Lesson 1 Introduction To Software Engineering - Part 3

Lesson 1 Introduction to Software Engineering – AUB
Part 3 ENMG 644 - Agile Software Project Management
Software
Stakeholders
PART III: INFORMATION SYSTEMS
AND STAKEHOLDERS
◦ Define the notion of Stakeholders

Learning outcomes ◦ Identify different types of stakeholders who use or
develop Information Systems
◦ Define the unique role of a system analyst
SOFTW ARE STAKEHOLDERS 2
Imad Moukadem, PhD 1

Software players
oA stakeholder is any person or a group who has an interest in an existing or proposed
software and is affected by the outcomes of this software or can influence its outcome.
oStakeholders can be technical or non-technical workers.
oStakeholders include end-users who interact with the system and everyone else in an
organization that may be affected by its installation.
oOther system stakeholders may be engineers who are developing or maintaining
related systems, business managers, and domain experts.
System owners (sponsors)

People who are investing in the production of the software
◦ These stakeholders are indirect users of the system
◦ They are affected only by the business outcomes of the system

Software builders and designers

Project managers, system maintainers, testers, support staff, designers, coders,
technical writers, production staff, and any other types of developer involved in the
production and support of the software
System users
The people who will use or are affected by the software - these are the people who will
use the system.
Internal users
oClerical and service workers, technical and professional staffs, supervisors, middle
managers and executive managers
External users
oCustomers, suppliers, partners, employees

System analyst
oA system analyst is involved in the definition, requirements gathering, and design
phases of a system.
oThe analyst uses computers and related systems to design new IT solutions, modify,
enhance, or adapt existing systems and integrate new features or improvements, all
with the aim of improving business efficiency and productivity.
oThe analyst writes the requirements for new systems and may also help implement
them and monitor their effectiveness.
Software analyst vs. Programmer

oThe main difference between a system analyst and a programmer is that a system
analyst researches problems, plans solutions, gives some recommendations for
software and systems, and coordinates the software development to meet business or
other requirements
oWhile the programmer must deal with business requirements and then implement
them in code

Information
Systems and
Applications
PART III: INFORMATION SYSTEMS
AND STAKEHOLDERS
◦ Define Information Systems and types of Information

Systems applications
Learning outcomes
INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 10

A framework for systems analysis and

design
o A system is a group of interrelated components that function together to
achieve a desired result.
o Information Technology (IT) describes the combination of computer

technology (hardware and software) with telecommunications and
networking technology (data, image, and voice networks).
o An Information System (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and

information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as
output the information needed to support decision making, control, analysis,
and visualization in an organization.
Information Systems (IS) (1/3)
People – to help support

decision making, coordination,
control, analysis, and
visualization in an organization
An
Information
System has all Technology – hardware,
Process – collects,
software, and networks that
processes, stores, and 3 dimensions
support the business
disseminates information working processes and people
together

oAn Information System (IS) is made up of five components hardware, software,

database, network, and people that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as
output the information needed to support decision making, control, analysis, and
visualization in an organization.
oBusiness firms and other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and
manage their operations, interact with their customers and suppliers, and compete in
the marketplace.
IS Components
• Hardware consists of input/output device, processor, and media devices. These include also
servers, networking equipment, printers, etc.
• Software are the programs used to handle the data. These include programs such as
spreadsheet programs, database software.
• Database contains the data that the information system records. It is organized in the
required structure.
• Network is a complex system of interconnected components that allow information to go
from one location to another. Smartphones, for example, rely on wireless communication
networks to transmit data.
• People consist of network administrators, system specialist, etc.

Types of Information Systems
Transaction Processing System (TPS)

(1/4)
• A transaction is any event or activity that affects the organization and occur as part
of doing business, such as sales, purchases, deposit, withdrawals, and payments,
placing orders, billing customers, hiring employees, depositing, etc.
• A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is an information system that captures and
processes data about business transactions.
• It is used to record day to day business transactions of the organization and to
process data arising from business transactions.
• It is a form of computer processing that takes place in the presence of a computer
user and allows a user request or transaction to be answered immediately.


(2/4)
Some examples of TPSs include:
• ATM transactions
• Credit Card System
• Electronic Commerce
• Online Payments
• Online Trading Stocks

(3/4)
Transaction processing is the set of procedures for handling the transactions, often includes:
• Calculation
• Storage and retrieval
• Classification
• Summarization
• Sorting
• Etc.


