University of Mumbai

A study on

A STUDY ON IMPACT OF EFFECT OF TIME MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL FOR EMPLOYEES

WORK LIFE BALANCE WITH REFRENCE TO NON GOVERNMENT ORGANISATION

A project submitted to
University of Mumbai for partial completion of the

degree of Of

Bachelors of management

studies Under the guidance

of

Prof Rishita Shukla

By
Priyanka Asware

Roll No.09

Under the guidance of

SREE NARAYANA GURU COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

P.L.LOKHANDE MARG, CHEMBUR, MUMBAI-400089

 2020-2021
DECLARATION

I the undersigned Miss Priyanka Asware here by, declare that the work embodied
in this project work titled “A study on impact of effect of time mangament as a tool
for employees work life balance with refrence to non governmenta organisation .”
forms my own contribution to the research work under the guidance of
Prof.Rishita Shukla is a result of my own research work and has not been
previously submitted by any other university for any other degree/diploma to this
or any other university.
Wherever reference has been made to previous work of other, it has been clearly
indicated as such and included in the bibliography.

I, here by further declare that all information of this document has been obtained
and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct.

Name and signature of the learner

Certified by
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Miss Priyanka Ulhas Asware has worked and duly completed
her Project Work for the degree of Bachelors of management studies under the
Faculty of commerce in the subject of and her project is entitled, “A study on
impact of effect of time mangament as a tool for employees work life balance with
refrence to non government organization under my supervision.

I further certify that the entire work has been done by the learner under my
guidance and that no part of it has been submitted previously for any Degree or
Diploma of any University.

It is her own work and facts reported by her/his personal findings and investigations.

Name and signature of guiding teacher

Date of submission:

Project Guide Coordinator Principal Ext

 Acknowledgment

To list who all have helped me is difficult because they are so numerous and the
depth is so enormous. I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic
channels and fresh dimensions in the completion of this pro

I would like to thank my Principal, Dr. Ravindran Karathadi for providing the
necessary facilities required for completion of this project. I take this opportunity to
thank our Coordinator Prof. Rishita Shukla for her moral support and guidance.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my project guide Prof.
Rishita Shukla whose guidance and care made the project successful. I would like to
thank my College Library, for having provided various reference books and magazines
related to my project.

Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or indirectly helped
me in the completion of the project especially my Parents and Peers who supported
me throughout my project.

Priyanka Ulhas Asware

Date of submission
 INDEX

SR.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 3-21

2 RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY 21-29

3 LITERATURE REVIEW 30-42

4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 43-58

5 CONCLUSION SUGGESTIONS &FINDINGS 59-77

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 79

7 ANNEXURE 80
 Chapter 1
1. INTRODUCTION

Time management is the process of planning and exercising conscious control of time
spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency,
and productivity. It involves a juggling act of various demands upon a person relating
to work, social life, family, hobbies, personal interests, and commitments with the
finiteness of time. Using time effectively gives the person "choice" on spending or
managing activities at their own time and expediency. Time management may be aided
by a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to manage time when accomplishing
specific tasks, projects, and goals complying with a due date. Initially, time
management referred to just business or work activities, but eventually, the term
broadened to include personal activities as well. A time management system is a
designed combination of processes, tools, techniques, and methods. Time
management is usually a necessity in any project management as it determines the
project completion time and scope. It is also important to understand that both technical
and structural differences in time management exist due to variations in cultural
concepts of time. The major themes arising from the literature on time management
include the following:

• Creating an environment conducive to effectiveness (in terms of cost-benefit, quality of

results, and time to complete tasks or project),
• Setting of priorities,
• The related process of reduction of time spent on non-priorities,
• Implementation of goals.

1.1 What Is Time Management?

“Time management” refers to the way that you organize and plan how long you spend
on specific activities.

It may seem counter-intuitive to dedicate precious time to learning about time

management, instead of using it to get on with your work, but the benefits are
enormous:

• Greater productivity and efficiency.

• A better professional reputation.

• Less stress.

• Increased opportunities for advancement.

• Greater opportunities to achieve important life and career goals.

Failing to manage your time effectively can have some very undesirable
consequences:

• Missed deadlines.

• Inefficient work flow.

• Poor work quality.

• A poor professional reputation and a stalled career.

• Higher stress levels.

Spending a little time learning about time-management techniques will have huge
benefits now – and throughout your career.

Everyday seems to start with a long list of to-do. You’re well intentioned to get to them,
but no matter what you do the list never gets shorter. In addition, what’s not on your list
is swimming around in your head, draining you of energy and making you
stressed. Sound familiar? Life does not have to be that way. One of the keys to time
management does not come in an app or a fancy software tool, it comes from within
you. Take a minute to ask yourself, “Why am I doing this?” or “What is the PIt seems
like such a simple question, but the benefits can really make a difference in how much
you get done.

• You’ll Stick To YOUR Priorities – Asking “why” gives you a moment to

consider whether this is a priority for you or someone else. Don’t let your time
be defined by the priorities of others.
• Ensure Success – Most people want a positive outcome when they invest their
time. But you can’t have a win when you don’t know what success looks like.
Success is derived from purpose.
• Better Focus – If you don’t know the purpose of a task, you can become easily
distracted and randomly start working on other tasks. Your day can quickly spin
out of control and at then end of it, you’ll question what you actually
accomplished. You were busy, but you did not spend your time on what you
really needed to.
• No More Busy Work – With so many things to do, no one likes to waste their
time and energy on busy work. When you do things that are meaningful, you
feel good and are motivated to see them to completion.
• Less Procrastination – When your tasks are related to your goals and purpose
you will dread them less and not be as likely to put them off. Even mundane
tasks take on a new importance when you know that they are leading to a
greater good. e.g. “I hate filing, but I hate spending 20 minutes looking for the
paper buried on my desk. I know I can get more done if spend the few minutes
filing these now.”
• Greater Clarity – Knowing why you are doing things allows you to more easily
prioritize. You can answer the question, “Is this the best use of my time right
now.”
• Align Resources – If you don’t know why you’re doing something it’s often
difficult to determine whether the task is better done by you or delegated to
someone else. If you have an assistant or employees, some tasks may be
better left to them.
• More Time – When everything you do has a purpose, you’ll waste time less and
have more time to spend on what’s meaningful to you. That’s what time
management is all about!

1.2 Why Is Time Management Important?

Time management is important because it helps you control your workday so you can
build your business without compromising your work-life balance. Here are seven
benefits of proper time management.

1.IMPROVE YOUR PERFORMANCE

When you learn to block time out of your day for all your important tasks, you’ll have a
better idea of everything you need to accomplish and how long each task should take.
When you have a schedule to follow, you’ll likely find that you spend less time deciding
what to work on or procrastinating and more time getting down to important work. Time
management can help you focus on just the essential tasks ahead of you and avoid
time-consuming distractions.

2.PRODUCE BETTER WORK

When you’re not constantly racing to meet a deadline, you can put more effort and
thought into your work. Time management helps you prioritize your tasks so that you
ensure you have enough time available to complete every project. The quality of your
work increases when you’re not rushing to complete it ahead of a fast approaching
deadline.

3.DELIVER WORK ON TIME

Properly managing your time involves assigning every task on your list to a specific
blocks of time . Many people use time management to allow themselves several days
to complete a project, or finish it ahead of the due date to provide a buffer for any
challenges that might arise. If you properly schedule the time needed to complete your
work, you’ll be able to hit your deadlines every time.

4.REDUCE YOUR STRESS

t’s easy to become anxious when you have a full list of tasks to accomplish both for
work and in your personal life. Good time management can help you prioritize your to-
do list and set aside the time needed for your most important tasks, so you know
exactly what you need to do and how much time you have available to complete
everything. Prioritizing your tasks and giving yourself enough time to accomplish them
can help reduce your stress levels.

5.IMPROVED CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

Time management can help you become a more reliable employee who always
submits high-quality work by your due dates. This in turn will make you more valuable
as a worker and improve your professional reputation, which can help you find new
opportunities to expand your career.

6.BOOST YOUR CONFIDENCE

When you manage your time properly and successfully meet your deadlines, you’ll feel
a sense of accomplishment and confidence in your abilities. Consistently finishing your
daily to-do list is a huge motivator that can drive people to further improve their time
management skills and take on new work opportunities.
 1.3 The Importance of Time Management:
Small businesses and freelancers need to maximize the time they have available to
grow their business and proper time management skills can help do that. Time
management is important for busy companies so they can prioritize all their work tasks
and achieve their goals faster. When you better manage your time, you’ll be able to
take on new opportunities and grow your business in a sustainable manner.

These topics explore the importance of time management and offer tips for improving
your productivity at work:

What Is Time Management?

Why Is Time Management Important?

The Basics of Time Management

What Is Time Management?

Time management is the strategy of planning out your available time and controlling
the amount of time you spend on specific tasks in order to work more efficiently.
Effective time management comes easier to some people than to others, but everyone
can develop habits to improve their time management skills. Without strong time
management, your work and wellbeing can suffer, and it can lead to:

• Producing poor quality work

• Missing deadlines
• Increasing your stress levels
• Ruining your work-life balance
• Harming your professional reputation
1.3 The Basics of Time Management

Improving your time management skills can make you more productive and less
stressed. Here are five easy steps to improve your time management:

1.PLAN AHEAD

Planning out your time in advance is the most important element of good time
management. Understand when you’re most productive: maybe you’re most alert first
thing in the morning, or perhaps you hit your stride at night. Save your most important
and challenging tasks for when your productivity is highest. Schedule simpler or smaller
tasks for times when you’re less alert. Get a good sense before you start each day of
how much time you’ll spend working on everything on your task list.

