| | i i WARCHERS> Cat. No. 276-5017 Engineer’s Mini-Notebook Schematic Symbols, Device Packages, Design and TestingCIRCUIT SYMBOLS t A * IAA =r 1e— He Fixed RESISTOR —+>— RECTIFIER/ Diode Ss LED + CONNECTED WIRES. eo SPST Switcr © pany MAE TER VARIABLE = FIXED POLARIZED RESISTOR CAPACITOR CAPACITOR ZENER PNE NPN DIODE TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR Souk PHOTO - PHOTO ceul RESISTOR TRANSISTOR | tv ] t aL UNCONNECTED POsiTNVE WIRES SUPPLY GRovnD oO a oe? —-o- —2le— ° NORMALLY NORMALLY SPOT OPEN CLOSED SWITCH PUSHBUTTON PusHbUTTON . LA ~ DNC *C)= Lise aS at if PIEZO- TRANSFORMER SPEAKER SPEAKER ei > ee : LAMP BATTERY Of AMPENGINEER'S | MINI NOTEBOOK SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS, DEVICE PACKAGES, DESIGN AND TESTING | BY FORREST M. MIMS, r ING EDITOR. CONTRIBU : nae MODERN ELberROd ACS Fo hea pefead L FIRST EDITION. SECOND. PRINTIN G- 1940, Hh aes A SILICONCEPTS™ (Book 000 COPYRI IGHT 2 anes BY FORREST M, Mine iL nie HTS RESERVED PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICATHIS Book INCLUDES STANDARD APPLICATION CIRQUITS AND CIRQUITS DESIGNED BY THE AUTHOR. EACH CIRCUIT. WAS ASSEMBLED AND TEstTep BY THE AuTHoR. AS THE BO0k WAS DEVELOPED. AFTER THE 800K WAS COMPLETED, THE AUTHOR REASSEMBLED EACH CIRCUIT. TO : CVAECK FOR ERRORS. WHILE REASONABLE CARE WAS EXERCISED IN THE PREPARATION OF. THIS BOOK, VARIATIONS IN COMPONENT TOLERANCES [ANID CONSTRUCTION. METHODS MAY CAUSE THE REsuTs You OBTAIN TO DIFFER FROM THOSE GIVEN HERE. THEREFORE THE AUTHOR AND RADIO SHACK ASSUME NO RESPoNSIBI- PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES FREQUENCY PHONO CARTRIDGES BUZZER- » CONTROL Mono STEREO inte dh ROCONNECTORS TERMINAL TEST POINT TPL —o —— Oe MALE FEMALE ENGAGED —> —~=< >» PHONO/COAXIAL PLUG ~PHONO/COAXIAL JACK — “eh 2-CONDUCTOR PLUG 3-CONDUCTOR PLUG TIP Tie x “ RING > J sceeve _]~ sceeve 2-CONDUCTOR JACKS SPST , ‘SwitcH i i 5 3-CONDUCTOR JACKS DPsT | SPST Switcn. SwiTcu x [74 10JLNevTRAL : 117-VoLT POLARIZED. SOCKET VT ieureat : “234-VOLT PLUG 234-VOLT SOCKET NEUTRAL NEUTRALSWITCHES | | SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW (SPST). SINGLE POLE DOUBLE THROW. (SPDT) : 3 o— o— DOUBLE POLE SINGLE THROW (DPST) fy x : : : i S -. DSR DASHED oto te LINE To Connect : ‘ : k TWO HALVES oF | SAME. SWITCH so _>% 4 SEPARATED IN A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM. DOUBLE POLE DOUBLE THROW. (DPDT) .. k i i I are we t —_—o K ~9o ‘ 1 o-b-o— I i MULTIPLE CONTACT ROTARY > 08 om ° O° ° ae ce Oo oO oF G © g oO ° ° o ‘oo oe: . ° oN o.. \ \ Woe eee 3 it 2=DECK 1a . ."NORMALLY OPEN SPST PUSHBUTTON » si eto ft te NORMALLY CLOSED SPST PUSHBUTTON NORMALLY OPEN/CLOSED SPDT PUSHBUTTON —ole— Vit : NORMALLY OPEN DPST PUSHBUTTON [- ~------{ fee eee » MANUAL CIRCUIT BREAKER - tL SO oo 0 Se AUTOMAFIC CIRCUIT BREAKER RESET *¢ RESET cvTtt 7 roll---4 TELEGRAPH KEY REED SWITCH oo eas L - . MAGNET 13RELAYS MAKE (SPST, NORMALLY OPEN) | he _ BREAK— MAKE _ (SPbT) owe Pea : WAKE “BREAK (MOST COMMON RELAY CONTACTS! | BREAK (SPST, NORMALLY algseoy iT ees (SPDT)MOTORS © 6 @ fF PHONO MOTOR 3-PHASE 4-PHASE (eee) ri Og HO _ SOLENOIDS METERS O--@- O--O- INSERT APPROPRIATE DESIGNATION (V=VOLTMETER; JAS AMMETER | MAS MILLIAMMETER } ETC.) DELAY LINE : " oer *ANGSERT DELAY TIME. 4sRESISTORS FIXED TAPPED VARIABLE. (POTENTIOMETERS, TRIMMERS, + ETC) i Zt Zt SCREWDRIVER AoruST VOLTAGE DEPENDENT CURRENT DEPENDENT ey LIGHT DEPENDENT CPHOTORESISTORS) CO BO $ TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT (THERMISTORS). NEGATE PosiTwe i 4 TEMPERATURE... TEMPERATURE » COEFFICIENT. COBFFICIENT.DIODES RECTIFIER ZENER TUNNEL mo TEMPERATURE pik tapout’ valrage SENSING / wo wee eo | proronione ee 2- COLOR “SIPGLAR | : : LED, LED, i 7-SEGMENT LED: NUMERIC. aeaurs (COMMON “COMMON CATHODE ANODE | . DECIMAL POINTS | | COPTIONAL)ee -LAYER- Swi ITCHES (DIACS) - NPN PNP BIDIRECTIONAL Cor OF T OF -ULAYER SWITCHES. - U-LAYER —-THYRISTORS (ScRs) TRAC Diope P-GATE N-GATE SOS e + TRAN SISTO RS : sf RIPOLAR : UNITUNCTION t NPN NECHANNEL P-CHANNEL Oe JUN CTION FETS N-CHANNEL P-CHANNEL “MCHANNEL By CHANNEL ERD RD Ds PuOTOTRANSISTORS i pagiineran | AO SE‘DIGITAL CIRCUITS it LOGIC GATES NAND EXCLUSIVE OR EXCLUSIVE NOR INVERTERS WD>- yD 3 be S-STATE BUFFERS © SCHMITT TRIGGERS ted Be C= CONTROL FLIP-FLOPS mK r @ p Kk & COMPUTER FLOWCHART SYMBOLS BEGIN/IN DECISION OPERATION FLOW ens2. DEVICE PACKAGES | ne, STORS a “on CARBON COMPOSITION i CARBON. FILM 2 CAPACITORS i ui Mo.veED MULTILAYER, CERAMIC i CERAMIC DISK 9S. COaFORMALLY COATED. MULTILAYER. ceRAmIC. : . DIPPED. TANTALUM . ELE CTROLITIC vnc entenchntine Re: NoTE: ALWAYS “cONSUCT Device SPECIFICATIONS pon TO. VERLEY. PIN. IDENTIFICATION. bode COLOR STRIPE A tn K- CATHORE, 2 Dd “AS AMORE.25 je-— . 