer to the visitor. Some examples include ‘scenic drives, mountain walks, visit the summit of Snowdon, white water rafting, mountain biking, camping, fishing, study wildlife, Snowdon Mountain railway and many more opportunities to experience the beautiful and varied landscapes. Impacts of visitors to the park: Positives: Jobs for local people Income for the local economy Helps preserve rural services like buses, village shops and post offices Increased demand for local food and crafts. Tourists mainly come to see the scenery and wildlife, so there is pressure to conserve habitats and wildlife. Negatives: ‘© Damage to the landscape: litter, erosion, fires, disturbance to livestock, vandalism. * Traffic congestion and pollution. * Local goods can become expensive because tourists will pay more. * Shops stock products for tourists and not everyday goods needed by locals. ‘* Demand for holiday homes makes housing too expensive for local people. Demand for development of more shops and hotels.The following case studies could appear in the first exam paper. ‘They will appear at the end of Theme 2 and there will be a choice of case study. Foundation Tier worth 5 marks each. (3 MARKS FOR SPAG) Higher Tier worth 8 marks each. (3 MARKS FOR SPAG) Remember! You cannot get full marks in the case study without place specific information. You must draw labelled diagrams / maps if appropriate as they are an easy way to obtain marks quickly.Case Study: A high pressure weather event— European Heatwave 2003 ‘AHIGH PRESSURE WEATHER EVENT: () NAME AND LOCATE THE EVENT. (ll), DESCRIBE THE IMPACTS OF THE EVENT. (ill) DESCRIBE HOW IT WAS MANAGED. ‘One of hottest summers ever on record, especially in France. June 2003 to August 2003. Effected mostly Western Europe. France, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, UK. Impacts: Refrigerated warehouse outside Paris used by Undertakers to store dead bodies. On 3 September 2003, fifty-seven bodies still left unclaimed in the Paris area were buried. There were extensive forest fires in Portugal. Five percent of the countryside and ten percent of the forests were destroyed, an estimated 4,000 square kilometres. In Germany, shipping could not navigate the Danube or Elbe rivers as the water was so low. Melting glaciers in the Alps caused avalanches and flash floods in Switzerland. There was a shortfall in Wheat across Europe (20% in France). Due to earlier ripening of grapes, wine across Europe improved in quality. Facts & Figures: EU wheat production down by 10 million tonnes. UK Record Temperature broken 38.5°c near in Kent. Germany 300 deaths approx. Spain 141 deaths. Netherlands 1,500 deaths. Portugal 18 dead in forest fires. France 14,802 deaths.Case Study: Amazon Rainforest ‘AN ECOSYSTEM THAT IS BEING DESTROYED BY HUMANS (i) Name and locate the ecosystem Describe why people are destroying the ecosystem (ii) Explain the impacts this has on the ecosystem Location: Known as Amazonia, the Amazon rainforest is located on the continent of South America. It covers most of the Amazon River Basin. 1.4 billion acres in size. The majority of the forest is contained wi Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, and with minor amounts in Colombia, Venezuela , Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. Why is it being deforested and who is doing it? Contains many resources and so it is being deforested at an alarming rate! + Logging companies Drugs and Fond frat sede + Pharmaceutical companies chacclte, honey juris : t psn é + Mining companies : _—-Fuelwood * Farming - soya, beef , palm a oil Tinber- : i : furniture / Pecples home HEP projects Poper + Oil companies ie + Communications companies WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION? On Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the Atmosphere ? Cutting down trees and burning them adds CO2 to the atmosphere (in smoke). Thare is more: coz inthe atmosphere. The extra CO2 adds to the ‘greenhouse effect” which causes Global Warming. ‘There are fewer trees to absorb CO2 to remove CO2 from atmosphere. On Food chains and webs? With fewer primary ‘Secondary consumers Trees removed so Plants no longer consumers and have less to eat, some primary consumers have as many ‘secondary consumers || species become extinct. | | lose their habitat and | | insects and animals the food chain is have less to eat. for pollination and broken. E spreading seeds.Case Study: Desertification—Sahel Region The area that is affected by desertification stretches from J the east to west coast of Africa. tf Some of the countries that are affected are: Senegal Mali Niger Chad a fenton aria woes Tae cna ou revolts ano Joven ofurboteshaiatotesat |e sah vend uta. 