2.PRIORITIZE TASKS

Evaluate every project you need to work on to determine what tasks are the most
urgent and important and make those your top priority for the day. Leave less important
tasks or projects that haven’t yet become urgent for later, when you have more time
available to focus on those less crucial projects.

3.ELIMINATE DISTRACTION

Distractions are one of the biggest productivity killers. Social media sites, smartphones
and disruptive coworkers can all distract you from your priorities and derail your
schedule. According to a study by Think Money, a third of employees are distracted for
as much as three hours of the workday. If you find certain distractions are too much of
a temptation, consider leaving your smartphone locked in a desk drawer during the
day, or using a browser extension to block the websites that are most distracting to
you.

4.DON’T MULTITASK

Multitasking may seem like a good way of getting extra work done, but in reality, it
actually decreases your productivity. Instead of completing multiple projects, you end
up starting but not finishing any of them. The best way to manage your time is to focus
on a sin

single task at a time and give it your full attention while you’re working on it, to avoid
mistakes.

5.REWARD YOURSELF FOR GOOD WORK

Rewards can be a great motivator for good time management. Give yourself a small
reward for every task you accomplish in the day. For instance, you could celebrate
finishing up a report by taking a 15-minute walk outside. Rewards keep you motivated
on the job and can help you achieve a better work-life balance.
1.4 Benefits of Time Management

Efficient time management ensures you complete your work in less time, allowing you to have
more time to learn new opportunities, be with your family, and improve other aspects of your
life.

In the end, we have to mention that the effects of good time management don't only impact
our work environment, but also help us feel accomplished and satisfied with the results.

1.5 Time management challenges

Feeling too overwhelmed is usually caused by two things, thinking that you have to do
everything and assuming that more is better. Try to focus on a couple of things and
complete them.

1.Being stuck in reactive mode: when you get stuck in reactive mode, it's quite tough
to move forward. Set some time aside and work on projects you genuinely enjoy.

2.Not finishing what you started: going halfway through your project and stopping
there is a huge waste of time.

3.Procrastinating: there are several reasons why we chose to procrastinate. But if you
accept one project, make sure to complete it according to schedule.

4.Distractions: don't get distracted by the things that aren't important at the moment.

5.Lack of satisfaction: feeling satisfied after accomplishing what you set out to do has
the same purpose as the oxygen to a runner.

6.Feeling too anxious: time management and stress are closely related. Too much
pressure can set you back and diminish your performance at work.

1.6 What is an NGO (Non-Governmental Organization)?

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• What Is an NGO?
• About NGOs
• How NGOs are Funded
• Types of NGOs

What Is an NGO?
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a non-profit group that functions independently of any
government. NGOs, sometimes called civil societies, are organized on community, national and
international levels to serve a social or political goal such as humanitarian causes or the environment.
 KEY TAKEAWAYS

• NGOs, or non-governmental organizations, play a major role in international

development, aid and philanthropy.
• NGOs are non-profit by definition, but may run budgets of millions or up to
billions of dollars each year.
• As such, NGOs rely on a variety of funding sources from private donations and
membership dues to government contribution.
About NGOs
While "NGO" has various interpretations, the term is generally accepted to include non-
profit, private organizations that operate outside of government control. Some NGOs
rely primarily on volunteers, while others support a paid staff. The World Bank identifies
two broad groups of NGOs:

• Operational NGOs, which focus on the design and implementation of

development projects.
• Advocacy NGOs, which defend or promote a specific cause and seek to
influence public policy.1

Some NGOs may fall under both categories simultaneously. Examples of NGOs
include those that support human rights, advocate for improved health or encourage
political participation.

How NGOs are Funded

As non-profits, NGOs rely on a variety of sources for funding, including:

• membership dues
• private donations
• the sale of goods and services
• grants

Despite their independence from governments, some NGOs rely heavily on

government funding. Large NGOs may have budgets in the millions or billions of
dollars.

Types of NGOs
A number of variations of the NGO acronym exist, including:

• INGO: An international NGO. For example, the Conference of INGOs of the

Council of Europe is comprised of more than 300 participating INGOs.
• GONGO: This means government-organized NGO, often derogatory. Foreign
Policy describes GONGOs as a government-backed NGOs set up to advocate
on the behalf of a repressive regime in the international arena.
• QUANGO: Chiefly a British term, often derogatory. A quango is a quasi-
autonomous non-governmental organization that relies on public funding. Its
senior officials are appointed by the government. A Financial Times opinion
piece writes that quangos are seen as useless and are often staffed by
quangocrats
• ENGO: An environmental NGO, for example, Greenpeace or the World Wildlife
Fund. Both groups operate internationally in addition to advocating for the
environment. They are often simply referred to as NGOs.
1 .Activities
The World Bank classifies NGO activity as operational and advocacy. NGOs act as implementers,
catalysts, and partners. They mobilize resources to provide goods and services to people who have
been affected by a natural disaster; they drive change, and partner with other organizations to tackle
problems and address human needs. NGOs vary by method; some are primarily advocacy groups, and
others conduct programs and activities. Oxfam, concerned with poverty alleviation, may provide needy
people with the equipment and skills to obtain food and drinking water; the Forum for Fact-finding
Documentation and Advocacy (FFDA) helps provide legal assistance to victims of human-rights abuses.
The Afghanistan Information Management Services provide specialized technical products and services
to support development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations. Management
techniques are crucial to project success.

Operational
Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small-scale change directly through projects",mobilizing financial resources,
materials, and volunteers to create local programs. They hold large-scale fundraising events and may apply to
governments and organizations for grants or contracts to raise money for projects. Operational NGOs often have
a hierarchical structure; their headquarters are staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep
accounts, and report to and communicate with operational fieldworkers on projects. They are most often associated
with the delivery of services or environmental issues, emergency relief, and public welfare. Operational NGOs may
be subdivided into relief or development organizations, service-delivery or participatory, religious or secular, and
public or private. Although operational NGOs may be community-based, many are national or international. The
defining activity of an operational NGO is the implementation of projects

Campaigning
Campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large-scale change promoted indirectly through the influence
of the political system."[18] They require an active, efficient group of professional members who can
keep supporters informed and motivated. Campaigning NGOs must plan and host demonstrations
and events which will attract media, their defining activity. women's rights, and children's rights, and
their primary purpose is to defend (or promote) a specific cause.

Combined
NGOs may conduct both activities. Operational NGOs will use campaigning techniques if they face
issues in the field which could be remedied by policy change, and campaigning NGOs (such as
human-rights organizations) often have programs which assist individual victims for whom they are
trying to advocate

Public relations
Non-governmental organization need healthy public relations to meet their goals, and use
sophisticated public-relations campaigns to raise funds and deal with governments. Interest
groups may be politically important, influencing social and political outcomes. A code of
ethics was established in 2002 by the World Association of Non-Governmental Organization.
 CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2 Introduction

The definition of the concept of time has been associated with ambiguities and even
contradictions. For instance, time has been described as “time nothing more than the
occurrence of events in sequence, on after another” (Olpin and Hessen, 2012, p.167), and
“a resource that, when lost or misplaced, is gone forever” (Kerzner, 2009, p.286).

The definition of time management has been offered as “the process of skillfully applying
time to finish and perfect a specific activity within time constraint” (Harris, 2008, p.22).
However, there is no single definition of time that fully captures all aspects of the concept.

Becker and Mustric (2008) divide time into two categories: quantitative and qualitative. It
can be specified that “quantitative time is seen to represent time as quantities, that is, time
can be measured and counted into seconds, minutes, days, weeks, months, and years”
(Wu, 2009, p.5). Qualitative time, on the other hand, is associated with a meaning of an
activity the time is spent on.

Similar to the concept of time, there are varying opinions amongst secondary data authors
regarding the definition and role of time management. For instance, it has been noted that
“time management is about taking charge, carefully, consciously, purposefully – not
shrinking from difficulties, but engaging them” (Kristan, 2010, p.4). Moreover, some
secondary data authors also note that “time management is not an end itself. It is the
means to an end. When linked with setting and meeting goals it provided a way of getting
really high achievement out of individuals and others with whom they come into contact”
(Pearson and Thomas, 2010, p.49).

Marquis and Huston (2009), on the other hand, disagree with the term of time
management, and argue that time cannot be managed in any ways, but rather individuals
can manage events in their lives in relation to time.

At the same time, it has been warned by some secondary data authors that “time
management must not be seen as only concerned with packing more activity on the
available time, though this may be part of it; it must be in ensuring that objectives are met”
(Forsyth, 2010, p.13). Moreover, it has also been stated that “time management is not
about creating more time but rather about making the best use of the time we have”
(Hansen, 2011, p.3).

The majority of publications devoted to the issues of time management discuss the
advantages of effective management of time and offer techniques that can be used in
order to achieve this objective.
For instance it has been stated that “when we manage our time more effectively and
efficiently, we reduce stress and frustration, we become more confident, and we feel
better” (Mancini, 2007, p.viii). Moreover, some secondary data authors convincingly argue
that “with proper planning and some self-discipline, many urgent matters disappear
altogether or, when they do surface, your planning and discipline makes them less urgent
and easier to deal with” (Rivera, 2007, p.51).

Moreover, authors state that “the benefits of time management are many. Rather than
running around in a state of frenzy, you feel a sense of empowerment from getting things
done and having the time to enjoy life’s simple pleasures” (Seaward, 2011, p.134).

1. The Importance of Research

The purpose of research is to inform action. Thus, your study should seek to contextualize
its findings within the larger body of research. Research must always be of high quality in
order to produce knowledge that is applicable outside of the research setting.
Furthermore, the results of your study may have implications for policy and future project
implementation.