115/16" 2le .TERMINALS, MAY BE f Pa SPRING OR 3-3/4" SCREW. COMMON. COIN | AND 8UTTON CELLS 4 Fd CCELL THICKNESS - 6-VOLT VARIES, wire LANTERN CHEMICAL Composition): BATTERY ss ert beLAMPS i a 8 T3/4 1-3/4 T-3/4 MICRO- MIDGET. WIRE, Bi-PIN FLANGE f Tet i T-L T- SUB~ MIDGET | WIRE BI-PIN FLANGE : Tria 4 : T-41/4 THHL/4 MIDGET oo. WIRE Bi-PIN FLANGE | | oo Te B/4 T-4£3/4 T-£3/4 . MIDGET WIRE BI-PIN FLANGE NE-2 Nez | WIRE + RESISTOR. WLRE 28 :eR ya . . BAYONET | 4 -G44/2, fa SCREW | FLANGE.. SAPETY PRECAUTIONS s8 . $8 SINGLE CONTACT DOVeLe CONTACT BAYONET : “BAYONET . : Bo. TElENS. ae LENS, ' The 23/4. TL-3 SPECIAL . : SCREW _ LTMREAD PRE~FocuUs . PRE-FOCUS T-4 anne! : HALOGEN . . | CAUTION: BULB MAY ied bebe | SHATTER. OBSERVE Lid ON PACKAGE. . TRIGGER ELECTRODE. ~ 30°bent bool ys _ 3. COMPONENT” HANDLING | LL stoke COMPONENTS AT Room TEMPERATURE IN. A DRY, pusT-FRee PLACE, PREFERABLY IN THE. ORIGINAL PACKAGE, : 112. JA voto. DROPPING COMPONENTS, A FALL TO THE FuboR SUBIECTS EVEN THE SMALLEST DEVICE TO MANY TIMES THE FORCE oF GRAVITY, A. DROPPED device MAY APPEAR UNDAMAGED, BUT THE FORCE OF IMPACT MAY SEPARATE INTERNAL, CONNECTIONS “AND FORM TINY MICROCRACKS IN THE FUNCTIONAL PART of THE DEvicé oR ITS PROTECTIVE COVERING OR COATING. i J SRACKS IN THE FUNCTIONAL PART of THE DEVICE -MAY RENDER \T USELESS, ALTER ITS SPECIFICATIONS OR DEGRADE ITs PERFORMANCE... CRACKS IAi THE SOATING WEAKEN THE dévice AND PERMIT THE ENTRY OF... MOISTURE. 4 AVOID. OVERHEATING won COMPONENTS. WHEN SaLDERING PR DESOLDERING. PRoTEcT : T SENSITIVE ‘COMPONENTS MITH IA SOLDERING HEAT SINK PR PLIERS. coo. THESE COMPONENTS 8Y SLOWING » PN THEM, BUT NoT THE LOMMEETION, AFTER _ BOLDER ING. XOPLiers or i : ' : HEAT Sik A. To. BEND A COMPONENT lean, = oh [e, GRASP. THE LEAD With LONG NOSE 7 " PLIERS NEAR THE DEVICE AND. ir THEN BEND THE LEAD with A FINGER. THE Raolus. of te . BEND Shouro Exceed THE DIAMETER OF THE LEAD. BENDINeG LEADS. witHouT : ~puiers PLIERS MAY, FORM CRACKS : : ~BETWERN LEAD AND. OEVIce, | : i BiIT AS “WELL. KNOWN, THAT, - SEMICONDUCTOR) COMPOMENTS.. BY ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE (esp. is: Less, Welt KNOWN. ts. THAT. COMPONENTS. GAN) ALSO..BE. COMPONENTS. GUSCEPTABLE.. TH 1 BSD. ARE) 51 Pines MARKED, » -LABBL 2 ane RuT. “ofTen. (THEY. ARE. NOT. t IMPORTANT TO . KNOW..WHICH KINDS |.0| COMmMeo- i peas ARE : SUSCE ETA ALE PossiBLe. Spaaiat | EXTREMELY... LDL NERASLE .| VULNERABLE... | (4.To to00¥),_..|0,.900 to 5,000V3)( MOS: TRANSISTORS —.b MOS)ICS Th AWA TRANSISTORS. SCHOTIKY. TIL Gs J Tunc tiom FETS... | SCHOTTKY: DIODES. | -| LASER Diades: LIMEAR les.d TYPICAL ESD VOLTAGE GENERATED gy VARious MATERIALS (7S°F., 60% RELATIVE HUMIDITY): RUBBER Come STROKE DRY HAIR DESK CHAIR ROLL ACROss PLASTIC FLOOR MaT POLYETHYLENE Bag | CRUMPLE IN HAND TOAZ TRANSISTORS IN PoLy BAG SHAKE BAG SEVERAL TIMES RUB ACROSS ciRewIT BOARD PENCIL ERASER RUE WITH 100% PLASTIC PARTS Box : COTTON FABRIC RAPIDLY UN ROLL SEVERAL INCHES CLEAN PLASTIC TAPE (2” wipe) ADULT MALE CRUBBER SoLE SHOES) WALK AcROsS CARPET THESE MEASUREMENTS MADE with COMMERCIAL STATIC METER, Esp VOLTAGE IS FROM 40 1D SO TIMES HIGHER WHEN RELATIVE HUMIDITY 15 10. 