Proyecto Amphorae

REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA

EPIGRAFÍA ANFÓRICA.

Workshop. Barcelona, 9-10 mayo 2003.

J. Remesal Rodríguez (Ed.)

Barcelona 2004

5
STAMPS, INSCRIPTIONS AND AMPHORAE FROM NORTHERN ITALY
TAMÁS BEZECZKY
Institut Für Kulturgeschichte der Antike (Wien)

INTRODUCTION

This paper is about four types of amphorae (Dressel 6B, ’ante 6B’, Schörgendorfer 558 and
`Porto Recanati`) which were produced in Northern Italy. However, they are not mentioned in the
plate compiled by Heinrich Dressel.1 These amphorae are mainly found in Northern Italy, Noricum
and Pannonia – with a few pieces in Raetia, Moesia and Dacia, and were in use from the late first
century BC to the second century A.D. In recent years, archaeologists discovered or thought they
discovered a number of relationships between them, though. A number of questions still remain
unaswered, because only a few kilns have been found.

THE TYPES

1) One of the best-known types in Northern Italy and North East Provinces is the Dressel
6B (Fig. 1 – 1). When Dressel published the stamps, he referred to this type as „forma 6 similis”
but he failed to add drawings. For a long time, these amphorae were mistaken2 – and are

* I am grateful to my brother Gábor Bezeczky who translated the manuscript. I would like to thank David Williams for
correcting the English text. Special thanks are due to Ágnes Vári who made the drawings for press.
1
H. DRESSEL CIL XV.2, Berlin 1899.
2
A. DEGRASSI, Aquileia e l’Istria in eta romana, Studi Aquileiesi offerti a G.Brusin, Aquileia 1953, 51-65 = reprint in:
Scritti vari di antichita, II, Rome 1962, 951-963. A. DEGRASSI, L'esportazione di olio e di olive istriane nell'etá romana,
AMSI 4, 1956, 104-112 = reprint in: Scritti vari di antichitá, II, Rome 1962, 965-972. DEGRASSI emphasized the

289
occasionally still mistaken3 – for the Dressel 6A type. Paolo Baldacci4 and Enzo Bucchi5
distinguished the two separate types for the first time. Finally, Marie Brigitte Carre6 described their
characteristics, chronology and distribution clearly and in detail. Recent publications7 have
revealed some new information about the distribution and chronology. In addition new stamps have
also been published. There were many stamps and tituli picti before the Imperial stamps appeared8
on the – somewhat different Dressel 6B – amphorae (Fig. 1 – 2), that is, from the last third of the
1st century A.D. The shape was complete changed from the second half of the 2nd century. This
9
)DåDQD  W\SH )LJ  – 3) is smaller than the Dressel 6B. One of these amphorae has the stamp of
M. Aurelius Iustus. During the late Roman period this type10 EHFDPH YHU\ VPDOO )DåDQD  DQG
Loron 2; Fig. 1 – 4 and 5). We know very little about the producers and the internal organization of
the workshops.

Even though only a few workshops have been found, the place of origin of the Dressel 6B
amphorae in Istria and Northern Italy is usually taken for granted. One of the workshops and
11
DVVRFLDWHG NLOQV ZHUH XQHDUWKHG LQ )DåDQD QHDU 3XOD . This was in the possession of the Laecanius
family. The three villas on the island of Brijuni were related to the workshop12. That another
workshop was in Loron13 also seems quite certain. The kiln was opposite the villa in Loron, on the
other side of the bay, in Cervar. Several owners can be identified14 on the basis of the stamps in the

importance of the Istrian oil. He referred to both types as form 6. He thought both came from the Istrian peninsula. F.
ZEVI, Anfore istriane ad Ostia (Nota sul commercio istriano) AMSI 15, 1967, 21-31, continued Degrassi’s research, and
published important data, but he also failed to distinguish the two types.
3
For example by E.L WILL, Shipping amphoras as indicators of economic Romanisation in Athens, in: M.C. HOFF and
S.I. ROTROFF (eds.) The Romanization of Athens, Proceedings of an International Conference held at Lincoln, Nebraska,
April 1996, (Oxbow Monograph 94), Oxford 1997, 117-133, esp. 124-125, who makes absurd claims in connection with
the Laecanius workshop in Faåana. Recently P. DYCZEK, Roman amphorae of the 1st-3rd centuries AD found on the Lower
Danube. Typology, Wa 2001, 82-89.
4
P. BALDACCI, Alcuni aspetti dei commerci nei territori cisalpini, (Atti del Centro Studi e Documentazione sull’Italia
Romana, I.), Milano - Varese 1967-1968, 7-50.
5
E. BUCHI, Banchi di anfore romane a Verona. Note sui commerci cisalpini, Il territorio veronese in eta romana. Atti del
convegno tenuto a Verona, 22-24 ott. 1971, Verona 1973, 531-637, esp. 550-553.
6
M.B. CARRE, Les amphores de la Cisalpine et de l’Adriatique au debut de l’Empire, MEFRA 97, 1985, 207-245, esp.
219-225.
7
F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion des amphores à huile Istriennes, in: C. ZACCARIA (ed.) Strutture portuali e rotte
marittime nell`Adriatico di età Romana, (Antichità Altoadriatiche 46), Trieste – Roma 2001, 501-543; S. PESAVENTO
MATTIOLI, Anfore: problemi e prospettive di ricerca, in: G.P. BROGIOLO, G. OLCESE (eds.), Produzione ceramica in area
Padana tra il II secolo a.C. e il VII secolo d.C.: Nuovi dati e prospettive di ricerca. Convegno internazionale di
desenzano del Garda, 8-10 Aprile 1999, Mantova 2000, 21-29. Both papers have detailed bibliographical data.
8
F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, 528-535; T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora stamps and the villas of
Brijuni, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, (Philosophische-Historische Klasse Denkschriften, 261), Wien
1998. 7-9; Y. MARION, and A. STARAC, Les Amphores, in: F. TASSAUX, R. M$7,-$â,û, and V. K29$ý,û, (eds.) Loron
(Croatie), Un grandes centre de production d`amphores à huile Istriennes, Bordeaux 2001, 97-125, esp. 107-113.
9
A. GNIRS, Eine Römische Tonwarenfabrik in Fasana bei Pola, Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde 4, 1910, 79-88, esp. 86a,
No. 14, Fig. 5; T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, 9, Fig. 7.
10
T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, 9, fig. 7; Y. MARION, and A. STARAC, Les Amphores…, 117-118 and 121-
124.
11
A. GNIRS, Eine Römische Tonwarenfabrik…, 79-88; A. GNIRS, Forschungsergebnisse aus dem südlichen Istrien,
Jahreshefte des Öst. Arch. Inst. 13, 1910a, Beibl. 95-106, esp. 95-97; GNIRS, A. (1911) Grabungen und Untersuchungen
in der Polesana, Jahreshefte des Öst. Arch. Inst. 14, 5-46, esp. 35-38; Rescue excavation 1990-1991 A. VITASOVIü, M.
PAVLETIü, R. MATIJAšIü; T. BEZECZKY; M. P$9/(7,û, New objects from the figlina of C. Laecanius Bassus, Jahreshefte
des Öst. Arch. Inst. 65, 1996, 143-163, esp. 144-147.
12
T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, 68; F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, 507-508, footnote 46.
13
F. TASSAUX, R. M$7,-$â,û and V. K29$ý,û, (eds.) Loron…; V. K29$ý,û and F. TASSUX, Od masline do amfore/Dall`
olivo all`anfora 3RUHþ  
14
F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, 511-512; Y. MARION, and A. STARac, Les Amphores…, 99-116