One problem that often plagues progress in global health is the slow translation of
research into practice. Often, a disconnect exists between those who conduct research and
those who are positioned to implement the research findings. The underlying problem is
that “the production of evidence is organized institutionally with highly centralized
mechanisms, whereas the application of that science is highly decentralized. This social
distance prevails because scientists are more oriented to the international audiences of
other scientists for which they publish than to the needs of practitioners, policy makers, or
the local public.

Thus, as researchers, it is imperative to take steps to overcome this barrier. Publishing your
study may be one initial step to make your research known to the global community. Other
proactive measures can be taken to encourage the uptake of evidence-based interventions.
For example, you can present your research findings at various venues, such as Unite for
Sight’s Global Health and Innovation Conference. Furthermore, you can send the results of
your study to local officials, policy-makers, and community leaders.

2. Goals of Research
There are relatively few published studies about eye care in developing countries, and
Unite For Sight encourages all volunteers to consider developing a research study to
contribute important knowledge to the eye care community on a global scale. Pursuing a
research project will be a challenging and rewarding experience, and this opportunity
enables you to pursue an in-depth original study about a topic of interest.
Well-conducted research is vital to the success of global heath endeavors. Not only does
research form the foundation of program development and policies all over the world, but
it can also be translated into effective global health programs. Research draws its power from the
fact that it is empirical: rather than merely theorizing about what might be effective or what could work,
researchers go out into the field and design studies that give policymakers hard data on which they can
base their decisions. Furthermore, good research utilizes methodologies that can be replicated,
produces results that are examinable by peers, and creates knowledge that can be applied to real-world
situations. Researchers work as a team to enhance our knowledge of how to best address the world’s
problems.

3. The “Iterative” Process of Research

Ultimately, the key to a successful research project lies in iteration: the process of returning
again and again to the research questions, methods, and data, which leads to new ideas,
revisions and improvements. It is easy to think of research as a step-by-step “1, 2, 3”
process, but it is important to be flexible and open to change. Oftentimes, by discussing
the research project with advisers and peers, one will find that new research questions
need to be added, variables need to be omitted, and other changes need to be made. As a
proposed study is examined and reexamined from different perspectives, it may begin to
transform and take a different shape. This is to be expected and is a component of a good
research study. In addition, it is important to examine study methods and data from
different viewpoints to ensure a comprehensive approach to the research question. In
conclusion, there is no one formula for developing a successful study, but it is important to
realize that the research process is cyclical and iterative.

4. Significance of Research in Research Methodology

“All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to
inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which the
significance of research can well be understood. Increased amounts of research make
progress possible. Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes
the development of logical habits of thinking and organization.

The role of research in several fields of applied economics, whether related to business or
to the economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern times. The increasingly
complex nature of business and government has focused attention on the use of research
in solving operational problems. Research, as an aid to economic policy, has gained
added importance, both for government and business.

Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system.For
instance, government’s budgets rest in part on an analysis of the needs and desires of the
 people and on the availability of revenues to meet these needs. The cost of needs has to
be equated to probable revenues and this is a field where research is most needed.
Through research we can devise alternative policies and can as well examine the
consequences of each of these alternatives.

Decision-making may not be a part of research, but research certainly facilitates the
decisions of the policy maker. Government has also to chalk out programmes for dealing
with all facets of the country’s existence and most of these will be related directly or
indirectly to economic conditions. The plight of cultivators, the problems of big and small
business and industry, working conditions, trade union activities, the problems of
distribution, even the size and nature of defence services are matters requiring research.
Thus, research is considered necessary with regard to the allocation of nation’s resources.

Another area in government, where research is necessary, is collecting information on the

economic and social structure of the nation. Such information indicates what is happening
in the economy and what changes are taking place. Collecting such statistical information
is by no means a routine task, but it involves a variety of research problems. These day
nearly all governments maintain large staff of research technicians or experts to carry on
this work.

Thus, in the context of government,research as a tool to economic policy has three distinct
phases of operation, viz.,
i. investigation of economic structure through continual compilation of facts;
ii. diagnosis of events that are taking place and the analysis of the forces underlying them;
and
iii. the prognosis, i.e., the prediction of future developments.
2.2 Meaning and significance of Research Design

Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems
of business and industry. Operations research and market research, along with
motivational research,are considered crucial and their results assist, in more than one way,
in taking business decisions.

Market research is the investigation of the structure and development of a market for the
purpose of formulating efficient policies for purchasing, production and sales. Operations
research refers to the application of mathematical, logical and analytical techniques to the
solution of business problems of cost minimization or of profit maximization or what can be
termed as optimization problems. Motivational research of determining why people behave
as they do is mainly concerned with market characteristics.In other words, it is concerned
with the determination of motivations underlying the consumer (market)behaviour.

All these are of great help to people in business and industry who are responsible for
taking business decisions. Research with regard to demand and market factors has great
utility in business. Given knowledge of future demand, it is generally not difficult for a firm,
or for an industry to adjust its supply schedule within the limits of its projected capacity.
Market analysis has become an integral tool of business policy these days. Business
budgeting, which ultimately results in projected profit and loss account, is based mainly on
sales estimates which in turn depends on business research.

Once sales forecasting is done, efficient production and investment programmes can be
set up around which are grouped the purchasing and financing plans. Research, thus,
replaces intuitive business decisions by more logical and scientific decisions. Research is
equally important for social scientists in studying social relationships and in seeking
answers to various social problems. It provides the intellectual satisfaction of knowing a
few things just for the sake of knowledge and also has practical utility for the social
scientist to know for the sake of being able to do something better or in a more efficient
manner.
 2.3 Importance of Research in Research Methodology

Research in social sciences is concerned both with knowledge for its own sake and with
knowledge for what it can contribute to practical concerns. “This double emphasis is
perhaps especially appropriate in the case of social science. On the one hand, its
responsibility as a science is to develop a body of principles that make possible the
understanding and prediction of the whole range of human interactions. On the other hand,
because of its social orientation, it is increasingly being looked to for practical guidance in
solving immediate problems of human relations.

In addition to what has been stated above, the significance of research can also be
understood keeping in view the following points:
a. To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research may mean a
careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social structure;
b. To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of livelihood;
c. To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas and insights;
d. To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new styles and
creative work;
e. To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalizations of new theories.
Thus, research is the fountain of knowledge for the sake of knowledge and an important
source of providing guidelines for solving different business, governmental and social
problems. It is a sort of formal training which enables one to understand the new
developments in one’s field in a better way.

.
 2.4 Data Collection Methods: Definition, Examples and Sources

Data is a collection of facts, figures, objects, symbols, and events gathered from
different sources. Organizations collect data to make better decisions. Without data, it
would be difficult for organizations to make appropriate decisions, and so data is
collected at various points in time from different audiences. For instance, before
launching a new product, an organization needs to collect data on product demand,
customer preferences, competitors, etc. In case data is not collected beforehand, the
organization’s newly launched product may lead to failure for many reasons, such as
less demand and inability to meet customer needs.

Although data is a valuable asset for every organization, it does not serve any purpose
until analyzed or processed to get the desired results.

You can categorize Data collection methods into primary methods of data collection
and secondary methods of data collection.
*Primary Data Collection Methods
Primary data is collected from the first-hand experience and is not used in the past. The
data gathered by primary data collection methods are specific to the research’s motive
and highly accurate.

Primary data collection methods can be divided into two categories: quantitative
methods and qualitative methods.

1.Quantitative Methods:
Quantitative techniques for market research and demand forecasting usually make use
of statistical tools. In these techniques, demand is forecast based on historical data.
These methods of primary data collection are generally used to make long-term
forecasts. Statistical methods are highly reliable as the element of subjectivity is
minimum in these methods.

Time Series Analysis

The term time series refers to a sequential order of values of a variable, known as a
trend, at equal time intervals. Using patterns, an organization can predict the demand
for its products and services for the projected time.

Smoothing Techniques
In cases where the time series lacks significant trends, smoothing techniques can be
used. They eliminate a random variation from the historical demand. It helps in
identifying patterns and demand levels to estimate future demand. The most common
methods used in smoothing demand forecasting techniques are the simple moving
average method and the weighted moving average method.

Barometric Method
Also known as the leading indicators approach, researchers use this method to
speculate future trends based on current developments. When the past events are
considered to predict future events, they act as leading indicators.

1. Qualitative Methods:
Qualitative methods are especially useful in situations when historical data is not
available. Or there is no need of numbers or mathematical calculations. Qualitative
research is closely associated with words, sounds, feeling, emotions, colors, and other
elements that are non-quantifiable. These techniques are based on experience,
judgment, intuition, conjecture, emotion, etc.
Quantitative methods do not provide the motive behind participants’ responses, often
don’t reach underrepresented populations, and span long periods to collect the data.
Hence, it is best to combine quantitative methods with qualitative methods.

• Surveys
Surveys are used to collect data from the target audience and gather insights into their
preferences, opinions, choices, and feedback related to their products and services.
Most survey maker software often a wide range of question types to select.

You can also use a ready-made survey template to save on time and effort. Online
surveys can be customized as per the business’s brand by changing the theme, logo,
etc. They can be distributed through several distribution channels such as email,
website, offline app, QR code, social media, etc. Depending on the type and source of
your audience, you can select the channel.

Once the data is collected, survey software can generate various reports and run
analytics algorithms to discover hidden insights. A survey dashboard can give you the
statistics related to response rate, completion rate, filters based on demographics,
export and sharing options, etc. You can maximize the effort spent on online data
collection by integrating survey builder with third-party apps.

• Polls
Polls comprise of one single or multiple choice question. When it is required to have a
quick pulse of the audience’s sentiments, you can go for polls. Because they are short in
length, it is easier to get responses from the people.

Similar to surveys, online polls, too, can be embedded into various platforms. Once the
respondents answer the question, they can also be shown how they stand compared to
others’ responses.