20%. TYPICAL £SD DAMAGE TO. GaTE OF Mos FET OF MOLTEN / METER€ ESD HANDLING PRECAUTIONS OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS WHEN HANDLENG COMPONENTS SUSCEPTABLE TO DAMAGE FRom ESD: 1. STORE COMPONENTS IN ORIGINAL PACKAGE S,. ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE CONTAINERS OR CONDUCTIVE PLASTIC FOAM. 2 DO NOT ToucH LEADS oR PINS. 3. DISCHARGE THE STATIC CHARGE ON Your, . BovY, BEFORE TOUCHING COMPONENTS, BY TOUCHING A GROUNDED METAL SURFACE CCABINET, APPLE-| ANCE ETC.)- a 4. PLACE COMPONENTS ON AN ALUMINUM Fol, . SHEET OR TRAY OR ON CONDUCTIVE FOAM AFTER. REMOVING THEM FROM THEIR CONTAINERS PRIOR... TO INSTALLING THEM. : i 5. DO NOT SLIDE COMPONENTS ACROSS A WaRK BENCH OR OTHER SURFACE. lb. KEEP STATIC-~GENERATING MATERIALS (6.9. PLASTIC, CELLOPHANE, CANDY WRAPPERS, PAPER, CARDBOARD, ETC.) AWAY FROM WORK AREA. 7. NEVER ALLOW CLOTHING. TO MAKE CON TACT, WITH. COMPONENTS. t B. MEVER INSTALL ESD- SENSITIVE COMPONENTS In A CIRCUIT WHEN POWER IS APPLIED, AND - NEVER REMOVE COMPONENTS FROM A cIRCULT WHEN POWER IS APPLIED. Q. WHEN Possible, USE A BATTERY - POWERED IRON TD MAKE SOLDER CONNECTIONS To €sD- SENSITIVE COMPONENTS. AN Ac- POWERED IRON. MAY B& USED IF THE TIP DOES NOT CARRY STRAY VOLTAGE. . a 34BACK. TO INITIAL POINT, NEEDLE. WILL MOVE MoRE ACTISQUGH COMPONENT: CONNECTED INA CIRCUIT FAN. 8 TESTED, BETTER RESULTS ARE LOBTAINED 8Y TESTING COMPONENTS NoT INSTALLED IN) A: CikGuIT. | SUGGESTED METHODS INCbUDE: | “RESISTORS — MeAguRE RESISTANCE With a” MOLT METER. ma CAPACITORS — DISCHARGE CAPACITOR BY. SHORTING LEADS. THEN CONNECT AN. ANALOG MULT IME TER, SET. TO HIGHEST RESIsTANcE | RANGE ACROSS capAciTOR. (6E SuRE to OBSERVE LARITY DE €LEcrRouytic CAPACITORS.) METER NEEDLE SHouLD Move To RIGHT AND THEN FALL MITH LARGE VALUE CAPACITORS. -1T (MAY NOT MOVE WHEN VeLUE is gerow 10.01 oF. 1k METER, THE capacitor IS SHORTED. IF NEEDLE Ol raF OR. CAPACITOR IS OPEN. . bod Diode. S- USE’ A MuLTIMETER.. RESi¢ TANCE | SHOULD BE) Low. IN FORWARD DIRECTION) AND. HIGH IN Reverse OIRECTION, Pye dg LEE EEnnneee eee dow RESis TANCE Co Higa RESISTANCE : . TRANS Is Tors —. THIS. dikcuit ' le ene --PROVIDIES A ten 4 ep !Go/No-Go" ios {TEST FoR. SWITCHING TRANS IsToORS. : Réseecrive INSERT LED Grows IF TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR Here ze IS. Goon... NEEDLE REMAINS AT OR NEAR RIGHT Sing oF FAILS (TO MOVE, VALUE ‘oF CAPACITOR |. 