290
villa. The systematic research of F. Tassaux and his team determined the outlines of some other
production centres (Fig. 2).15 Ezek meghatározása többnyire a köfeliratok és a tetöcserepek
bélyegei (tile stamps) alapján történtek, a fazekasmühelyeket és égetökemencéket tovább keresik.
The production sites may have been in a number of places in Northern Italy. The petrological
analyses16 show that they may have been somewhere near the lake Garda or near Verona, perhaps
Padova.

Fig. 1. 1– 'UHVVHO % DPSKRUD  )DåDQD  W\SH  )DåDQD  W\SH  /RURQ  W\SH –7
Schörgendorfer 558 A and B type, 8–9 ´Porto Recanati` type

15
F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, Fig. 2.
16
S. PESAVENTO MATTIOLI, Anfore: problemi…, 111-112.

291
Fig. 2. Map of Istria after Tassaux 2001, 1 town, 2 workshop and 3 probably production area

Petrological analyses can distinguish between the Italian and the Istrian amphorae. The
characteristic ’terra rossa’ was use in the Istrian 17 vessels. This was tempered by rocks rich in
carbonate and sea sand. The Italian pieces can be distinguished by the presence of piroxene. The
heavy minerals grains are usually bigger, especially the piroxene, epidote, and granet. All the
Dressel 6B amphorae have large quantities of shell granules and microorganisms, e.g., planctonic
foraminifera and geodia sponge spicules. On the basis of the thin sections analysis and the heavy
mineral preparations from the amphorae of the Laecanius workshop, it can be stated that the same
workshop used non homogenous material and the firing temperature varied between 750 and 900
degrees C.

17
T. BEZECZKY, Amphorenfunde vom Magdalensberg und aus Pannonien, Ein Vergleich. (Archäologische Forschungen
zu den Grabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 12), Klagenfurt 1994, 102; M.A. M ANGE and T. BEZECZKY, Geological
analysis of the Laecanius amphorae from Istria, northern Adriatic region, Croatia (forthcoming).

292
 It is often discussed how the Dressel 6B amphorae evolved. It can be confirmed that the
formal characteristics of the Dressel 6B type are rather varied. In the case of the stamped
amphorae, it is sometimes possible to examine intact specimens, although usually only small
fragments are available. The same holds true for the products of the Laecanius workshop. In most
cases only the diameter of the rim (D), the thickness of the rim (V), and the height of the rim (HD)
can be measured. In a few cases we also know additional data.18 The large fragments listed in the
catalogue19 can be easily classified according to these types. The rim fragments can only be
classified on the basis of their size. The diagramm shows the differences of the diameters of the
rims. The diameter of most pieces is between 14.6-15, 15.1-15.5, and 15.6-16. These groups
represent 68% of the pieces. The ones which are smaller (between 13.1 and 14.5) add up to 18%.

2) There is another type which is similar to the Dressel 6B type amphorae. A. Toniolo
distinguished20 them as the ’ante 6B’ type (Fig. 3 – 2 and 3). The amphorae are parts of a series
that was called21 „Adriatic oil amphorae” or classified as Dressel 6A amphorae. This is a
transitional type, which is similar at the same time to both the ‘Brindisi type’ or ovoid amphorae
(Fig 3 – 1) and the classic Dressel 6B. D. Manacorda22 pointed out that a continuous line of
development can be assumed between the amphorae produced near Brindisi and in the Istrian
peninsula. Formerly, the stamped `ante 6B` amphorae were classified as belonging to the early
Dressel 6B type. The problem of the ’ante 6B’ amphorae can be discussed in this context. The
APICI stamps at the Museum of Este and in Altino occur on both the ante 6B amphorae and the
Dressel 6B proper.23 Since the stamps refer to members of Northern Italian families, the problem of
the provenance of this type will be discussed later.

3) A special amphora type was first described by V. Lipp24 in the nineteenth century, when
he prepared the catalogue of the ceramic objects found in Savaria. F. Kenner25 defined this form as
`diota`. The same amphora form was catalogued in Vindobona by A. Schörgendorfer as 558.26 The
neck and the base are cylindrical. The body is composed of two truncated cones facing each other.
The handles are attached to the rim horizontally, and reach the upper part of the body. The handles
are flat, with longitudinal grooves. There are two grooves parallel to the concentric circles on the
upper part of the body. This amphora type very often had a titulus pictus. Some painted inscription
were published in V. volume of CIL (8111.1-3), but the fact that these inscription were on the