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This damages animat’s use on farmers’ fields. habitats and the soil in many Provide each area with areas. This also leads to famine in | the ability to collect the long term as crops die. Disease | water from a well or is prevalent due to poor water using play pumps. | quality. Variations in seasonal rainfalland | Rainfall only occursin one part of | Storing water during the high evapotranspiration rates the year leading to water stress in. rainy season to reduce the other parts of the year. Crops. | water stress. Plant more grown are limited due to high drought tolerant crops. evapotranspiration rates High pressure systems ‘Strong high pressure systems in | None North Africa prevent warm, wet ait moving towards.Case Study: River Flooding at a Regional Scale Location A series of floods hit Australia, beginning in December 2010, primarily in the state of Queensland including its capital city, Brisbane. Cau: The floods were a result of heavy precipitation caused by Tropical Cyclone Tasha that combined with a trough during the peak of a La Nifia event. The 2010 La Nina weather pattern, which brings wetter conditions to eastern Australia. This La Nifia event caused a prolonged event of heavy rainfall over Queens- land river catchments. Record or near to record sea surface temperatures were recorded off the Queensland coast in late 2010. December 2010 was Queensland's wettest on record, with record high rain- fall totals set in 107 locations for the month. average rainfall level of 209.45 millimetres (8.25 in) exceeded the previous record of 200.1 millimetres (7.88 in) set in 1975. 2010 was also recorded as the state's wettest spring since 1900 and the Aus- tralian continent's third wettest year. Impacts The floods forced the evacuation of thousands of people from towns and cit- ies, 200,000 people were affected Damage initially was estimated at around $1 billion. The estimated reduction in Australia's GDP is about $30 billion. Three-quarters of the state of Queensland was declared a disaster zone. Communities along the Fitzroy and Burnett Rivers were particularly hard hit, while the Condamine, Ballone and Mary Rivers recorded substantial flooding. The 2010-2011 floods killed 35 people in Queensland Groups of people Business owner Local residents Government OAPCase Study: Management of River Flooding ata Local Scale TATEcowTno. =a tf isa MAN Tas oe DISASTER! MA E OPE ra 1. Construction of levees 2. Straighten rivers 3. Sand bagging properties 4. Flood awareness / information Methods of flood control altel The two most common ways to try to contain flooding rivers: FLOOD WALL LEVEE Barrier built along river- Wide embankment built along river- banks - made of concrete, banks - made from clay, sand, or soil; stone or brick sometimes topped with sandbags Earthen embankmentCase Study: A coastal management scheme, Aberavon Beach, Port Talbot A COASTAL MANAGEMENT SCHEME: (!) NAME AND LOCATE THE ‘SCHEME (Il) DESCRIBE WHY THE COAST NEEDED PROTECTING (Il!) DESCRIBE WHAT HAS: BEEN DONE (IV) EXPLAIN THE IMPACTS IT | | Aberavon Beact/, Aberavon, Port Talbot, South HAS HAD ON PEOPLE Wales. A sea wall and rock armour. AND THE ENVIRONMENT The coastline at Aberavon, faces southwest and is fully exposed to the prevailing south westerly winds and waves that develop over the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, the coastline here is prone to constant erosion from the advancing sea and thus needs protection. There are several important land uses close to the coastline such as a promenade, shops, apartments, houses and several leisure and recrea- tion facilities including the Afan Lido Leisure Centre. These are very popular with local What has been done? The coastline has been protected using a combination of rock armour and a sea wall. To the south east of the beach a large breakwater extends into the sea. This absorbs wave energy and reduces erosion of the coast to the east of the breakwater providing a small sheltered beach where the Mariners Quay properties are found. To the NW the beach extends for 2-3 miles and along its course is a curved sea wall made of concrete. On top of this railings provide a long promenade ‘on which to walk. In front of this sea wall rock armour comprising very large boul- ders sit directly on the sand providing further protection for the sea wall. Further towards the NW concrete steps replace the rock armour. Impacts: The coastal management scheme has had many positive impacts on people and the local environment. The promenade is a very popular attraction as is the long sandy beach which is present here. The breakwater is popular with fishermen. The area has been significantly redeveloped and has put Port Talbot back on the coastal resort map. This has provided local jobs and generated money