1S, BELOW |: po —¢ -\RCUIT DESIGN TIPS 4. USE EXISTING CIRCUITS. AS GUILOING BLOCK: To FORM ENTIRELY NEW CIRCUITS, 5 Ui 2. ALWAYS REVIEW THE MANUFACTURER'S. SPECI FICATIONS FOR ACTIVE DEVICES CTRANSISTORS, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS , €Tc.) BEFORE USING THEM IN A AIR SPACE ~ CONTACT PoIwT —> (THERMAL CONDUC TIVITY REATSINK —> OF ALUMINUM ' \S ~G,S00 Times | THAT OF AIR.) ~<— screw FES <— 70-210 Se DEVICE THERMAL PAD. on TYPICAL ~HEATSINK INSTALLATION8. SOLDERING FOLLOW THESE STEPS TO PRODUCE Success Ful. é SOLDER CONNECTIONS? weed ik : 1. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND CIRCUIT BoarRDS CAN BE DAMAGED BY EXCESSIVE HEAT. THEREFORE, WHEN SOLDERING. COMPONENTS To A. BOARD, ALWAYS USE A LOW-WATTAGE SOLDERING IRON (1S TO 40 watts). BE SuRE. TO TIN THE TIP ACCORDING.TO THE INSTRUCTIONS SUPPLIED WITH THE IRON. : Link 2. ALWAYS USs& SMALL DIAMETER RDSIN CORE , SOLDER WHEN SOLDERING ELECTRONIC PARTS. NEVER USE ACID CORE. SoLpeR._ IT wike | CORRODE SOLDERED LEADS. B. ALWAYS PREPARE THE SURFACES TO be SOLDERED. SOLDER WILG NOT ADHERE TO PRINT, .. OL, WAX, GREASE OR MELTED INSULATION... REMOVE THESE MATERIALS WITH A SOLVENT, STEEL WOOL OR FINE SANDPAPER. ALWAYS | BuEE THE COPPER Fou OF A CIRCUIT BOARD. | WITH STEEL Wool, BE SURE THERE IS A Good : CONNECTION BETWEEN SURFACES BEING SOLDERED. 4. TO SOLDER, HEAT THE CONNECTION FIRST, THE SOLDER. AFTER A SECOND OR TWO... TOUCH JHE END OF A LENGTH. OF SOLDER TD. THE CONNECTION. 5S. LEAVE THE HOT TIP OF THE IRON IN PLACE UNTIL MOLTEN SOLDER FLOWS THROUGH AND. AROUND THE CONNECTION. THEN REMOVE THE IRON. IMPORTANT: 00 NOT APPLY TOO MUCH SOLDER OR ALLOW THE CONNECTION TO. MOVE: BEFORE IT. Coals. lb. KEEP THE TIP OF THE IRON CLEAN AND, SHIN’. wipe AWAY EXCESS SOLDER. AND i DEBRIS WITH A PAMP SPONGE OR CLOTH... 4OA. COMPONENT. CAN. BE REMOVED. FROM A BOARD BY HEATING ITS | CONNECTIONS WITH. A HOT! SOLDERING IRON UNTIL. THE SOLDER MELTS. . AND THEN (PULLING ON THE LEADS UNTIL THE. COMPONENTS FREE. UNLESS SPECIALIZED | DE sO LpeRiING TIPS ARE USED... THIS. METHOD, S.. SUITABLE. ONLY. FOR iWoIVIDUAL WIRES: OR | SOMPONENTS WITH TWO LEADS. TO REMouE, COMPONENTS. with MULTIPLE. LEADS OR PINS A DESOLDERING IRON OR TOOL SHouLD gE USED. FOLLOW. THESE. STEPS: bg 1. HEAT THE CoNWecTION. UNTIL “THE. SouDeR | MELTS. big 