• Interviews
In this method, the interviewer asks questions either face-to-face or through telephone
to the respondents. In face-to-face interviews, the interviewer asks a series of
questions to the interviewee in person and notes down responses. In case it is not
feasible to meet the person, the interviewer can go for a telephonic interview. This
form of data collection is suitable when there are only a few respondents. It is too time-
consuming and tedious to repeat the same process if there are many participants.

• Delphi Technique
In this method, market experts are provided with the estimates and assumptions of
forecasts made by other experts in the industry. Experts may reconsider and revise
their estimates and assumptions based on the information provided by other experts.
 The consensus of all experts on demand forecasts constitutes the final demand
forecast.

• Focus Groups
A small group of people, around 8-10 members, discuss the common areas of the
problem. Each individual provides his insights on the issue concerned. A moderator
regulates the discussion among the group members. At the end of the discussion, the
group reaches a consensus.

• Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a printed set of questions, either open-ended or closed-ended. The
respondents are required to answer based on their knowledge and experience with the
issue concerned. The questionnaire is a part of the survey, whereas the questionnaire’s
end-goal may or may not be a survey.

primary data sources are:

▪ Interview (personal interview, telephone, e-mail)

▪ Self-administered surveys and questionnaires
▪ Field observation
▪ Experiments
▪ Life histories
▪ Action research
▪ Case studies
▪ Diary entries, letters, and other correspondence
▪ Eyewitness accounts
▪ Ethnographic research
▪ Personal narratives, memoirs
In fact, the source of primary data is the population sample from
which you gather your data. The sample is selected by some of the
different types of sampling methods and techniques.

What is Secondary Data?

Secondary data is the data that has already been collected through primary
sources and made readily available for researchers to use for their own
research. It is a type of data that has already been collected in the past.

A researcher may have collected the data for a particular project, then made it
available to be used by another researcher. The data may also have been
 collected for general use with no specific research purpose like in the case of
the national census.

A data classified as secondary for a particular research may be said to be

primary for another research. This is the case when a data is being reused,
making it a primary data for the first research and secondary data for the
second research it is being used for.

*Secondary Data Collection Methods

Secondary data is the data that has been used in the past. The researcher can obtain
data from the sources, both internal and external, to the organization.

Internal sources of secondary data:

• Organization’s health and safety records

• Mission and vision statements
• Financial Statements
• Magazines
• Sales Report
• CRM Software
• Executive summaries
External sources of secondary data:

• Government reports
• Press releases
• Business journals
• Libraries
• Internet
The secondary data collection methods, too, can involve both quantitative and
qualitative techniques. Secondary data is easily available and hence, less time-
consuming and expensive as compared to the primary data. However, with the
secondary data collection methods, the authenticity of the data gathered cannot be
verified.
 secondary data sources are:

▪ Government reports
▪ Official statistics
▪ Letters
▪ Diaries
▪ Web information
▪ Google Analytics or other sources that show statistics and data
for digital customer experience.
▪ Historical data
▪ Encyclopedias
▪ Monographs
▪ Journal articles
▪ Biography
▪ Research analysis
▪ Dissertations
▪ Works of criticism and interpretation
▪

2.5 Objectives of time management

•

1) understand the concept of time managaement

2) overcome challenges to time management
3) develop effective time management skills
4) create long term and short term plans
5) develop assertiveness
6) recognize some facts and principle of time management
What is Work-Life Balance?

Defining work-life balance involves looking at how working people manage time spent at
and outside of work. Time outside of work may include managing relationships, family
responsibilities, and other outside interests and hobbies. The methods an individual uses
to juggle all their work and life demands constitute their work-life balance. The definition is
simple, yet working professionals everywhere struggle to define it for themselves, let alone
achieve it. Those in pursuit find a complicated landscape with thousands of articles and
claims to getting there. With many people feeling stressed and not “balanced” it’s time to
take a look at how we conceptualize work-life balance and the ways in which it will need to
evolve for professionals today.

A Brief History of Work-Life Balance

It’s the late stages of the Industrial Revolution and people are overworked. In the United
Kingdom, it’s common for the average worker to work 14-16 hours a day, 6 days a week.
These long hours had social and health costs, especially for young children who were also
working. Labor reformers drew attention to this until the United Kingdom agreed to fewer
hours for women and children.

Around the same time, the US begins tracking the hours worked by its workers and
discovers that, on average, its workers performed more than 100 hours a week. These
hours worked posed serious health and safety risks for the entire country. On October 24,
1940, after decades of worker movements, the US officially amends the Fair Labor
Standards Act and adopts the 40-hour work week. This was the first move in giving
workers back more time.

The actual term “work-life balance” first appears in the U.K. in the 80’s as a plank in the
Women’s Liberation Movement. The movement advocated for flexible schedules and
maternity leave for women. But while men were socially unencumbered to pursue their
career goals without worrying about housekeeping and family-raising, working women
were expected to work and maintain responsibility for housekeeping and family rearing. In
the 80s a frequent refrain pointed out this obvious work-life imbalance asking could women
in the workplace really “have it all”. Despite voicing these needs, women experienced little
relief or movement towards work-life balance.
Defining Work-Life Balance Today

Today, work-life balance has shifted to incorporate both the issues and strategies aimed at
effective time management for employees. It has also expanded to include burnout
prevention and stress management. Employees today want better time management skills
to spend time with their families and on their personal interests. And, unlike the 80s, there
is increasing emphasis today in making work-life balance more gender neutral. Work-Life
balance should be attainable and evenly distributed across genders. (2015 EY Global
Generations Survey).

understanding Work Life Balance' survey of 2,000 working professionals by Monster.com.

Significantly, as much as 45% of the respondents were from non-metros cities where work-
life balance is supposedly a lesser issue.

Collectively, 67% of India’s working professionals either sometimes, often or always think
about work when not at work. About half of the respondents in relationships currently,
confessed that the lack of work-life balance makes them or their partners irritable or ill-
tempered.

Lack of sleep (17%), depression (16%), anxiety & irritability (9%), hypertension (4.5%)
came up as the top work-related illnesses. Back pain (15%), frequent headaches & fatigue
(14%), and obesity (5%) came up as other stress related physical illnesses

As opposed to the belief that technology is a facilitator, one-third of the young

professionals find technology (laptops and mobile phones) a hindrance in managing family
with work commitments. This becomes significant as 54% of the respondents were single.

Even with these strides, there is still a disconnect on perceived work-life balance levels
between employees and HR professionals. According to a February 2015 study by
Workplacetrends.com, 67% of HR professionals reported that their
employees are achieving work-life balance, while only 45% of their employees reported the
same.

One common and popular way that employers help employees achieve work-life balance
is through flexible schedules. Instead of a strict 9am-5pm workday, employees have the
flexibility to shift their schedules. Perhaps work 10am-6pm or 7am-3pm with little advanced
scheduling or approval. Of course, there are downsides to this. Some argue that this
approach simply shifts time units, and doesn’t address a deeper need for quality time.
Others have noticed that flextime, though attractive for recruitment, can lead to
disadvantages for younger workers in the form of lower wages, role stagnation, and even
termination.

Still, digital integration threatens the freedoms gained from flextime by blurring the lines
between work and life. Often, employees find themselves using their flextime to stay
digitally connected to work. It’s increasingly difficult to know where work ends and life
begins. And the more tech savvy one is, the more difficult it is to draw a line between the
two. Since technology and our “always on” culture isn’t going away anytime soon, the
conversation on work-life balance needs to evolve.

The Importance of Work-Life Balance

Broadly, Maslow says that people have needs, which had to be met in order. Before
anything else can be considered, basic physiological needs such as food, water, and
shelter must be provided. After that, people need to feel safe, and then to be loved
and belong to a group.

They then move on to issues of self-esteem, cognitive needs, and aesthetic needs, and
finally, at the top of the pyramid, there is self-actualisation, or achieving your full potential
as a human being.

What this means in practice is that work provides for basic needs: money earned provides
food, and shelter, and a regular income means safety. Work also allows people to belong
to a group, and doing well at work boosts self-esteem. The lower levels are all largely met
through aspects of working.

At the top of the pyramid, however, are needs which are hard to meet with work alone, and
this is where lifestyle choices, and having time for leisure, become important.

This explains partly why a work-life balance is a relatively modern concept, because you
truly do need all the basic needs to be met before you have time or energy, or need, to
worry about aesthetics or self-actualisation.
 Stress and Rest
As our page on Stress explains, while some level of stress can be very productive,
prolonged and high levels of stress can lead to mental health problems, including burnout
and depression. These are not just personal problems: time off work for mental health
problems is extremely expensive for businesses.

It is well-documented that rest and, particularly, being able to detach from work is
vital for reducing stress.

With almost half of people reporting that their jobs are either ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ stressful
in a survey in the US, this means that the idea of a work-life balance is increasingly
important to the economy.

Achieving a Work-Life Balance:

A Suggested Process
Achieving a work-life balance can be a challenge, but these ideas should help you to make
a start:

1.What is work-life balance, and why is it important?

In short, work-life balance is the state of equilibrium where a person equally prioritizes the
demands of one's career and the demands of one's personal life. Some of the common
reasons that lead to a poor work-life balance include:

• Increased responsibilities at work

• Working longer hours
• Increased responsibilities at home
• Having children

A good work-life balance, said Chris Chancey, career expert and CEO of Amplio
Recruiting, has numerous positive effects, including less stress, a lower risk of burnout and
a greater sense of well-being. This not only benefits employees but employers, too.