18
The average size of the amphorae produced in the Laecanius workshop is:
D V HD DN HN DNB DB HT
Average 15.1 2.2 5.6 9.2 17.4 16.7 38.8 87.9
Std. Dev. 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.4 3.7 1.2 2.7
DN - minimum diameter of the neck; HN - height of the neck; DNB - diameter at the junction of neck and body; DB -
diameter of the body; HT - height of the amphora.
19
T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, 95-234.
20
A. TONIOLO, Le Anfore di Altino, (Monografia di Archeologia Veneta, 14, 1991), Padova 1993, 21-23.
21
M.T. CIPRIANO; M.B. CARRE, Production et typologie des amphores sur la Cote Adriatique de l'Italie, in: Amphores
romaines et histoire économique dix ans de recherche, (Coll. EFR, 114), Rome 1989, 67-104; S. PESAVENTO MATTIOLI,
Anfore: problemi…, 111.
22
D. MANACORDA, A proposito delle anfore della Pannonia romana: appunti e riflessioni, in La Pannonia e l'Impero
Romano, Annuario dell'Accademia d'Ungheria, Roma 1994, 177-191,
23
A. TONIOLO, Le Anfore…, 202, Figs. 397-399.
24
V. LIPP, A római agyagipar a Vasmegyei Régiségtárban, Vasmegyei Régészeti Egylet Évi Jelentése, Szombathely 1875,
87, Fig. 36.
25
F. KENNER, Römische Funde in Wien 1908 - 1910, Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde 5, 1911, 107-162, esp.127, Fig. 20.
26
A. SCHÖRGENDORFER, Die Römerzeitliche Keramik der Ostalpenländer, Wien 1942, 65-66 and 165.

293
'tronco-conico' type (that is type Schörgendorfer 558) was pointed out first time by Baldacci.27
These amphorae have a few variations.28 G. Muffanti Musselli29 published finds from Northern
Italy and she distinguished 'A' and 'B' subtypes (Fig. 1 – 6 and 7). The type 'A' is distinguished
from type 'B' its flattened handles and the lower part of the body has a different shape because it
tapers gradually towards the bottom.
A. Degrassi,30 Baldacci31 and later Muffati Musselli32 thought that the Schörgendorfer 558
amphorae had been produced on the Istrian peninsula. However, I have not seen any in the
museums at Pula, Porec or Rovinj, or among the Brijuni amphorae. The petrological analyses may
take us closer to the solution. For the time being, these analyses show that the amphorae were not
produced in Istria.33 Recently R. Sauer distinguished petrographically34 three different groups
among the Schörgendorfer 558 amphorae from Vindobona and on the basis of the geological data,
the production site should be located in Northern Italy. Padova or the region lake Garda are likely
candidates.

4) L. Mercando35 was the first to mention the distinctive funnel-shaped rim of the `Porto
Recanati` amphorae. The name `Porto Recanati` as refering to this type was also used by B.
Bruno36 at the Sienna amphora conference. This type was mentioned from Northern Italy as 'le
anfore con collo ad imbuto',37 Noricum38 and Pannonia.39 The rim and the neck of the amphora is
funnel-shaped, the body is egg-shaped and at the bottom is usually a knob. In other examples it is
the same as those of the Dressel 6B amphorae (Fig. 1 – 8 and 9). M. B. Carre mentioned that the
`Porto Recanati` amphorae may have come from Cisalpina. Later it was supposed40 that certain 6B
amphorae with the Imperial stamp (HAD.AVG) resemble the `Porto Recanati` amphorae, and may
have been produced in the same Istrian workshop. However, it has already been pointed out that the
Dressel 6B forms change from the period of Domitian and Nerva. The rim is no longer curved but
funnel-shaped. This may be the reason why it was supposed that these amphorae also had the
Imperial stamp. No such amphora has been discovered in the Istrian workshops. It is possible that
the Dressel 6B was used as a prototype when the 'Porto Recanati' form was created, and the two
forms were produced parallel at the same time from the early Claudian period, one of them was

27
P. BALDACCI, Importazioni cisalpine e produzione apula, in: Recherches sur les Amphores Romaines, (Coll. EFR 10),
Rome 1972, 7-28, esp. 27-28, Figs. 8 and 11.
28
T. BEZECZKY, Roman amphorae from the Amber Route in Western Pannonia, (BAR International Series 386), Oxford
1987, 28.
29
G. MUFFANTI MUSSELLI, Diffusione dell’anfora tronco-conica da olive nel I sec. D.C., Rivista Archeologica dell'antica
provincia e diocesi di Como 168, 1987, 187-215, esp. 187-189.
30
A. DEGRASSI, Aquileia e l’Istria…, 60; A. DEGRASSI, L'esportazione di olio…, 108-109.
31
P. BALDACCI, Importazioni cisalpine…, 27-28.
32
G. MUFFANTI MUSSELLI, Diffusione dell’anfora…, 201-206.
33
T. BEZECZKY, Roman amphorae from the Amber Route…, 33; J. IVÁNCSICS, Petrology, Schörgendorfer 558 amphora,
X-ray diffraction, in: T. BEZECZKY, Roman amphorae from the Amber Route…, Suppl. I. 125-127 and 134-135, esp.125-
127; T. BEZECZKY, Amphorenfunde vom…, 112-117.
34
R. SAUER, Ergebnisse der mineralogisch-petrographischen Analysen von ausgewählten römischen Amphorenproben
aus Wien. (forthcoming)
35
L. MERCANDO, La necropoli romana di `Porto Recanati` , NSA 1974, 142-445, esp.174; L. MERCANDO, Marche.
Rinvenimenti di insediamenti rurali, NSA 1979, 89-296, esp.180.
36
B. BRUNO, Lombardia: richerche in corso poster, in: Amphores romaines et histoire économique dix
ans de recherche, (Coll. EFR 114), Roma 1989, 642-644, esp. 644, No. 6.
37
M.B. CARRE, Les amphores de la Cisalpine…, 232-235; A. TONIOLO, Le Anfore…, 29-31; S. PESAVENTO MATTIOLI; S.
MAZZOCCHIN and A. FAILLA, 1993, 148-155.
38
S. SAKL-OBERTHALER, Die römischen Transportamphoren aus der Insula XXII in Flavia Solva, Schild von Steier 17,
1994, 8-44, esp.11-12; T. BEZECZKY, Amphorenfunde vom…, 112.
39
T. BEZECZKY, Roman amphorae from the Amber Route…, 35-36.
40
A. STARAC, Morfologija Sjevernojadranskih amfora: primjeri iz Istre, Diadora 16-17, 1994, 135-162, esp.145, T1.