for the local economy.Theme 3: People, Work & Development The following case studies could appear in the second exam paper. They will appear at the end of Section A and there will be a choice of case study. Foundation Tier worth 5 marks each Higher Tier worth 8 marks each. Remember! You cannot get full marks in the case study without place specific information. You must draw labelled diagrams / maps if appropriate as they are an easy way to obtain marks quickly.Case Study: Tata Steel, a secondary economic activity. THE LOCATION OF A SECONDARY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (I) Name the economic activity (li) Locate the activity (iv) Explain why itis located at this Site (v) Explain the effects of this activity on different groups of people. Where? + Onthe coastal plain in South Wales, situated to the east of the town of Port Talbot. + Located adjacent to M4. + 25 miles west of Cardiff and 10 miles east of Swansea. + The works stretches from Margam Moors in the SE to Taibach / Port Talbot in the NW. Why there? * Naturally deep harbour along coast to allow very large tankers to dock and unload raw materials and reload with steel. Large area of flat land available to develop on and expand. * Very accessible location with M4, A48 and railway line running adjacent. + Locally sourced raw materials needed to produce Steel such as coal, iron-ore and limestone once abundant. Now imported from overseas. + Large skilled workforce available to employ. Impact on different groups of people: Positive for ....... Created many jobs since its opening in 1901. Atits peak in 4960's 18,000 people employed. Today only a few thousand employed. An attractive source of employment for school leavers and young apprentices. Huge ‘multiplier effect’ in the town as support services attracted, local infra- structure improved. Local economy and town would be crippled if works closed, Put Port Talbot on the map. Negative for ....... Local residents and employees as it is a dangerous envi- ronment to work in and live near. Very noisy and very polluted. Voted Britains most polluted town in 1999. Constant smell of Sulphur in the air and a visual eyesore on the landscape. But, Port Talbot would not be Port Talbot without it.Case Study: McArthur Glen, Tertiary economic activity ‘THE LOCATION OF A TERTIARY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY () Name the economic activity (ii) Locate the activity (iv) Explain why itis located at this Site (v) Explain the effects of this activity on different groups of people. Where? + Junction 36 of the M4 between Cardiff & Swansea. + Located near to the town of Bridgend and the villages of Sarn, Pen-Y-Fai and Litchard. +A brown field site that was previously a nursing hospital and then left dere- lict. + Located approximately 2 miles north of Bridgend town centre. Why there? Large area of flat land available. Very accessible site next to M4, Plenty of space available for car parking. A brown field site with services already available such as gas, electricity, water etc. Close to large urban centres of Cardiff and Swansea. + Not close to any other out-of-town retail parks of this nature or scale so less competition here. + Alarge supply of customers and labour nearby in Bridgend County Bor- ough with a population of approx 50,000 people Impact on different groups of people: Positive for ....... Local residents, school leavers, those unemployed, day trippers from outside the area. Negative for ....... the town centre traders, local residents, the town centre economy, commuters hitting congestion in this area.Case Study: A Multinational Company—Toyota ‘AN OVERSEAS INVESTMENT IN A MORE ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRY (i) Name the MEDC and company studied. (i) Locate the company. (ii) Describe how overseas investment has affected employment opportunities. (iv) Explain the social and environmental impacts that the development has had on Who and where? Toyota at Burnaston, Derby, The Midlands, England , UK. Large modern car assembly plant making 200,000 cars a year Why did Toyota choose Burnaston for the site of their new factory? + Burnaston was a large flat site of over 100 hectares * There is room to expand + Itis a Greenfield site 8km from the centre of Derby + Burnaston is next to the A38 trunk road and close to the M1. + There is a large pool of unemployed workers wanting jobs + Hundreds of recent job losses at Rolls-Royce and Brell in Derby + Good access to West Midlands car components companies + Derbyshire County Council invested £20 million in the site What have been the good effects of the building of the new factory? + Once the factory was built about 3000 jobs were created + Anumber of the 3000 were previously unemployed + The Toyota jobs are secure because this is a successful company making a good product. + 2,730 jobs were created during the construction phase Have there been any bad things as a result of Toyota? 