"Employers who are committed to providing environments that support work-life balance
for their employees can save on costs, experience fewer cases of absenteeism, and enjoy
a more loyal and productive workforce," said Chancey. Employers that offer optionsas
telecommuting or flexible work schedules can help employees have a better work-life
balance.
When creating a schedule that works for you, think about the best way to achieve balance
at work and in your personal life. Chancey said that work-life balance is less about dividing
the hours in your day evenly between work and personal life and, instead, is more about
having the flexibility to get things done in your professional life while still having time and
energy to enjoy your personal life. There may be some days where you work longer hours
so you have time later in the week to enjoy other activities.

Here are eight ways to create a better work-life balance, as well as how to be a supportive
manager.

* Accept that there is no 'perfect' work-life balance.

When you hear "work-life balance," you probably imagine having an extremely productive
day at work, and leaving early to spend the other half of the day with friends and family.
While this may seem ideal, it is not always possible.

Don't strive for the perfect schedule; strive for a realistic one. Some days, you might focus
more on work, while other days you might have more time and energy to pursue your
hobbies or spend time with your loved ones. Balance is achieved over time, not each day.

"It is important to remain fluid and constantly assess where you are [versus] your goals
and priorities," said Heather Monahan, founder of the career mentoring
group, #BossinHeels. "At times, your children may need you, and other times, you may
need to travel for work, but allowing yourself to remain open to redirecting and assessing
your needs on any day is key in finding balance."

* Find a job that you love.

Although work is an expected societal norm, your career shouldn't be restraining. If you
hate what you do, you aren't going to be happy, plain and simple. You don't need to love
every aspect of your job, but it needs to be exciting enough that you don't dread getting out
of bed every morning.

Monahan recommended finding a job that you are so passionate about you would do it for
free. "If your job is draining you, and you are finding it difficult to do the things you love
outside of work, something is wrong," said Monahan. "You may be working in a toxic
environment, for a toxic person, or doing a job that you truly don't love. If this is the case, it
is time to find a new job."

* Prioritize your health.

Your overall physical, emotional and mental health should be your main concern. If you
struggle with anxiety or depression and think therapy would benefit you, fit those sessions
into your schedule, even if you have to leave work early or ditch your evening spin class. If
you are battling a chronic illness, don't be afraid to call in sick on rough days. Overworking
yourself prevents you from getting better, possibly causing you to take more days off in the
future.

"Prioritizing your health first and foremost will make you a better employee and person,"
said Monahan. "You will miss less work, and when you are there, you will be happier and
more productive."
Prioritizing your health doesn't have to consist of radical or extreme activities. It can be as
simple as daily meditation or exercise.

*4 Don't be afraid to unplug.

Cutting ties with the outside world from time to time allows us to recover from weekly
stress, and gives us space for other thoughts and ideas to emerge. Unplugging can mean
something simple like practicing https://www.businessnewsdaily.com, instead of checking
work emails.

Monahan said when she used to travel with her boss for work, she'd look over to find him
reading a novel while she would be doing something work-related.

"I didn't understand at the time that he was giving himself a break and decompressing
while I was leading myself to a potential burnout," said Monahan.

Now, Monahan practices the same tactics. She reiterated that taking that time to unwind is
critical to success and will help you feel more energized when you're on the clock.

*5 Take a vacation.

Sometimes, truly unplugging means taking vacation time and shutting work completely off
for a while. Whether your vacation consists of a one-day staycation or a two-week trip to
Bali, it's important to take time off to physically and mentally recharge.

According to the State of American Vacation 2018 study conducted by the U.S. Travel
Association, 52% of employees reported having unused vacation days left over at the end
of the year. Employees are often worried that taking time off will disrupt the workflow, and
they will be met with a backlog of work when they return. This fear should not restrict you
from taking a much-needed break.

"The truth is, there is no nobility in not taking well-deserved time away from work; the
benefits of taking a day off far outweigh the downsides," said Chancey. "With proper
planning, you can take time away without worrying about burdening your colleagues or
contending with a huge workload when you return."

*6 Make time for yourself and your loved ones.

While your job is important, it shouldn't be your entire life. You were an individual before
taking this position, and you should prioritize the activities or hobbies that make you happy.
Chancey said that achieving work-life balance requires deliberate action.

"If you do not firmly plan for personal time, you will never have time to do other things
outside of work," said Chancey. "No matter how hectic your schedule might be, you
ultimately have control of your time and life."

When planning time with your loved ones, create a calendar for romantic and family dates.
It may seem weird to plan one-on-one time with someone you live with, but it will ensure
that you spend quality time with them without work-life conflict. Just because work keeps
you busy doesn't mean you should neglect personal relationships.
"Realize that no one at your company is going to love you or appreciate you the way your
loved ones do," said Monahan. "Also [remember] that everyone is replaceable at work, and
no matter how important you think your job is, the company will not miss a beat tomorrow if
you are gone."

2.6 Benefits of time management in a workplace

There are many advantages that come along with proper management of time. In your
professional life, time management can benefit you in the following ways:
1. Deliver work on time

Allocating a finite time period to tasks help you complete them on time. It also helps
you to manage your workload in the most effective way. When you have time-boxed
tasks, your brain gets rewired to follow the structure and accomplish those activities
within the desired time-frame. Thus, you can easily deliver work on time if you have
managed your time well.
2. Provide a better quality of work

As a dedicated employee, you are expected to provide work of certain quality and
standards. With the proper utilization of time and prioritization of activities, one can
easily provide a better quality of work. Prioritization helps you focus on important
 tasks by keeping them in the highest priority which enables you to work on them
with full attention and focus. Hence, the quality of the work is improved.
3. More productivity and efficiency

It is no secret that effective time management skills make you more productive and
efficient as a working professional. These skills are helpful in helping you finish tasks
as early as possible without compromising on the quality of work. Your overall
productivity often goes for a toss when you’re working on unimportant tasks but
effective time management skills let you tick off tasks that are both important and
urgent on time.
4. Much less procrastination

“I will do it later” – This is an excuse that we all have made at some time. The
meaning of time management is not just about doing more in less time but also to
reduce the urge to delay and procrastinate over important tasks. Applying good time
management tricks enable you as a founder, leader, or employee to work smarter
rather than harder. It instantly eliminates procrastination by ensuring that you’re
familiar with the tasks added in your to-do list and when it needs to be finished.
5. Less stress and anxiety

There are times when employees feel overwhelmed due to too much work on their
plates. This can not only hamper your productivity but also take a toll on your overall
health. Excessive stress and hypertension can lead to heart diseases, depression,
obesity and more. Knowing what to do we can reduce unnecessary stress and
tensions from your life.
6. Improved quality of life

Effective time management skills don’t just benefit your professional life but can also
improve your life outside of the office. If you keep things under control on the
professional front, you get more time to focus on your personal life and relationships.
Knowing the fact that tasks and activities are on track will bring a sense of calmness
in your personal life. As you feel calmer and less stressed out, your quality of life
improves automatically.
 CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW

.3 Introduction
The interest in time management is by no means new, and in an increasingly globalized
world the problem of how to manage time was already discussed by several authors
already from the 1950s. They proposed different methods how to manage time issues
such as work plans (e.g. to-do lists) in order to increase time performance, but also
found new ways in which people in organizations people would improve their efforts
and better manage their time. For the purpose of the Wyrdin, a review of the “time
management” literature will be made as an attempt to offer some theoretical
foundations both to the team and the users. Interestingly enough, time cannot be
managed, because it is an inaccessible factor (Roe et al., 2005). Only the way a person
deals with time can be influenced. Time management can be viewed as a way of
monitoring and controlling time (e.g. Eilam and Aharon, 2003). This is why it would be
more accurate to speak about self-management rather than time management,
because it implies the performance of multiple tasks within a certain time
period.However, in the literature, the term self-management has a different meaning
which is monitoring and regulating oneself, but it does not make any specific reference
to techniques for monitoring time use.

How to measure the time management? What is common to time management items is
that they refer to planning behavior. For example, some time management measures
include yearly and daily planning reports, using an activity log (such as the Wyrdin), an
setting goals following “priorities, scheduling, organizing and planning” (Lang, 1992).

Time management theory So far, there is no theory of time management. However,

some scholars such as Macan (1994) stated that time management training programs
lead to three types of time management behaviors:

• setting goals and priorities

• mechanics of time management
• preference for organization These behaviors would result in perceived feeling of
having control over one’s time and by implementing time management
techniques, one is able to experience control over what can be done within
workday time. As a consequence, this feeling has a positive effect on job
satisfaction, and job-induced and somatic tensions
.1 Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide an overview for those interested in
the current state-of-the-art in time management research.
Design/methodology/approach – This review includes 32 empirical studies on time
management conducted between 1982 and 2004. Findings – The review demonstrates
that time management behaviours relate positively to perceived control of time, job
satisfaction, and health, and negatively to stress. The relationship with work and
academic performance is not clear. Time management training seems to enhance time
management skills, but this does not automatically transfer to better performance.
Research limitations/implications – The reviewed research displays several limitations.
First, time management has been defined and operationalised in a variety of ways.
Some instruments were not reliable or valid, which could account for unstable findings.
Second, many of the studies were based on cross-sectional surveys and used self-
reports only. Third, very little attention was given to job and organizational factors.
There is a need for more rigorous research into the mechanisms of time management
and the factors that contribute to its effectiveness. The ways in which stable time
management behaviours can be established also deserves further investigation.
Practical implications – This review makes clear which effects may be expected of time
management, which aspects may be most useful for which individuals, and which work
characteristics would enhance or hinder positive effects. Its outcomes may help to
develop more effective time management practices. Originality/value – This review is
the first to offer an overview of empirical research on time management. Both practice
and scientific research may benefit from the description of previous attempts to
measure and test the popular notions of time management The review demonstrates
that time management behaviours relate positively to perceived control of time, job
satisfaction, and health, and negatively to stress. The relationship with work and
academic performance is not clear. ... First, time management has been defined and
operationalised in a variety of ways.

