Environment, Sustainability

and Services 2
Heat Load Estimations

04/04/2019
Srijani Hazra
Assistant Professor, SSAA, AU
Agenda
1. Factor affecting HVAC Design

2. Heat load estimations- thumb rule

3. Factor: Sqft/ ton ratio

4. Sqft/ ton ratio as per building function

Factors affecting HVAC design
• Heat gained by the walls

• Heat gained by the roof

• Heat gained by the windows

• Heat generated by the people

• Heat generated by the electrical appliances

• Heat gain from outside air

Factors affecting HVAC design
To be considered when calculating loads:

A. Design considerations. These are the location, house size, and outdoor
and indoor design conditions of the house and include such things as relative
humidity, latitude, elevation, and directional orientation of the house. Keep in
mind that a house in the same climate or city, even of the same house plan,
doesn’t necessarily have the same heating and cooling loads, solar gain plays
a large part in cooling loads.

B. Thermal enclosure. This includes the windows’ U-values, the home’s

insulation values and airtightness, and external and internal shading. Just in
considering a home’s windows, you need to take into account their orientation,
size, thermal conductivity, and solar heat gain coefficient. The better a home’s
enclosure, the more the windows are going to affect the loads.

C. Internal loads. These include the number of people living in the home, their
electronics, lighting and appliances, and system location and ductwork. A
system where the ducts pass through a very hot, uninsulated attic will work out
to have different loads than one where the ducts pass through a highly
insulated attic.
Heat load estimation- Thumb rule
• Air conditioners are rated by the number of British Thermal Units
(Btu) of heat they can remove per hour. Another common rating term
for air conditioning size is the "ton”.

• 1 Ton = 12,000 Btu per hour.

• A 12,000 Btu air conditioner can cool between 450 and 550 square
feet of floor space.

• 25 Btu to cool 1 square foot of room floor area.

• Room air conditioners range from 5,500 Btu per hour to 14,000 Btu
per hour.
Heat load estimation- Thumb rule

1 btu / hour = It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the

0.29307107 watts temperature of one pound of water by one
degree Fahrenheit.
Factor: Sqft/ ton ratio
Sqft/ ton ratio as per building function
Energy Efficiency

• Rating is based on how many Btu per hour are removed for
each watt of power it draws

• For room air conditioners, this efficiency rating is the Energy

Efficiency Ratio, or EER

• For central air conditioners, it is the Seasonal Energy

Efficiency Ratio, or SEER
EER & SEER

Energy efficiency ratio (EER) is the ratio between the cooling

capacity and the power input of the Air conditioners. For example,
if a 1 TR \AC consumes 1000 watts, then the EER of the Air
conditioners is 3.5 W/W. ACs with high EER consume less power.

Cooling capacity is the amount of heat energy removed by the Air

conditioner from a space for a given time. It is generally measured
in British Thermal Unit (BTU) per hour (BTU/Hr). In SI units it is
measured by KJ / Sec= KW.
EER & SEER
 Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) is also expressed
in (BTU/W·hr) but instead of being evaluated at a single
operating condition, it represents the expected overall
performance for a typical year's weather in a given location.
The SEER is thus calculated with the same indoor
temperature, but over a range of outside temperatures from
65 °F (18 °C) to 104 °F (40 °C).
Star Rating
• At the time of Initial Purchase
of AC, customers want to know
the electrical consumption of
an AC.
• This star rating is provided for
customer awareness
by BEE (Bureau of Energy
Efficiency.)
• This Sticker is provided
by Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (BEE) Department of
Energy Saving, Govt. of India.
 The sticker showed EER of 2.95. Therefore it had star rating of 4 in
2011 and now it has star rating of 2.
HVAC capacity Range