2. DESOLDERING IRON ~SQuEEZE BULB Before HEATING CONNECTION; RELEASE BULB WHEN SOLDER MEits: |. : : i _ DESOLDERING Tool— saueeze Bug OR Lo » ACTUATE PLUNGER. WHEN SOLDER. MELTS, i TRUCH TIP OF. TOOL TD SOLDER AND. RELEASE --, BULB. OR, PLUNGER. REPEAT IF NECESSARY. | Poko DESOLDERING 8RAID— PLACE grain OVER SOLDER CONNECTION. PRESS BRAID AGAINST CONNECTION WITH TIP OF IRON UNTIL SOLDER MELTS AND FLOWS ImTO BRAID. (3. REPAIR BROKEN AND SEPARATED FOIL PATTERN, | SPLICES CAN BE MADE BY SOLDERING sHoRT LENGTHS of WIRE ACROSS BREAKS. SOLDERING PRECAUTIONS 4. A WOT SOLDERING IRON CAN CAUSE A FIRE OR BURN A FINGER. UNPLUG AN UNUSED SOLDERING IRON! 2. AVOID BREATHING SMOKE AND VAPOR FROM HOT SoupeR. SOLDER IN A WELL “VENTILATED AREA, B.. SUPERVISE. CHILDREN WHO USE SOLDERING IRONS, i . 41HOW TO SOLDER vier, LPREPARE THE. aed ‘ : op: SURFACES TD... SC ten t Teas’, » BE SOLDERED 4 _ BY REMOVING \ CLEAN) <—coPPeR. . ALL OXIRATICN, x . “ Fou GREASE, ADHESIVE. AND. PARTICLES... ciRcuiT \ vd BOARD L bed i 2. SECURE IN. FIXE 1 COMPONENT POSITION THE. jt, i LEAD : SuREACES TD BE). SQLpERED TOGETHER. ut 3. HEAT THE SUREACES 1 TO BE SOLDERED _ 4. , FOR A FEW SECONDS. 7 k with A) HEATED. 2. IRON SOLDERING IRON. ore Hold THE IRON | SCE PLACE AND... eo FUMES 4 L + ...TOUEH THE END. OF. A LENGTH OF. ROSIN CORE SOLDER To THE HEATED... JUNCTION. ALLOW. NZ SOLDER TD MELT. BREATAE! AND FLOW THROUGH . BND OVER THE t cup SOLDERED TUNCTION. Excess CONNECTION Leao* 5. REmMove THE IRa We ) AND SOLDER AND. % ee ALLOW THE Junction. ‘PROTECT TO CooL. BEFORE. EYES! : _ MOVING THE BOARD... 42HEAT THE JUNCTION TO BE DESOLDERED WITH A HEATED - SOLDERING IRON. UNTIL. THE SOLDER. MELTS oR 1.4 be HEAT THE JUNCTION ;WiTH A HEATED DESOLDERING ARON UNTIL THE SOLDER MELTS, sausaze. me BULB OF A DESOLDERING Toot CoR IRON), : PLACE. TIP: oF Took COR IRON) AS CLOSE | AS PossiRLE To “SOLDER , AND RELEASE | BULB. SOLDER. Wiel BE SLuRPED .UP INTO TODL. COMPONENT LEAD CAN NOW BE REMOVED. NoTE THAT LEAD CAN: BE REMoUED By PULLING ON IT WHEN SOLDER \S MOLTEN. CLEAN TERMINAL. REPAIR. BROKEN Foil PATTERN. WITH WIRE BRIDGE. SOLDER IN. PLACE. 43|) VRaueLEsHoOTING 1 DURE ‘1s THE PROCESS _O IN@ THE PROZLEM THAT CAUSES. A. CIRCUIT TO MALEU.NCTION. WITH THE EXCEPTION OF. MIN PROBLEMS, TROUBLESHOOTING SOPHISTICATE P SYSTEMS. LIKE COMPUTERS ..ANO VORs..18, BEST... LEET GTO QUALIFIED TECHNICIANS. _ THE. PROCE t LISTED BELOW CAN BE. USED. TO TROUGLE SHOOT: PO-IT- YOURSELF - PROJECTS... L Be sure You FULLY UNDERSTAND THE F TON QF THE CIRCUIT AS .DESCRIBED. IN THE STRYCTIONS. FOR ITS. CONSTRUCTION. 