294
 Fig. 3. 1 ‘Brindisi type’ or ovoid amphorae, 2–3 `ante` 6B and 4 Dressel 6B amphorae.
Amphora stamps: 5, 7, 9–11 `ante` 6B, 6 and 8 Dressel 6B, 12 Schörgendorfer 558, 13–14
´Porto Recanati` amphorae

295
produced in Istria, the other in Northern Italy. The different formal characteristics and the
petrological analyses make it clear that the `Porto Recanati` amphorae were not produced in the
same workshop. R. Sauer distinguished41 two groups among the `Porto Recanati` amphorae in
Vindobona, on the basis of the petrological analysis, the site of production should be located in
Northern Italy, similarly to the Schörgendorfer 558 amphorae. This is also suggested by the objects
found there. It should be noted that one example in the ´Porto Recanati` fabric resembles the one
fabric of Schörgendorfer amphorae.

STAMPS

1) In most cases, the rim of the Dressel 6B amphorae had one stamp. The exceptions are
the amphorae of the Laecanius Bassus family. These amphorae were stamped both by the owner
and the estate manager (vilici). The stamp of Laecanius is at the centre, with the second stamp
above the handle. The stamps of the vilici may have been part of the accounting system. Whose
name occur on the Dressel 6B amphorae? Considering the long list42 provided by F. Tassaux, we
come across the names of people who had close relationship with the Emperors or who came from
the families of senators or rich knights. The best-known among them are Statilius Taurus Sisenna
(consul in 16 AD. His father belonged to the innermost circle of Augustus), the two C. Laecanius
Bassus (the elder was consul in AD 40, his son in 64), and the magistra libidinum Neronis, Calvia
Crispinilla.
On the basis of the stamps so far encountered, it is safe to say that most of them were produced in
43
WKH )DåDQD ZRUNVKRS RI /DHFDQLXV %DVVXV The Loron workshop produced considerably less
44
stamped amphorae. Some stamps of the owners are known here: SISENNA, MES.CAE,
CRISPINILL, AELI.CRIS, CAL.CRISPINILLAE.
The number of the stamps from other workshops is less than one hundred (e.g. VARI
PACCI; L.IVNI.PAETIN), sometimes less than ten (e.g. COSAE; COSTINI; APIC/APICI). In

41
R. SAUER, Ergebnisse der mineralogisch-petrographischen…,
42
F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, 528-535.
42
A. STARAC, Morfologija …, 145, T1.
42
R. SAUER, Ergebnisse der mineralogisch-petrographischen…
42
F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, 528-535; Add for the list: .]TCR[…, and ]IMVS[.]N - Bruno 1997; …VEDOT
– T. BEZECZKY, Amphorae from the auxiliary fort of Carnuntum in: Auxiliarkastell von Carnuntum 1, Österreichisches
Archäologisches Institut, (Sonderschriften Band 29), 1997, Wien, 147-178. Esp. 152, No. 108; AVG.TR.A.DE.ARG T.
BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, 10; L. BRECCIAROLI TABORELLI, Per una ricerca sul commercio nella Transpadana
occidentale in età romana: ricognizione sulle anfore Vercellae 129-208, in: Atti del convegno di studi nel centenario della
morte di Luigi Bruzza 1883 -1983, Vercelli 1987, esp. Tav. XIX, 4; H. PAIS, Corporis Inscriptionum Latinarum,
Supplementa Italica, Galliae Cisalpinae, Roma 1884, No 1077.144; IMPTRA – SERV – T. BEZECZKY, Roman amphorae
from Vindobona…; A number of other stamps are known. Their belong either to the Dressel 6B type or perhaps they
correspond to the small Bónis XXXI/5 type: T. FL. TALANI - D. BOJOVIc, Rimska keramika Singidunuma, Beograd
1977; L. BJELAJAC, Amfore gornjomezijskog Podunavlja (Amphorae of the Danubian basin in Upper Moesia), Beograd
1996, 15-18, Nos 1-6 ; OFF.DAS – L. BJELAJAC, Amfore…, 19, No. 15; OFF. OCLO - L. BJELAJAC, Amfore…, 19, No.
16; DAP.F - L. BJELAJAC, Amfore…, 19, No. 17;
43
T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, from 53 sites 646 Laecanius stamps; New stamps: S.CIPRIANO; S.
MAZZOCCHIN, I bolli di C. Laecanius Bassus: un aggiornamento alla luce di nuovi dati da Patavium, Aquileia Nostra 69,
1998, 361-378; S. PESAVENTO MATTIOLI; S. MAZZOCCHIN and M.G. PAVONI, I ritrovamenti di anfore presso l`anfiteatro
romano di Padova, Bolletino del Museo Civico di Padova 88, 2000, 1999, 7-44, from Padova; E. SCHINDLER-KAUDELKA,
Un lot d'amphores d'époque tibérienne tardive – AA/44, la cave à provisions de la fabrica impériale du Magdalensberg,
SFECAG, Actes du Congrès de Libourne, 2000, 387-396; K. G267(1ý1,., Amphoren mit Laecanius-Stempel aus
Oberdrauburg und Baldersdorf, Carinthia I, 2002, 165-171; CH. GUGL, Feldkirchen in Kärnten, Ein Zentrum norischer
Esenverhüttung, http://members.aon.at/ch.gugl, 2001.
44
F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, 511; Y. MARION, and A. STARAC, Les Amphores…, 99-107.

296
most cases we know only one stamp (e.g. P.ITVR.SAB; APHORVS; CAMI). In terms of
production, the individual sites of production should be evaluated with considerable caution. It
seems likely that the Laecanius family produced olive oil in four villas. They probably used 10-15
presses. (The exact numbers are not available.) We know even less about the other workshops.
There were villas, for example the one in Barbariga,45 which had 20 presses (in 10 pairs) working
in the period of maximum activity. However, we do not know the owner of the villa. Each stamp is
an important document, and we may hope that the research will determine the owners of the 50
olive oil producing workshops in Istria. The production in Istria started during the middle period of
Augustus’ rule. Untill the Flavian period, the stamps of private producers are known. Later the
larger workshops were attached to the Emperors’ property. The traditions survived the changes in
the ownership, and the estate managers’ stamp occur in conjunction with the Imperial stamp. This
makes it possible to observe the ownership changes. The same vilici’s stamps occur with both the
stamps46 of Laecanius and those of Vespasianus and his son Titus. These stamps47 can be used for a
most precise dating procedure. In Loron, the stamp of Calvia Crispinilla was followed by that of
Domitianus.48
The production sites of the amphorae produced in Northern Italy are not known. The have various
stamps: VARI PACCI, COSAE, APICI...