3.2 Time management tool:

Simply said, the point of time management tools is to help you manage your time
better. By using time management tools, you can become more productive, make
better decisions about your time and reduce the time you spend on things like reporting
and invoicing.

When we talk about time management tools, you have to be aware that it’s quite easy
to become enthusiastic about a new tool. The hard part is consistently using the
selected tool.
3.1 Abstract
That’s why you first need a really good reason why you want to become better at time
management (to earn more, to have more free time ...), then find the most appropriate
tool for your goal and, finally, you have to use the tool long enough to get used to it.

Here is a list of things with which time management tools can help you the most:

1. Writing down your goals (clearly defined goals help with time management
tremendously)
2. Organizing your week and scheduling how you will spend your time in advance
3. Having an overview of all the tasks that need to be completed (with deadlines)
4. Prioritizing your tasks (or not forgetting about them)
5. Recording and analyzing all the time spent (for optimization purposes)
6. Simplifying administration (such as reporting, invoicing etc.)
7. Coordinating with your team
8. Managing meetings better
9. Minimizing distractions and focusing better
10. Reflecting on where you can improve and developing new habits
All these things should result in you being more successful – making better decisions
about your priorities, taking on bigger projects with higher value added, saying no to
unimportant things etc., and more efficient – working faster in the flow without
distractions, saving time with reporting, communicating about your goals better etc.
3.2 Advantages or Benefits of Time Management:

The time management activity is not that which requires extra skills. The only need is of

some knowledge as to how to and be dedicated to implement a schedule. And it’s even

more essential to balance day to day activities for better result and even success.

The implemented change never being an easy task, it becomes a little more persistent

when you understand the benefits. It will bring you a positive response.

The benefit of time management is not just important for the development of the

career. It has a significant impact on one’s personal life. A wise scheduling decision is

involved and leads to self-discipline as there are many advantages of punctuality.

1. Reduction in stress level:

The reduction in stress level is the main content of time management. If you follow

time management properly then you will get a better result. Even you can relax yourself

while enjoying your work.

Stress leads to spoiling of work schedule and disturbed work schedule can never

provide the best results. The result will come undoubtedly but no one can say it will be

best or worst.

2. Provides focus on the task:

The time management skills initially provide relief from stress and later helps you

in focusing your goals and performance in the task. A focused person becomes

successful in less time as compared to those who do more struggle for getting their

target in life.
The people always desire to have a successful and enjoyable life and that can be

obtained by keeping a focused view about everything and every step.

3. Decrease procrastination:

There is much duration in life and it also brings fluctuation. The particular point in

adopting time management is the ability to predict the results and control the

situations. Managing time isn’t something that requires extra skills, the only need is to

have some knowledge about how to and be dedicated to implementing it within your

day to day activities.

4. Gain self-confidence:

Self-confidence plays a vital role in human life and self-confident people always have a

better life than dependent persons. The feel usually comes when you plan your work

properly and take decisions on time for betterment. “Time management never

takes your time, rather provides you with extra time.” A person can do

anything with confidence and self-trust leads a human being to the next level.

5. A way to the goal:

Everybody has a desire to achieve his/her goal in life and dream to get a relaxing future

after attaining the target. Managing time allows you time where it has the most impact.

The time management system allows every human to spend time on the things that

matter most to them. In this process, time management has a positive aspect to

perform and people consider the scheduling a better option. So, he/ she will become

healthy definitely. Once you have decided to plan your time, you have to discipline

yourself and work on self-improvement with health as a key factor.

3.3 Disadvantages of Time Management:

The first fall, while you are managing your time, is one area of your life which leaves an

impact on the other areas. To avoid any compromising situation just understand that

learning about time management theory is mainly implementing a change in lifestyle.

In other words, there is a need for coherent values adoption for effective time

management.

It can be pretty hard for someone who doesn’t embrace punctuality and value time.

There are very few downsides to time management. The main disadvantages of

management are that more consumption of time in making up plans is taken. It can

make human life mechanical too.

1. Non-clear Objectives:

Productive behaviour is definitely one of the main goals in time management.

Sometimes, it leads to non-clear objectives which usually struck people for worse. An

unaware person doesn’t know what to do? If you are not being able to do better

management of workload, you will get more struck in non-done tasks in no time.

2. Mismanagement:

Organized results to less rework and mistakes but excess organizing craze leaves a

person in blunder. The items, details, and instructions are if forgotten then leads to

extra work and blame of mismanagement. A person has to do a task more times if he

forgets something. It will lead to fatigue and it happens because of predictive

behaviour.
3. Can’t say “no”:

You might have forgotten an appointment, or missed deadline and all happened

because of working on others task as saying ‘no’ will be tough for you. Such crazy

situations incline life friction. You can avoid creating such problems by planning and

preparing exactly. Nobody can create more time but it can be used in a better way by

managing time undoubtedly. It’s always better to keep back because people simply can’t

say no to anyone.

4. Obstacles:

Simple actions like shifting commute or getting work done early, produce more issues

in life. The time management leads you towards an obstacle. When you know what you

need to do, you hate wasting time in idle activities, that lead to disputes and

disturbances. Instead of thinking what to do next, concentrate on steps ahead of work,

as anything can go wrong. People face many problems due to it.

5. Inactivity:

The common misconception makes time management an extra effort. To the contrary,

proper time management makes human life easier and inactive. If things are asking for

less effort than the usual time, then the consumption of time leads to dullness.

Manage time for improving life, as time management is all about spending time in the

right places, and on the right things but sometimes the obsession for doing right makes

your life stagnant.

6. A load of different works at one time:

When you work according to time management, then sometimes in overconfidence you

take too many tasks in hand. That particular condition leaves you in total blunder. The

people keep too many expectations from you just because of your flaunting behaviour

and at last, you feel a load of work on your shoulders. And such confusion creates a

mismanagement situation.

7. Fatigue and stress are part of life :

Fatigue and stress are common problems that lead you into a phase of fatigue. Fatigue
makes a person tired of life. They also feel demoralized because they think again and again
about their unsuccessful attempt to take charge of time management in their lives.

8. No time to rest :

Recovery disappears from the lives of people who are more concerned about time
management than their personal abilities. They waste most of their time planning instead
of acting.

Intellectuals generally define actions as speaking louder than words. And people who
invest their time and money in planning can never succeed. Leisure has become a
necessity in today’s life.

9.No 'Self-Care' Time :

On the subject of feeling stressed, you can fall into that unfortunate state by failing to
schedule regular times for yourself—to recharge, to reenergize, to relax, and even to
sleep enough. Lack of proper time management means you won't have a plan to slot in
regular sessions for yourself. Yet, you need time to do simple things like stretching,
going for a bike ride, cleaning your room or even your desk, dancing, going for a walk,
or socializing with friends.
3.4 Steps to effective Time Management: •
effective time management means getting more of the important work
done in a day. In fact, effective time management is even more important
than efficient use of our time. Of course, the best time managers are
both effective and efficient..

• Record. If you’re a traditionalist, a conventional planner or notebook can help you

keep track of assignments and due dates. For the more technology-oriented
student, a number of online tools and mobile apps will do the job. BYU Learning
Suite Schedule, for example, allows you to import assignments into your online
calendar. No matter how you choose to record your assignments, make sure that it
aligns with a location you consult frequently.
• Prioritize. Decide which projects are most important and plan to work on them
first—but take care not to automatically give the highest priority to assignments that
are due in the near future. A large project; e.g., a final paper, may not be due until
the end of the semester, but it requires attention well before that time. Also,
consider whether other people are depending on your work as you determine your
priorities.
• Determine actionable tasks. After you have figured out what you need to do,
decide how you’re going to do it. Not knowing how to start a project can lead to
procrastination. Look closely at the assignment and decide what steps you can take
to complete it. Breaking down a project into more manageable chunks can make it
much less intimidating.
• Schedule. Now that you know what you need to do and how to do it, decide when
you will get it done by setting aside specific times to complete your tasks. For
example, when you get an assignment, consider factors such as how long it will
take or where you need to be to complete it, and then choose what days and times
you will work on it. Do everything you can to stick to your schedule. If something
prevents you from completing your scheduled tasks, reschedule them and get back
on course.
 Chapter 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Data analysis and interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to
the collected information and determining the conclusions, significance,
and implications of the findings. ... The analysis of NUMERICAL
(QUANTITATIVE) DATA is represented in mathematical terms.

4.1 Data Interpretation :

Data Interpretation is the process of making sense out of a collection of data that
has been processed. This collection may be present in various forms like bar graphs,
line charts and tabular forms and other similar forms and hence needs an
interpretation of some kind. Here we will learn about data interpretation with the
help of many important techniques and examples. We will see how we can make
sense out of the graphical data and other forms of it. We shall learn to use it to
solve the most common questions that are present in this section of the
quantitative aptitude.
4.2What are the methods of data analysis?

Since our expertise at Import.io is in data from the web, we’ll discuss the methods of
analysis for data from the web. The steps leading up to web data analysis are:
identify, extract, prepare, integrate, and consume. In traditional manual data analysis each
of these steps take a substantial amount of time to perform.

Identifying the data you need can be challenging with the vast amount of data on the web.
You may choose a data source that isn’t reliable or miss crucial data sources that should be
part of your research. Reliable and complete data is necessary for accurate data analysis.

Extracting data from the web has traditionally required a web scraper that is coded to
scrape data from a certain website according to certain parameters. For example,
traditional Twitter sentiment analysis might use a web scraper that is coded to scrape
tweets that mention your brand name. Creating and running these web scrapers takes
time. And even once it’s finished, it’s possible the data could be incomplete or inaccurate.
The parameters for which tweets will be scraped could be missing a rule, resulting in
missing crucial data.