2. (ETRE CIRCUIT DOES NOT. FUNCTION, BE SuRE. IT LS RECEIVING POWER. CARE THE. BAT: TERIES FRESH AND INSTALLED. CORRECTLY ? ARE. THE BATTERY HOLDER'S TERMINALS (CLEAN? RAG A BATTERY. CLIP LEAD BECOME. BROKEN INSIDE, ITS INSULATING TACKET 2 As. THE POWER. CORD INSERTED IN AN OUTLET? 1S A FUSE... BLOWN? DOES THE CIRCUIT’S POWER REQUIREMENT | EXCEED THE AVAILABLE POWER? .. Lal B, CAREFULLY COMPARE THE CIRCUIT WITH. TH SCHEMATIC. HAS. EVERY CONNECTION, BEEN MADE 2. ARE ANY CONNECTIONS INCORRECT ?... ARE. ANY SOLDER , CONNECTIONS DEFECTIVE ?. bal 4. ARE POLARITY-SENSITIVE COMPONENTS UKE ELECTROLYTIC. GAPACITORS, DIODES ANO TRANSIS: TORS INSTALLED CORRECTLY? ARE INTEGRATED. circu ITS INSTALLED CORRECTLY ? boy 5. ARE UNUSED INPUTS OF DIGITAL LOGIC CHIPS CONKSECTED TO GROUND OR ONE SIDE OF THE PowER suPPLY? b. FOR BEST RESULTS FOLLOW AN ORGANIZED, LOGICAL APPROACH TO. TROUBLESHOOTING. THE. - TROUBLESHOOTING TREE ON THE FACING: PAGE... ILLUSTRATES THIS. APPROACH... feet 4H sedciRcir ~ OPERATES? FAS AFTER (tT "WARMS UP"? CUR CUET EMTs opor? CONSULT ALL LITER ATURE AgouT CIRCUIT TO IDENWIFY Possisce ORIGEN OF PROBLEM, BATTERY PoweRED: 1. CHECK BATTERY. | 2.chECK BATTERY CONTACTS; CLEAN SAME. 3. CHECK POWER SWITCH,| AC LINE PoweREn: Lits Pku@ In ourceT? 2. TRY ANOTHER OvTLeT. 3.CHECK FUSE. 4. CHECK POWER SWITCH. 4, CHECK FoR Loose CONNECTIONS AND CONTACTS, 2. CHECK FOR COMPONENT THAT FALLS WHEN WARM AND RESUMES OPERATION WHEN. COOL. CHECK FOR COMPONENT. THAT FAILS WHEN: WARM OR KOT, A COMPONENT is OVERHEATED. DBO Nor OPBRATE cikcuit UNTIL SOURCE -oF mE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED AND CORRECTED. THIS TREE IS veRY BASIC. MANY ciRCUITS REQUIRE ADDITIONAL DECISION NoDES AND ACTION BRANCHES. 4SC DIGITAL TROUBLESHOOTING : THESE SIMPLE CIRCUITS PERMIT DIGITAL LOGIC CincvaTS TO BE TESTED. BOTH CIRCUITS CAN BE.. ASSEMBLED USING SAME Hoda. . BOUNCELESS SWITCH GROUND UNUSED 4ou@ INPUTS. PuLse our. at FOR TTL AND CMOS CIRCUITS. CONNECT Vpp AND GROUND TO, RESPECTIVELY, Positive supPLY AND GROUND OF THE CIRCUIT. BEING TESTED. TOGGLE St TO PRODUCE CLEAN, No\sE- FREE PULSE. : LOGIC PROBE For TTL AND CMOS CIRCUITS. 