4. It’s a Greenfield site, so more countryside has been yet again destroyed. A Brownfield site would have been better. 2. There has been a huge increase in traffic and noise in the area. 3. Toyota is a Japanese company. Will UK workers just do the “bolting together” While the top jobs and decisions get made in Japan? (so far the answer is no).Si Case Study: a primary economic activity - Quarrying. (Hope Quarry) THE LOCATION OF A PRIMARY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (1) Name the economic activity (ii) Locate the activity (iv) Explain why itis located at this Site (v) Explain the effects of this activity. This is a seri- ously big hole in the ground, from which around 2 million tonnes of lime- stone are ex- tracted annual- ly to produce around 10% of the UK supply of cement. Located on outskirts of Castleton in Peak District, in village of Hope. Established in 1929. One of 12 active quarries in the National Park. Produces 1 million tonnes of C02 a year! Reserves of limestone for 30-35 years remain in the quarry. 70% of quarried limestone is transported by rail Employs 300 local people | quarry and associated cement works, many of whom form Hope village. © Quariesare ty and dangers, "© Quares provide work ac neamelerloa peel «Noses ase by bsg and healers quay source of more br te le care (Wickes rghtered aay io : (Buns and spo heaps oko (6 Heay lies case tac congesion.Case Study: Managing The Effects of Climate Change lL 3.Local Authorities 4 Pressure Groups Who is responsible: Operates at three scales: Global ( The world) 2. National (Wales / United Kingdom) 3. Local (Caerphilly / You) (Different groups of people) 1 Countries / Governments 2.Businesses / Organisations S.Individuals — you and me! Local National Global Recycle waste, such as paper and plastic ‘on a weekly basis using the brown bins. Recycle food waste and a weekly basis using the small green bins that are picked up by the local council, Turns off lights and appliances around the home when they are not in use to reduce electricity consumption. ‘Walk to school and work if possible 10 reduce the amount of fossil fe] burnt. Lift share: Parents share lifts with other pupils within the same school so that there are less cars dropping off kids, therefore burning less fossil fuels. ‘The government has long-term and more immediate plans to reduce green- house gas emissions. Lowering carbon dioxide emissions The government is working to reduce the country's carbon footprint by: ‘ensuring that 40 per cent of electricity will come from low carbon sources, including renewable eneray and nuclear power Setting ‘carbon budgets’ to cap the UK's overall CO2 emissions ~ if emissions. fise in one sector, savings will have to be made elsewhere Ways the UK government is acting on climate change [AS well as setting targets and goals, the government is also: working with energy suppliers to help people make their homes more eneray efficient raising the tax on dumping to landfill sites ~ so it’s more financially beneficial torecyde Businesses tackling climate change Some companies are taking action on climate change, for example by: Using more energy efficient technology, like combined heat and power ‘choosing greener transport options ike electric cars Wales: Spence carrier bags to reduce the amount produced. ‘Governments around the worid have signed up to 3 number of agreements to combat climate change. Under the United Nations Framework Conven- tion on Climate Change, countries agreed to take action and reduce emissions. The Kyoto Protocol set laws requiring countries to lower emissions. ‘Targets from the Kyoto Protocol Many countries that signed the protocol agreed to reduce their greenhouse gases by 2012. European Union countries were given their own targets, and the UK committed to reduce its emissions by 12.5 per cent on 1990 levels, Progress with Kyoto targets and beyond: ‘The UK is on track to meet, and Improve on, its Kyoto target. In 2010, the UK's emissions are predicted to be around 11 per cent lower than the levels required by Kyoto. The government also has long-term plans to lower CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions ‘even further. The Climate Change Act includes legally binding targets, including an 80 per cent ‘cut in greenhouse gases by 2050. Latest agreements : A United Nations (UN) conference in Copenhagen in December 2009 aimed to decide what the global targets and ‘action will be after 2012 (when the Kyoto tar- gets expire). ‘The Copenhagen conference resulted in the Copenhagen Accord, signed by the majority of ‘countries. The