Preparing data for analysis requires many steps that each take a long time to do manually.
The data must be cleansed, standardized, transformed, etc. This is where a lot of the
outdating happens. By the time the data is ready, it is not as recent and there is newer data
out there.

Integrating the data with your data analysis software can be an issue depending on which
software yo

ur organization uses. And it needs to be integrated so that it can be consumed.

* How to make data analysis more efficient for your organization

You know that the main purpose of data analysis is to make business decisions that are
backed by data, so why would you let this process take so long that the insights are
outdated by the time you get them?

Import.io knows that traditional web scraping and data analysis methods are time
consuming to the point where their value is diminished by the time they take. That is why
we created Web Data Integration.
Web Data Integration automates all 5 steps of web data analysis, allowing you to get
insights from data while it’s fresh. Rather than outdated insights as a base for your
business decisions, you can use insights from real-time data.

Web Data Integration is not only quicker than traditional web data analysis, but is also
more accurate and reliable. Rather than using hand-coded rules to extract the web data,
WDI has built-in quality control, so the data will always be complete, accurate, and
reliable.

4.3 What is Data Analysis?

Although many groups, organizations, and experts have different ways to approach
data analysis, most of them can be distilled into a one-size-fits-all definition. Data
analysis is the process of cleaning, changing, and processing raw data, and extracting
actionable, relevant information that helps businesses make informed decisions. The
procedure helps reduce the risks inherent in decision making by providing useful
insights and statistics, often presented in charts, images, tables, and graphs.

It’s not uncommon to hear the term “big data” brought up in discussions about data
analysis. Data analysis plays a crucial role in processing big data into useful
information. Neophyte data analysts who want to dig deeper by revisiting big data
fundamentals should go back to the basic question, “What is data?”

What is the Data Analysis Process?

The data analysis process, or alternately, data analysis steps, involves gathering all the
information, processing it, exploring the data, and using it to find patterns and other
insights. The process consists of:

• Data Requirement Gathering. Ask yourself why you’re doing this analysis, what type
of data analysis you want to use, and what data you are planning on analyzing.

• Data Collection. Guided by the requirements you’ve identified, it’s time to collect the
data from your sources. Sources include case studies, surveys, interviews,
questionnaires, direct observation, and focus groups. Make sure to organize the
collected data for analysis.

• Data Cleaning. Not all of the data you collect will be useful, so it’s time to clean it up.
This process is where you remove white spaces, duplicate records, and basic errors.
Data cleaning is mandatory before sending the information on for analysis.

• Data Analysis. Here is where you use data analysis software and other tools to help
you interpret and understand the data and arrive at conclusions. Data analysis tools
 include Excel, Python, R, Looker, Rapid Miner, Chartio, Metabase, Redash, and
Microsoft Power BI.

• Data Interpretation. Now that you have your results, you need to interpret them and
come up with the best courses of action, based on your findings.

• Data Visualization. Data visualization is a fancy way of saying, “graphically show

your information in a way that people can read and understand it.” You can use
charts, graphs, maps, bullet points, or a host of other methods. Visualization helps
you derive valuable insights by helping you compare datasets and observe
relationships.

What Types of Data Analysis are There?

There are a half-dozen popular types of data analysis available today, commonly employed in
the worlds of technology and business. They are:

• Diagnostic Analysis. Diagnostic analysis answers the question, “Why did this happen?”
Using insights gained from statistical analysis (more on that later!), analysts use diagnostic
analysis to identify patterns in data. Ideally, the analysts find similar patterns that existed in
the past, and consequently, use those solutions to resolve the present challenges hopefully.

• Predictive Analysis. Predictive analysis answers the question, “What is most likely to
happen?” By using patterns found in older data as well as current events, analysts predict
future events. While there’s no such thing as 100 percent accurate forecasting, the odds
improve if the analysts have plenty of detailed information and the discipline to research it
thoroughly.

• Prescriptive Analysis. Mix all the insights gained from the other data analysis types, and you
have prescriptive analysis. Sometimes, an issue can’t be solved solely with one analysis
type, and instead requires multiple insights.

• Statistical Analysis. Statistical analysis answers the question, “What happened?” This
analysis covers data collection, analysis, modeling, interpretation, and presentation using
dashboards. The statistical analysis breaks down into two sub-categories:

. Descriptive. Descriptive analysis works with either complete or selections of summarized

numerical data. It illustrates means and deviations in continuous data and percentages and
frequencies in categorical data.

. Inferential. Inferential analysis works with samples derived from complete data. An analyst
can arrive at different conclusions from the same comprehensive data set just by choosing
different samplings.
• Text Analysis. Also called “data mining,” text analysis uses databases and data mining tools
to discover patterns residing in large datasets. It transforms raw data into useful business
information. Text analysis is arguably the most straightforward and the most direct method
of data analysis.

4.4 How To Analyze Data:

Now that we’ve answered the question, ‘what is data analysis?’, considered the
different types of analysis methods, it’s time to dig deeper into how to do data analysis
by working through these 15 essential elements.

1. Collaborate your needs

Before you begin to analyze your data or drill down into any analysis techniques, it’s
crucial to sit down collaboratively with all key stakeholders within your organization,
decide on your primary campaign or strategic goals, and gain a fundamental
understanding of the types of insights that will best benefit your progress or provide you
with the level of vision you need to evolve your organization.

2. Establish your questions

Once you’ve outlined your core objectives, you should consider which questions will
need answering to help you achieve your mission. This is one of the most important
data analytics techniques as it will shape the very foundations of your success.
To help you ask the right things and ensure your data works for you, you have to ask
the right data analysis questions.

3. Harvest your data

After giving your data analytics methodology real direction and knowing which
questions need answering to extract optimum value from the information available to
your organization, you should decide on your most valuable data sources and start
collecting your insights – the most fundamental of all data analysis techniques.

4. Set your KPIs

Once you’ve set your data sources, started to gather the raw data you consider to offer
potential value, and established clear-cut questions you want your insights to answer,
you need to set a host of key performance indicators (KPIs) that will help you track,
measure, and shape your progress in a number of key areas.

KPIs are critical to both analysis methods in qualitative and quantitative research. This
is one of the primary methods of analyzing data you certainly shouldn’t overlook.

To help you set the best possible KPIs for your initiatives and activities, explore our
collection of key performance indicator examples.

5. Omit useless data

Having bestowed your data analysis techniques and methods with true purpose and
defined your mission, you should explore the raw data you’ve collected from all sources
and use your KPIs as a reference for chopping out any information you deem to be
useless.

Trimming the informational fat is one of the most crucial methods of data analysis as it
will allow you to focus your analytical efforts and squeeze every drop of value from the
remaining ‘lean’ information.

Any stats, facts, figures, or metrics that don’t align with your business goals or fit with
your KPI management strategies should be eliminated from the equation.

6. Conduct statistical analysis

One of the most pivotal types of analysis is statistics.

This kind of analysis method focuses on aspects including cluster, cohort, regression,
factor, and neural networks and will ultimately give your data analysis methodology a
more logical direction.
4.5 what are Data Interpretation Methods?

Data interpretation methods are how analysts help people make sense of numerical
data that has been collected, analyzed and presented. Data, when collected in raw form,
may be difficult for the layman to understand, which is why analysts need to break down
the information gathered so that others can make sense of it.

For example, when founders are pitching to potential investors, they must interpret data
(e.g. market size, growth rate, etc.) for better understanding. There are 2 main methods in
which this can be done, namely; quantitative methods and qualitative methods.

1. Qualitative Data Interpretation Method

The qualitative data interpretation method is used to analyze qualitative data, which is
also known as categorical data. This method uses texts, rather than numbers or patterns to
describe data.

Qualitative data is usually gathered using a wide variety of person-to-person techniques,

which may be difficult to analyze compared to the quantitative research method.

Unlike the quantitative data which can be analyzed directly after it has been collected and
sorted, qualitative data needs to first be coded into numbers before it can be
analyzed. This is because texts are usually cumbersome, and will take more time and
result in a lot of errors if analyzed in its original state. Coding done by the analyst should
also be documented so that it can be reused by others and also analyzed.

There are 2 main types of qualitative data, namely; nominal and ordinal data. These 2 data
types are both interpreted using the same method, but ordinal data interpretation is quite
easier than that of nominal data.

In most cases, ordinal data is usually labelled with numbers during the process of data
collection, and coding may not be required. This is different from nominal data that still
needs to be coded for proper interpretation.

2 Quantitative Data Interpretation Method

The quantitative data interpretation method is used to analyze quantitative data, which is
also known as numerical data. This data type contains numbers and is therefore analyzed
with the use of numbers and not texts.

Quantitative data are of 2 main types, namely; discrete and continuous data. Continuous
data is further divided into interval data and ratio data, with all the data types being
numeric.
Due to its natural existence as a number, analysts do not need to employ the coding
technique on quantitative data before it is analyzed. The process of analyzing quantitative
data involves statistical modelling techniques such as standard deviation, mean and
median.

Some of the statistical methods used in analyzing quantitative data are highlighted below:

1.Mean

The mean is a numerical average for a set of data and is calculated by dividing the sum of
the values by the number of values in a dataset. It is used to get an estimate of a large
population from the dataset obtained from a sample of the population.

For example, online job boards in the US use the data collected from a group of registered
users to estimate the salary paid to people of a particular profession. The estimate is
usually made using the average salary submitted on their platform for each profession.

2.Standard deviation

This technique is used to measure how well the responses align with or deviates from the
mean. It describes the degree of consistency within the responses; together with the mean,
it provides insight into data sets.

In the job board example highlighted above, if the average salary of writers in the US is
$20,000 per annum, and the standard deviation is 5.0, we can easily deduce that the
salaries for the professionals are far away from each other. This will birth other questions
like why the salaries deviate from each other that much.