4 GROUND YNUSED 4049 INPUTS. CONNECT Voo AND GROUND TO, RESPECTIVELY, PoSITive SUPPLY AND GROUND OF THE CIRCUIT i BEING TESTED, ToucK INPUT PROBE TO TERMINAG OF CARCUIT BEING TESTED. LEDs INDICATE LOGIC. Gratis (LeLOW; H* HIGH). R1- TAGLE GIVES VAWES FOR~ SmA CURRENT. OKAY TD USE 2.2K FOR ALL. VALUES OF Vpp IF LEDs ARE SUPER- BRIGHT .UN ITS. Yo bet my i ph bpp babe badd jee Fededededob bog i ANALO G TROUBLESHOOTING “THESE circuits cAN &€ use. Zo TRousresHoor ‘AUDIO AMPLIFIERS AND | TO DETERMINE THE Con~ LATIN DATY OF. MULTI= CONDUCTOR WIRE AND CABLE. GEE SAFETY. PRECAUTIONS ON FOLLOWING PAGE.) / SIGNAL INJECTOR CONNECT INJECTOR ouTPUT TO INPUT. OF CIRCUIT BEING TESTED. USE TRACER To FOLLOW SIGNAL THROUGA EACH STAGE. OF CIRCUIT. DISTORTION IN) SOUND (oF INJECTED, SIGNAL INDI- CATES A PROBLEM. Ri SONTROLS |FREQUENCY. SIGNAL. R3 CONTROLS OUT = AMPLITUDE. NOT To EXCEED TESTED CIRCUIT'S SUPPLY VOLTAGE, SIGNAL TRACER’ eaen =x 47.10. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS POWERED 8Y HOUSEHOLD LINE CURRENT AND SOME BATTERY— POWERED CIRCUITS CAN CAUSE DANGEROUS ECECTRICAL SHOCIKS. AN ELECTRICAL SHOCK CAN CAUSE HEART FAILURE. A SHOCK CAN ALSO. CAUSE - A WOLENT MUSCLE REFLEX THAT MAY INTURE AN ARM OR LEG OR EVEN THROW YOU TO THE FLOOR,. O8SERVE, TAESE PRECAUTIONS: 4, HOUSEHOLD LINE CURRENT CAN KILGL ONLY. EXPERIENCED TECHNICIANS SHOULD WORK. ON) A LINE-POWERED CIRCUIT WITH THE POWER ONL 2. EXPERIENCED TECHNICIANS NEVER waRK ALONE AND ALWAYS KEEP ONE HAND IN A POCKET TO HELP PREVENT AN ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE PATH THROUGH THEIR &0DY. : 3. LARGE FILTER AND ENERGY STORAGE CAPAr CITORS CAN STORE A DANGEROUS CHARGE FOR SEVERAL DAYS OR Moke! NEVER TOUGH THE | TERMINALS OF SUCH CAPACITORS! CAPACITORS . CAN BE DISCHARGED BY CAREFULLY TOUCHING, THE METAL TIP OF A SCREWDRIVER WITH AN! INSULATED RANDLE ACROSS THEIR TERMINALS SEVERAL TIMES. : i + + 4. CHILDREN ANO THOSE INEXPERIENCED ‘IN | WORKING WITH ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS. SHOULD , Not ATTEMPT TO SERVICE LINE-POWERED cincwits! : 5S. NEVER PLAY WITH ELecTRICITY | 6. ABTER SERVICING LINE-POWERED EQUIP-. MENT, REPLACE ALL PANELS AND SCREWS BEFORE APPLYING POWER. 7, WEAR RUBER-SOLED SHOES AND STAND on - A ORY RUBBER MAT OR WOOD SURFACE WHEN... WORKING WITH. LINE-PQWERED CIRCUITS. 48RESISTOR COLOR CODE : BLACK Oo Oo *4] BROWN 1 L *¥ 16 RED 2 2 £100 ORANGE 3 3 % 1,000 YELLOW 4 4 ¥X 16,000 GREEN 5 5 ¥ 100,000 Bie 6 © * 1,000,000 VioLeT 707 ~ x 10,060,000 GRAY @ @% 100,000,000 WHATE q 4 _ FOURTH BAND INDICATES TOLERANCE CAccuR ACY): GOLB=tS% SiveR=t10% NWErE 20% OHMS LAW: verze Revst TeV/R Pe yr=i?R ABBREVIATIONS A> AMPERE R= RESISTANCE F= Faeap Vv (oR E) = VOLT I= cuRrent WE WATT P= Power SL= Onm M EMEG-) = X 1.000.000 K €kKiLo-) = & 4000 wm CMiLLI-) = oo A CMICRO-) = . 000 oot ® CNANO-) = , 900 cca coi Pp CPico-) =. 900 000 coe cot