In most cases the stamps of the Dressel 6B amphorae have been carefully produced very
readable letters. In addition to the letters, there are also palm branches, wreaths, crowns
(SISENNAE, Fig. 4 – 1), leafs (M.AVRELI / IVSTI, Fig. 4 – 2). They are usually rectangular.
There is also an instance of a horse-shoe shaped stamp (P.ITVR.SAB Fig. 4 – 3). The stamps are
almost always positive. One of the infrequent negative stamps is the name of M. Aurelius Iustus in
two lines (Fig. 4 – 2).

The same name was often spelled differently. The best examples can be seen on the stamps
of Laecanius (e.g. Fig. 4 – 5, 6, 8, 14), and sometimes with those of the vilici (VIAT, SPERAT -
SPERATVS). The ligaturae were also frequent (Fig. 4 – 5-16). From time to time an agnomen49
was added to the name, which yields multiple interpretations (Fig. 4 – 12-13, 15-16). In some
cases, the stamps were imprinted twice into the clay (Fig. 4 – 4). This can be traced fairly well
among the stamps of Laecanius and his vilici.50 The distribution of the Laecanius and the Dressel
6B amphorae is almost the same. Laecanius amphorae51 can be found from Augsburg to Aquincum,
from Turin to Rimini. There are a few unstamped pieces in Porolissum in Dacia. There are very
few Dressel 6B amphorae in Rome. The well-known producers are represented by the stamps of
Laecanius Bassus’ and Sisenna’s workshops.52

45
R.MATIJAšIc, Oil and Wine Production in Istria and Dalmatia in Classical Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages BCH
Suppl. 26, 1993, 247-261, esp. 251.
46
P. BALDACCI, Alcuni aspetti…, 34, Clymenus; T. BEZECZKY, The chronology of the end of the Laecanius workshop in:
Carinthia Romana und die Römische Welt, Festschrift für Gernot Piccottini zum 60. Geburtstag, Kalgenfurt, 2001, 421-
424, Clymenus, Datius, Paganus .
47
T. BEZECZKY, The chronology…, 424.
48
Y. MARION, and A. STARAC, Les Amphores…, 107-112.
49
D. MANACORDA, A proposito delle anfore…, 179-181; T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, 24.
50
T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, Nos. 66, 71, 131, 158, 331, 341, 405, 408, 415, 556.
51
T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, 75, Fig. 47; F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, 521-523, Figs. 3-5 A.
AD5(, Amphoren Dressel 6B und Schörgendorfer 558B in Dakien, RCRF Acta 37, 2001, 279-282. Abb. 1.
52
CIL XV. 3477 and 3528.550.

297
 2) The APICI stamps lead to the ’ante 6B’ group (Fig. 3 – 5 and 6). These stamps53 occur
on both ’ante 6B’ and Dressel 6B amphorae. The other stamps (AP.PVLCRI, P.SEPVLLI P.F; Fig.
3 – 11 and 7 and 8) of the earliest ‘Dressel 6B’ = ’ante 6B’ amphorae refer to people who held
office at the end of the Republican Age. Appius Claudius Pulcher54 was consul in 38 B.C. One of
the members of the Sepullius family, P. Sepullius Macer was triumvir monetalis in 44 B.C. The
Sepullius families are known from inscriptions in Padova. Their stamps SEPVLLI P.F. occur on a
few amphorae55 which are very similar to the ‘Ovoid amphorae’ = `ante 6B` amphorae, The other
SEPVLLIVM stamps56 occur on Dressel 6B amphorae (Fig. 3 – 7 and 8). Do they refer to the same
person? The APICI stamps pose similar problems. This group includes the amphorae with the
P.Q.SCAPVLAE stamp.57 P. Quinctius Scapula (Fig. 3 – 9 and 10) is mentioned in Cicero’s letters
(Pro Quinctio, IV, 17), and he is also mentioned by Pliny the Elder (N.H VII, 183). The stamps of
the gens Quinctia is dated58 to the late Republican period or the Augustan period or the middle of
the 1st century AD.

3) The Schörgendorfer 558 amphorae have one stamp. It can be found on the lower part of
the body. The negative stamp is without frame. The P.M.P. stamp (Fig. 3 – 12) found on a type ´A´
amphora in Altino59 offers no real clue to identify the centre of production. This stamp has not been
published anywhere else.

4) Only a few stamped `Porto Recanati` amphorae ('collo a imbuto') are known. On the
basis of the production technique, they belong to two distinct groups.
The first group has the stamp in a frame on the rim. The letter are clearly formed. The
stamps LCSREV found in ’Porto Recanati’ and LCSRPHI found in Alba Pompeia (Cuneo) and
Vindobona60 (Fig. 3 – 13) belong here. The stamp CSRCAR ... found in St. Peter in Holz61
(Noricum, Teurnia) probably also belongs to this group. It is on the neck of the amphora. The form
of the amphora has not been identified yet. LCSRCAR stamp found in Venetia.62
The second group is formed by stamps without a frame and with negative letters:
T.CARVLLI / GEMELLI ‘T. Carulli / Gemelli’stamp found in Milano,63 it was stamped on the