accord includes: financial help for the countries most at risk from climate changeCase Study: Aid - UNICEF in Mali and Niger NAME AND LOCATE AN AID SCHEME DESCRIBE WHY THE AID WAS NEEDED EXPLAIN THE IMPACT THAT THE AID GIVEN HAD ON THE AREA AND THE PEOPLE Ih 2004, the subsistence farmers of Mali and Niger in Africa were hit by a double problem: a particularly severe drought and a plague of locusts virtually de- stroyed their crops. By 2005 the crisis came to the attention of the world’s media. By then an estimated 3.3 million people {including 800,000 children) were at risk from a serious food shortage. UNICEF was already working in Niger but were asked for extra help to give emergency aid. Aid given: UNICEF gave Niger an additional US$270,000 to treat 14,000 malnourished chil- dren for six months. 245 cereal banks were opened to make staple grains such as millet and sorghum available. Before the harvest, when food supplies are low and hunger increases, cereal banks loan food to mothers. After harvest, the women repay their oans in cash or grain. UNICEF also supports 300 women’s groups that promote exclusive breastfeeding and monitor children’s growth in the villages. Women with malnourished ct receive loans of goats to enrich families’ diets with milk and cheese. Twice a year, vitamin A supplements are provided to all children under the age of five. Supplementary feeding centres receive therapeutic food for severely mal- nourished children. The food is high in protein and fat. The aid given helps to prevent death from starvation and illness through malnutrition. Drought is a hazard which is very difficult to manage and eliminate so this aid is vital. The food allows mothers and children to eat a nutritious diet so that they can stay strong and healthy and survive. This helps people to remain well enough to farm their land and grow enough food to be able to feed their families and communities.Case Study: Trans boundary Water Issue Why is there an ‘The issue is between many of the countries in north-east Africa. The main focus of the conflict is over the use and control of the river Nile. The river Nile flows through Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt. For a decade, the countries in the Nile Basin have been negotiating about how to share - and protect- the river ata time of changing climate and a rising population. The talks eventually broke down in 2040, On one side are Egypt and Sudan, which rely heavily on the Nile's water because of their dry climates. On the other side are the remaining countries, which actually supply most of the Nile’s water. Uganda ‘The Ugandan population is expected to triple by 2050, to 97 million - raising demand for food and water. The government's priority is to build dams to produce electricity, which will restrict the flow of water to the downstream countries of Sudan and Egypt. ‘Sudan The Blue Nile and White Nile meet in Sudan. Southern Sudan has swamps and rainforests, but a large part of the north is the Nubian Desert. Sudan is facing the problems of desertification and a falling water table. The Sudanese government wants to expand the use of irrigation to increase the food supply, which will mean more water from the Nile. Ethiopi Ethiopia's population was 85 million in 2010, but a high population growth rate of 3.2% means that the popula- tion is expected to reach 150 million by 2050 - leading to greater demands for both food and water. With the pressure of its growing population, Ethiopia wants to keep more if the Nile's water for its own needs. This is likely to lead to serious disputes with Sudan and Egypt if they receive less water as a result. The Ethiopian government wants to build big dams to create hydroelectric power, which can be exported to neighbouring countries to generate much-needed income. Egypt Egypt's population was 79 million in 2010, but is expected to rise to 122 million by 2050 - leading to a massive increase in demand for water and food. The country relies on the Nile for 90% of it water supply. The Nile's water is used to irrigate farmland on either side of the river - allowing crops to be grown for domestic use and for export (to meet the growing global demand). How is the issue being resolved? Pan African Conference - the Governments were invited to a conference to discuss their views on how the River Nile should be managed. It was decided to carefully regulated the flow of the Aswan Dam so not to affect people living in Egypt. Egypt give money to the Government in Sudan so that communities could develop wells to help save water and allow them to have a better quality of life. The UN has been working with communities in Sudan to reduce desertification by placing stones in lines to trap sand and water. Map of Area Affected