(4/4)
Once the business transactions are

recorded and processed, the TPS produces
timely documents and reports, and
information for internal and external use,
such as shipping order, invoice, purchase
order, customer list, paycheck, etc.
Management Information System

(MIS) (1/3)
• A Management Information System (MIS) is an information system that provides for

management-oriented reporting.
• An MIS gathers data from multiple online systems, i.e., TPS analyzes the information,
and reports data to help businesses make decisions.
• MISs are used by managers to analyze the input data with several algorithms to
produce reports that the managers use to monitor, control and predict future
performance.


(MIS) (2/3)
Examples of management information systems include:
• Sales management systems – they get input from the Point-of-Sale System (PoS).
• A PoS system is the hardware and software that enables you to make sales, accept
payments, and check out customers – it enables the business transaction between
the client and the company to be completed.

(MIS) (3/3)
• Using a PoS, you know exactly:

• Which products have you sold on daily or monthly bases?
• How many products are in the warehouse or how much money you have made
• You can notice and analyze movements and trends in sales processes, analyze your
sales reports and other data in order to predict more accurately future trends.
• For example, input from this PoS can be used to analyze trends of products that
are performing well and those that are not performing well.
• This information can be used to make future orders i.e., increasing orders for
well-performing products and reduce the orders of products that are not
performing well.

Decision Support System (DSS) (1/3)
• A DSS can be seen as a knowledge-based system, used by managers, which

facilitates the creation of knowledge.
• It is an information system that provides information to help make decisions.
• These systems are often used to analyze existing structured information and allow
project managers to know the potential effects of their decisions into the future.
• They offer access to databases, analytical tools, and allow "what if" simulations.
• DSSs use mathematical models and

statistical techniques to support decision
making.
• Some common statistical techniques are

predictive modeling and probability.
• They use input from internal systems

(TPSs, MISs, etc.) and sometimes external
sources.

The main objective of DSS is to provide solutions to problems that are unique and change
frequently. Decision support systems use sophisticated models, and statistical techniques
(probability, predictive modeling, etc.) to provide solutions.
DSS answer questions such as:

• What would the impact of employees' performance be if we double the production
lot at the factory?
• What would happen to our sales if a new competitor entered the market?
• What is the cause of the higher water consumption of users in this sector in the
country?
• What products should we be making in 5 years?

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Lesson 1 Introduction to Software Engineering – AUB

Part 3 ENMG 644 - Agile Software Project Management

◦ Define the notion of Stakeholders

SOFTW ARE STAKEHOLDERS 2

Imad Moukadem, PhD 1

SOFTW ARE STAKEHOLDERS 3

System owners (sponsors)

SOFTW ARE STAKEHOLDERS 4

Imad Moukadem, PhD 2

Software builders and designers

SOFTW ARE STAKEHOLDERS 5

SOFTW ARE STAKEHOLDERS 6

Imad Moukadem, PhD 3

SOFTW ARE STAKEHOLDERS 7

Software analyst vs. Programmer

SOFTW ARE STAKEHOLDERS 8

Imad Moukadem, PhD 4

◦ Define Information Systems and types of Information

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 10

Imad Moukadem, PhD 5

A framework for systems analysis and

o Information Technology (IT) describes the combination of computer

o An Information System (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 11

Information Systems (IS) (1/3)

People – to help support

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 12

Imad Moukadem, PhD 6

Information Systems (IS) (2/3)

oAn Information System (IS) is made up of five components hardware, software,

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 13

Information Systems (IS) (2/3)

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 14

Imad Moukadem, PhD 7

Types of Information Systems

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 15

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 16

Imad Moukadem, PhD 8

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Some examples of TPSs include:

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 17

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 18

Imad Moukadem, PhD 9

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Once the business transactions are

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 19

Management Information System

• A Management Information System (MIS) is an information system that provides for

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 20

Imad Moukadem, PhD 10

Management Information System

Examples of management information systems include:

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 21

Management Information System

• Using a PoS, you know exactly:

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 22

Imad Moukadem, PhD 11

Decision Support System (DSS) (1/3)

• A DSS can be seen as a knowledge-based system, used by managers, which

INFORM ATION SYSTEM S AND APPLICATIONS 23