53
A. TONIOLO, Le Anfore…, 59, Fig. 99 and 169; S. CIPRIANO and S. MAZZOCCHIN, I bolli di C. Laecanius Bassus…,
161-169.
54
E. BUCHI, Banchi di anfore…; M. B. CARRE and M. T. CIPRIANO, Saggi di scavo a Sevegliano. Le anfore. Aquileia
Nostra 1985, 5-24, esp. 12; C. ZACCARIA, Per una prosopografia dei personaggi menzionati sui bolli delle anfore romane,
dell’Italia nordorientale, in: Amphores romaines et histoire économique dix ans de recherche, (Coll. EFR 114), Rome
1989, 469-488, esp. 481; S. PESAVENTO MATTIOLI, Anfore: problemi…, 111; F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…,
502-503.
55
E. BUCHI, Banchi di anfore…; A. TONIOLO, Le Anfore…, 45 and 60 and 138 and 168; S. CIPRIANO; S. MAZZOCCHIN, I
bolli di C. Laecanius Bassus…, 175-182; S. PESAVENTO MATTIOLI, Anfore: problemi…, 111; F. TASSAUX, Production et
diffusion…, 502-503.
56
V. MAIER-MAIDL, Stempel und Inschriften auf Amphoren vom Magdalensberg. Archäologische Forschungen zu den
Grabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 11, Klagenfurt 1992. 64; T. BEZECZKY, Amphorenfunde vom..., 94-96.
57
A. TONIOLO, Le Anfore…, 45 and 60 and 139 and 173-174; The stamps were analysed in detail by S. CIPRIANO and S.
MAZZOCCHIN, I bolli di C. Laecanius Bassus…, 169-175;
58
S. CIPRIANO and S. MAZZOCCHIN, I bolli di C. Laecanius Bassus…, 175; F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, 503.
59
A. TONIOLO, Le Anfore…, 28-29 and 155, Fig. 364.
60
L. MERCANDO, Marche. Rinvenimenti di insediamenti rurali, NSA 1979, 89-296, esp. 226, No. 3, 224, Fig. 139b, 265,
Fig. 176; BRUNO, B. Contenitori da transporto: i consumi di olio, vino e di altre derrate, in: F. FILIPPI (ed.) Alba Pompeia,
Archeologia della città dalla fondazione alla tarda antichità, Famija Albèisa 1997, 516-532, Esp. 519; T. BEZECZKY,
Roman amphorae from Vindobona…, No. 98.
61
CIL III. 12010.27.
62
Bocci, NSA 1879, 105.
63
A. TONIOLO, Le Anfore…, 269, T. CXVII/95, T. CXXVII/20, T. CXXIX/30, Inv.No. 41086;

298
upper part of the body, without frame, in negative. IVLI / PAVLIN ‘Iuli /Paulin(i)’ stamp found in
Cupra Marittima.64 It is on the body of the amphora. A similar stamp has already been published in
CIL IX. 6082.61 and C.IVLI / MARCELLI stamp65 found in Oderzo (Fig. 3 – 14). This stamp is
related to the stone inscription found in Padova.

Fig. 4. Dressel 6B amphora stamps

64
M.T. CIPRIANO, in: C. PANELLA and V. MORIZIO (eds) Corpus dei bolli sulle anfore romane. I. I bolli sulle anfore
italiche (forthcomming), No. 2025.1-2.
65
S. CIPRIANO and F. FERRARINI, Le anfore romane di Opitergium, Cornuda (Trevizo) 2001, 114.

299
PAINTED INSCRIPTIONS: CONTENT

1) The Dressel 6B amphorae seldom had tituli picti. Some of them were found in
Magdalensberg. They mention Istrian66 olive oil (Fig. 5 – 1 and 2). One of them states that the
excellent quality oil was pressed in Quintus Tusidius Dexter’s villa: 67 Olei Histr(ici) Flos / P(ondo)
V / …Q(uinti) [T]usidi Dex[tri]. Tusidius is mentioned by one inscription in Parentium, but his gens
was important in Picenum as well.68 The name on another titulus pictus69 cannot be fully read:
L(ucii) Li…/ Histr[ici olei flos p(ondo)] / V…. A hardly legible inscription (Fig. 5 – 3) from
Aguntum was published70 as Oleum Hist[ricum].

The problem of the Istrian garum has been raised again in connection with the tituli picti.
The ancient sources refer to garum and other types of fish sauce as Istrian products. However, we
have no undisputable evidence. There are His(tricum), Hisp(anicum) and Hisp(anicum) inscriptions
on different types of amphorae.71 The smaller amphorae published72 as ’anforette norditaliche’(=
Type Aquincum 78) and also connected to fish sauces should also be mentioned in this context.
Their origin is not known but the fabric suggests that they were produced in North Italy. No
amphorae of similar fabric have been found in Istria.

GRAFFITI

1) The Dressel 6B also have few graffiti – or at least those amphorae whose form is
identifiable. The graffiti refer to the weight.73 The weight varied between 18 and 27 kg. Their
capacity was between 30 and 42 liter. An amphora from Carnuntum bears a graffito74 that was
incised on the neck of the amphora upside-down: TPLV∆OL, t(esta) p(ondo) LV... (?) ol(eum),
(LV = 55 Roman pounds = 17.985 kg)
There is an interesting graffito which may be the abbreviation of the name of Laecanius.
The amphora75 which was found in Parentium has the stamp of Crispinili. The relationship between
the two wokshops Faåana and Loron is not known.

66
G. PICCOTTINI, Neues zum Wein- und Lebensmittelimport in die Stadt auf dem Magdalensberg, Kärnten, ArchA
2000/2001, 373-385, esp. 378-379, Abb. 9-10.
67
R. EGGER, Die Ausgrabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 1949, Carinthia I 140, 1950, 433-510, esp. 487, Abb. 35, No. 8,
mentioned the name [L]usidi, later Egger corrected: Tusidius, R. EGGER, Die Ausgrabungen auf dem Magdalensberg
1960 und 1961, Carinthia I 153, 1963, 3-297, esp. 97, No. 34.
68
F. TASSAUX, Production et diffusion…, 527.
69
R. EGGER, Die Ausgrabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 1960 und 1961…, 97, No. 34.
70
W. ALZINGER, Kleinfunde von Aguntum, aus den Jahren 1950 bis 1952, Beiträge zur Römerzeitlichen Bodenforschung
in Österreich, Wien 1955, 50, No. 4. (A/780 = No. 145) Taf. 22;
71
The abbreviation HIS also occurs on different amphora types (Dressel 6A and Dressel 7-11). It was related to fish
sauces. S. PESAVENTO MATTIOLI, Anfore: problemi…, 113, suggested that it may be the abbreviation of garum
his(tricum). The study of HIS and HISP amphorae – especially their origin – is very important. It is supposed by some
that they were produced in northern Italy – I. M ODRZEWSKA and F. PIANETTI, Il misterio danuzziano riflesso sulle anfore,
Quaderni Friuliani di Archeologia 7, 1997, 71.
72
P. DELL'AMICO, Il relitto di Grado : considerazioni preliminari, Archeologia Subacquea II, 1997, 93-128, esp. 97-102;
T. BEZECZKY, Amphorae from the auxiliary…, 178.
73
The volume/weight proportion from Verona is: 30 Litres/19,5 kg and 42 Litres/22 kg, E. BUCHI, Banchi di anfore…,
615, No 103 and 105; Aquileia: 36 Litres/18 kg, CARRE 1985, 219, footnote 54; The amphorae of Laecanii published two
graffiti: T. BEZECZKY, The Laecanius amphora…, No. 249, LXI (61 Roman pounds = 19.9 kg) and No. 575, LXXIII S
(73.5 Roman pounds = 24.07 kg);
74
T. BEZECZKY, Amphorae from the auxiliary…,149, No.1, Fig. 2.
75
T. BEZECZKY, Roman amphorae from the Amber Route…, 15, Pl. 3.

300
 3) The Schörgendorfer 558 amphorae have a number of tituli picti. These tituli picti
mention black and green olives. The tituli picti were made in red paint with carefully written letters
(Fig. 5). In Northern Italy where mostly the ’A’ type occurs, we have the following varieties of the
tituli picti76 (which I know only from the publications): Ol(iva) / NIG(ra) / EXDVL(cis) /
EXC(ellens) and A(lba) / OL(iva) / EX M(urio or aro) BEL(...) / EXC(ellens). These tituli picti were
always written on the neck of the amphora. Sometimes we have numbers as well (XV or V). The
body often has three letters. They are probably the abbreviations of Roman names (tria nomina).
The MED abbreviation on an amphora in Milan77 was read as Med(iolanum). The other letters on
the same amphora is thought to be referring either to the price78 or to the site of production or to the
customs.79 The interpretation of the big B letter on the neck is also unfinished.
The neck of the ’B’ type80 has in most cases the tituli picti OL(iva) / NIG(ra) / EXD(ulcis) /
EXC(ellens) és az OL(iva) / ALB(ba) / EXD(ulcis) vagy EXDUL(cis) / EXC(ellens). Sometimes
numbers (XV, XXII or XXV) are added. The body sometimes has the three letter abbreviation
(T.L.T; I.P.C; G.N.I) or a name (COC PHIL or TVLLIORUM). If we want to describe the tituli
picti in a single formula, we might say that the first four line on the neck refer to the type of the
olive (black or green), the quality (excellens), but there may also be reference to the mode of the
conservation (exdulcis). Cato, Pliny and Varro described the modes of the conservation. The fifth
line has numbers, referring to the weight. The reading of the rest is uncertain, because the
abbreviations and the various letters (tria nomina) have not been unequivocally interpreted.

I know only one graffiti on a Schörgendorfer 558 which was found in the Carnuntum81
auxiliary fort. The rim has the letters ...VSATT...

The Cisalpine amphorae were published by Baldacci and summed up by Muffanti Musselli.
They state that these amphorae can be found in Milan, Vercelli, Chiavenna, Como, Cremona, Asti,
Feltre, Oderzo, Caorle, Altino, Portogruaro and Aquileia.82
The Schörgendorfer 558 'A' type is found in Italy, though not at Portogruaro and Altino83
where there are both 'A' and the 'B' type amphorae, and Oderzo and Feltre84, which have only the
'B' type. Noricum, Pannonia, Upper Moesia and Dacia have the 'B' type and its variations. In
Raetia, there are a few fragments in the settlement of Chur. 85 In Noricum, Schörgendorfer 558
amphorae were found in Ovilava, Aguntum, Iuvavum (Salzburg), Flavia Solva, Virunum, Celeia,

76
P. BALDACCI, Importazioni cisalpine…, 27-28; G. MUFFANTI MUSSELLI, Diffusione dell’anfora…, 190-192.
77
A. DEGRASSI, Regione IX, Milano, Via Rugabella, Notizie Scavi 1951, 49-50; A. FROVA, Marche di anfore e altri bolli
romani del Milanese, Epigraphica 14, 1952, 49-93, esp. 85; P. BALDACCI, Importazioni cisalpine…, 27.
78
See footnote 77.
79
G. MUFFANTI MUSSELLI, Diffusione dell’anfora…, 196.
80
G. MUFFANTI MUSSELLI, Diffusione dell’anfora…, collected the Italian inscriptions. The inscriptions of the north-
western provinces can be found in the Appendix.
81
T. BEZECZKY, Amphorae from the south area of the auxiliary fort at Carnuntum, Preliminary report, in: M. KANDLER
(ed.), Das Auxiliarkastell Carnuntum 2, Forschungen seit 1989, Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut,
(Sonderschriften Band 30), Wien 1997, 173-181, esp.176, No 15, Fig. 2.
82
P. BALDACCI, Importazioni cisalpine…, 7-28. App. II, 27-28; M.B. CARRE, Les amphores de la Cisalpine…, 231-232;
G. MUFFANTI MUSSELLI, Diffusione dell’anfora…, 189-194.
83
A. TONIOLO, Le Anfore…, 155, Figs. 362-364; G. MUFFANTI MUSSELLI, Diffusione dell’anfora…, Tav. 5.
84
G. MUFFANTI MUSSELLI, Diffusione dell’anfora…, Tav. 5.
85
S. MARTIN-KILCHER, Die Amphoren, in: A. HOCHULI-GYSEL; A. SIEGFRIED-WEISS; E. RUOFF and V. SCHALTENBRAND
OBRECHT (eds), Chur in römischer Zeit II. Basel, Antiqua 19, 1991, 119-127, esp. 121, T 42, 63-68.

301
Aelium Cetium (St. Pölten) and Magdalensberg.86 In Pannonia, in the settlements of the Amber
Route, as well as in Gerulata, Brigetio, Aquincum, Gorsium, Azaum and Balatongyörök.87 In
Upper Moesia, in two settlements: Singidunum and Viminacium.88 In Dacia in three sites:
Porolissum, Colonia Ulpia Sarmizegetusa and CrisWHúWL89

DISCUSSION

The distribution of the amphorae mentioned – with the exception of the ’ante 6B’ – is the
same in Northern Italy, Noricum and Pannonia (Fig. 6). A few Dressel 6B and Schörgendorfer 558
amphorae were identified in Raetia, Moesia and Dacia. There is a Dressel 6B even in India. There
are pieces of the Schörgendorfer 558 type in Berenice in Egypt, in Pergamon and Ephesus. Italy
has the Schörgendorfer 558 'A' type, except for Portogruaro and Altino where there are both 'A' and
the 'B' type amphorae, and Oderzo and Feltre, which have only the 'B' type. Noricum, Pannonia and
Upper Moesia have the 'B' type and its variations. The ’ante 6B’ amphorae are only known in
Northern Italy and in Magdalensberg. The `Porto Recanati` amphorae only occur in Northern Italy,
Noricum and Pannonia.
The Northern Italian and Istrian amphorae were used for shipping olives and olive oil. The
evidence is provided in two instances by the tituli picti (Dressel 6B és Schörgendorfer 558). In two
other cases, it is reasonable to assume that the amphorae were used for storing oil. In most cases the
amphorae occur together in some sites from the middle of the first century A.D. The only exception
is the ´ante 6B´ type which was produced earlier and disappeared after the period of Augustus. It is
not unreasonable that they were replaced by the Dressel 6B and the `Porto Recanati` types. The
distribution of the `ante 6B` outside Italy was restricted. A few pieces were found in
Magdalensberg. From the late Augustan period, Schörgendorfer amphorae occur in Northern Italy
and in the new provinces in the north-western part of the Empire. The stamps can be a useful tool
in dating the individual amphorae, especially in dating the amphorae belonging to the Dressel 6B
type.

86
Ovilava (Wels): Polaschek RE, XVII, 1, 1936, col 1040; Virunum: S. ZABEHLICKY-SCHEFFENEGGER, Virunum,
Übersicht über das Fundmaterial der Grabung 1992 in Virunum, Carinthia I 183, 1993, 257-278, esp. 266, Abb. 4, 48;
Aguntum: W. ALZINGER, Kleinfunde von Aguntum…, 18, Nos. 140-142, T. 6, 140 and T 22, Inscr. 1; Celeia: T.
BEZECZKY, Roman amphorae from the Amber Route…, 74, No. 275; V. VIDRIH PERKO, Poznoantiþne amfore v Sloveniji,
PhD thesis, University of Ljubljana. Ljubljana 1994, esp. T6, 4-5; T4, 3 (15790); Flavia Solva: S. SAKL-OBERTHALER,
Die römischen Transportamphoren aus der Insula XXII in Flavia Solva, Schild von Steier 17, 1994, 8-44, esp. 10-11, T.
4, 14-21; Iuvavum: N. HEGER, Frührömische Amphoren aus der Stadt Salzburg (Mozartplatz 4), Bayer. Vorgeschichtsbl.
51, 1986, 131-161, esp. 135; Magdalensberg: T. B EZECZKY, Amphorenfunde vom..., 112-117, Abb. 43; V. MAIER-MAIDL,
Stempel und…, 22 mentioned without evidences.
87
Poetovio, Salla, Savaria, Carnuntum: T. BEZECZKY, Roman amphorae from the Amber Route…, 74-76, Nos. 276-294;
Bruckneudorf: H. ZABEHLICKY, Bruckneudorf (Burgenland), Österrechisches Archäologisches Institut Grabungen 1994, ,
Jahreshefte des Öst. Arch. Inst, 1995, Bbl. 54-56. = H. ZABEHLICKY, Bruckneudorf (Burgenland), Fundberichte aus
Österrech 35, 1996, Jahreshefte des Öst. Arch. Inst, 1997, 472-473 (3 exemplar Inv. No. 5/94 OL / ... D / .EC; 420/95
OL; 428/95 ..XI..); Gerulata: M. PICHLEROVÁ, Eine Olivenamphore aus Gerulata, in: D. KNIBBE (Ed.) Römerzeit –
Mittelalter, Festschrift H. Stiglitz, 1996, 73-77; Azaum, Balatongyörök: H.M. KELEMEN, Roman amphorae in Pannonia
II, Italian amphorae II, ActaArchHung 40, 1988, 111-150, esp. 144, No. 8, Fig. 7, No. 7, Fig. 7; H.M. KELEMEN, Roman
amphorae in Pannonia II…, No. 4-5, Fig. 7; T. BEZECZKY, Amphorák..., 134, Nos. 20-21, Abb. 30; Gorsium: T.
BEZECZKY, Amphorae from Gorsium SpNov 10, 1995, 39-56, esp. 40-44, Fig. 2 and Fig. 6. Nos. 31-45; Brigetio:
unpublished, L. Borhy excavated Nos. 994. B13.240-242.
88
Singidunum: D. BOJOVIC, Rimska keramika …, T 64, 559; Viminacium: L. BJELAJAC, Amfore gornjomezijskog…, 19-
23, Nos. 22-25, Fig. 3.
89
A. A'5(, Amphoren ..., 280-282.

302
Fig. 5. Painted inscriptions, 1–3 Dressel 6B, 4–9 Schörgendorfer 558 amphorae

303
 Fig. 6. The distribution of Dressel 6B (1), Schörgendorfer 558 (2) and ´Porto Recanati`
amphorae (3)

304
APPENDIX I

Pannonia
1 Poetovio OL / ALB / EXDUL
2 Gorsium ALB
3 Vindobona O. / EXD / ..CEL / ALB
4 Azaum OL / EXDVL / EXCEL / A.. / L
5 Bruckneudorf OL / ..D / .XC
6 Bruckneudorf OL /
Noricum
7 Celeia OL / ALB / EXD / EXC
8 Flavia Solva OL / ALB / ..D / EXC / L
Upper Moesia
9 Singidunum OL / ALB / EXD / T.L(?).T

Pannonia
10 Savaria OL / NIG / EXD / EXC
11 Carnuntum .L / ..G / EXD / EXC
12 Vindobona OL / NIG / EXD / EXC
13 Gerulata OL / ..G / EXD / EXC / XXV TVLLIORV
/ M
14 Aquincum .L / N.G / EXD / EXC / XV / COC PHIL

15 Vindobona OL /
16 Vindobona CCL I.P.C
17 Savaria EX. / XXII
18 Aquincum EXD
19 Gorsium EXC
20 Salla OLIV .XCEL
A/

Noricum
21 Iuvavum NIG / EXD / EXC / ..X
22 Ovilava NIG / EXD EXC /
23 Cetium OL / N..
24 Aguntum OL / NIG / EXDUL EXCEL XV .FS
/ /
Upper Moesia
25 Singidunum OL / NIG / EXD / EXC
26 Singidunum OL / NIG / ..D
Dacia
27 &ULVWHúWL OL / NIG / EXD / EXC XXV

28 Sarmizegetusa G GNI

305
306