With this question, we may conclude that the sample contains people with few years of
experience, which translates to a lower salary and people with many years of experience,
translating to a higher salary. However, it does not contain people with mid-level
experience.

3.Frequency distribution

This technique is used to assess the demography of the respondents or the number of
times a particular response appears in research. It is extremely keen on determining the
degree of intersection between data point
 Chapter 5 :CONCLUSION

In conclusion, time management is a very important skill to be learned and to be mastered in

order to have a better lifestyle. By managing well time, you will no longer suffer from stress and
your works/tasks will be done on time and with great quality. Remember that it is important to
have the attitude to change your schedules and to change procrastination. Also, take into account
all of the explained strategies that are very helpful to achieve a better time management. It is
important to add, that sports also provide a helpful hand for time management, and also permit
your body to be healthy and to have a better social circle. I hope you have enjoyed this web page,
and that it has helped you to achieve a better time management. Effective time management
is important for any business. Provide your employees with the training and tools
they need to optimize their performance.

Time management is an essential skill that needs to be mastered for academic and work
purposes. Analysis and self-reflection on the existing time management practices are a
good start in coming up with more effective and efficient ones. Identifying the strengths
and weaknesses will lead someone to come up with a more workable plan / schedule.
Further, the identified weaknesses will help one to develop and design more responsive
/ effective time management strategies.

The activities in this WebQuest has helped you identify your strengths and weaknesses
in using your time. The activities have been so interactive and comprehensive designed
to guide you develop your own time management strategies. Time management starts
with the right attitude and mindset. Once you have developed these, you will become
more punctual, more well-organized, and flexible with your time. In other words, you
will be having a smooth-sailing, stress-free, and happy life.
effective time management is what makes success possible. The real value of time
management is that it enhances our lives in all dimensions, (Webber, 1972). What we gain
from time management is not more time but a better life. When you learn to use
effectively the time that is given to you, you can have more time with your family, avoid
getting stressed out, improve your personal level of productivity and be more sucessful in
achieving goals. It is crucial to do as much good as we can in a lifetime.
5.1 Suggestions :

A suggestion is an idea someone proposes. ... A friend could make a suggestion of a

fun movie. If you're new in town, you might ask for suggestions of good
neighborhoods. Suggestions are ideas that can be taken or rejected; it's up to the
person who receives the suggestion
.

1.Know how you spend your time

The basic idea lies in being aware of how long you take to do whatever is on your list.
If you have 10 things to do, are you able to cover up everything in the number of hours
you have for the day? When you clearly define how you spend your time, you will be
better able to keep a record of how you spend your time. Analyze your free time.
the teams track their time on a time tracking software to better manage how much time
they are spending on their work. All in all, it makes their job easier and they can spare
some free time doing other things.

2.priotization
Manage your time>achieve your goals>be successful. This is the pattern to follow.
Managing time also simply means to spend time on priorities and not to waste time on
non-priorities. Know your priorities by asking yourself these questions:
• Identify urgent vs important
• What are your values?
• What are your goals?
• What is the result of the activity?
When you know how to prioritize your goals you will be probably successful in your
role.

3.Make a to-do list at the end of each day

To-do lists are predominantly motivating because it gives a clear idea of what is to be
accomplished each day. The best time to make a to-do list is at the end of each day so
that you clearly know from where to resume work the following day:
• Create tasks
• Break them into smaller, manageable tasks
• Assign them
• Set start and due dates
• Set estimates and track time spent
•
4.Focus without distractions

Time management tips at work can be successful when you push yourself out of the
distractive circle. It’s not easy to stay on tasks when you need to do millions of tasks.
Getting distracted is normal. So to stay on track with what you want to achieve, keep in
mind your end goals. Focus on only one part of your work at a time. No responding to
texts, no browsing the web.

5.Decision-making

There are not many jobs where you can just sit down and start working without making
a prior decision or giving thoughts to how you are going to plan all your work. There
are many things to thought upon, like;
• Which task is of high-priority
• When a task is to be completed
• Which resources are available to do the task
6.Record your daily routine

This time management strategy will make you clear to find out which are the activities
that you are wasting your time on. You can start by tracking your activities at work
using time tracking apps and productivity apps. When you have recorded your daily
routines for a week, you will be able to spot all the time-wasting activities and better
keep a conscious effort to cut them out of your day.

7. Automate your workflow

While we are talking about the strategies of time management, automating recurring
tasks is one of the most effective time management strategies. You can create
recurring tasks if it needs to be done on a regular basis. This will help to save time
otherwise spent on manually creating such tasks.
Using a top project management software, you can create automated recurring
tasks Daily, Weekly, Monthly, or Yearly.
 8.Get organized

It is said that super achievers are super-organized. It can be quite overwhelming when
there are a large number of tasks to focus that can diffuse productivity. However, a
good project management system with built-in task management software will help
you divide bigger tasks into small, manageable subtasks..
This time management technique will organize all your tasks into
a manageable category. With the chunks of work, you can do your work in a
manageable way, with easy categories to handle and get important goals accomplished
first. It also helps you to share your workload.

09. Spend your mornings on MITs

Do you want to be productive with your time? If so, then identify the most important
tasks (MITs) from your to-do list and get them completed first thing in the morning. It’s
no secret that you have the most amount of energy and enthusiasm in the AM. So, why
don’t use it to tackle the biggest and the most challenging tasks?
 10.Batch similar task together

Different tasks demand team members invest a different amount of time and efforts.
But since most of the tasks that teams get today are similar to each other, the best way
to handle them is to batch them together.
The reason? Well, batching similar or related tasks together within a project allows
teams to cut out time reorienting and deliver projects faster. You can add custom labels
to filter tasks under one label.

11. Stop being perfectionist

A major reason why most people put off tasks or constantly delay the delivery of a
project or product is that they are running after perfection. It’s great that you want to
be the best at whatever task you are doing, but here’s an important question – Do you
have only one task in your to-do list? Obviously, the answer is “no”. Since there are
many other tasks in your to-do list that needs to be completed within the same day,
stop running after perfection and concentrate more on getting every task completed as
efficiently, realistically as possible
12. Just say “NO”

It’s okay if you don’t want to upset anyone but only agree to deadlines that you can
handle in reality. If your to-do list is already full and you receive a request to complete
an additional task on the same day, decline it. Don’t agree to work on a task or help a
colleague until you have some spare time. Keep your priorities straight and simple.

13. Learn the 80-20 rule

By now, everyone in the business world knows what “20/80 rule” is. It basically
tells us that 80% of the results we get are achieved from 20% of our actions. Now,
when it comes to effective time management, this rule suggests you look at your
to-do list and find ways to keep it simple. According to this principle, you should
get down to the most important tasks and focus on accomplishing them first.
 5.2 FINDINGS :

1) Of eight telephone calls placed, one will be repeated due to missing

information.

2) The average manager spends three hours per day handling unforeseen
interruptions and problems.

3) Employees, on average, work the hardest from 9 AM to 12 PM. After this

time, productivity tends to drop significantly.

4) If you spend 10-12 minutes planning your day, you’ll save up to 2 hours of
time that would have otherwise gone to waste.

5) The average person has tried and/or uses 13 different methods for
managing their time.

6) A typical office worker checks their email 50 times and their social media
platforms 77 times per day while they’re at work.

7) It’s proven that 66% of people check their emails 7 days a week. They also
expect to receive email responses the following day.

8) Harvard University did a study and found that American companies lose
roughly $65B. This is because their employees are suffering from a lack of
sleep

9) 70% of people use a to-do list to ensure that they get all their most
important tasks done.

10)New ideas, concepts, and suggestions will be criticized in under 8 seconds.

11) Of the time given to a workday, 80% is spent doing tasks with little to no
value and only 20% is spent doing something important.

The time management statistics above show how effective adequate time
management is. It also proves how important it is for the success of both
companies and their individual employees. Without time management
techniques, companies suffer from lost productivity, loss of revenue, and an
increase in health deterioration among employees.
 Flexible and non-flexible working

In their Work-Life-Relationship survey , the FlexJobs company explored, among other

categories, the work-life balance of employees with a flexible work setting and those
without it. Their findings suggest that the work-life balance is the primary reason
workers search for flexible jobs. In fact, 67% of respondents said so.

Now, according to their results, here are the key areas that show differences between
employees with flexible work options and those without:

1. Work-life balance,
2. Stress levels and work-life balance, and
3. Relationships with their boss.
his survey demonstrates that work-life balance increases, while stress levels decrease
when having a flexible work schedule. In addition, employee-boss relationships vary
depending on the work setting of an employee.

But, apart from work environments, another factor that can affect your approach to
work-life balance is your age. Studies show that diverse generations have a different
understanding of work-life balance.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.proofhub.com/articles/time-management-strategies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_management

https://www.datapine.com/blog/data-analysis-methods-and-techniques/

https://www.toppr.com/guides/quantitative-aptitude/data-interpretation/

https://www.sisense.com/blog/5-techniques-take-data-analysis-another-level/
https://www.projects4mba.com/questionnaire-on-work-life-balance/311
 ANNEXURE

Q1 When working or studying do you...?

A. Focus on completing tasks in a logical, step by step order B. Tend to flit between tasks

Q2 When you have work to do, do you ...?

A. Like to get started on things quickly B. Often procrastinate

Q3 When starting a project or assignment do you...?

A Plan for the short and long term B. Rarely plan in advance and find the deadline pushes
you into starting work

Q4 When working on a project or assignment do you ...?

A Structure your time, and like to stick to this structure B. Handle surprises and last-
minute changes easily - and even enjoy them

Q5 What does your desk or workplace usually look like?

A Tidy, organised, with everything put away according to your filing system. .,

Q6 When working through a project or assignment do you...?

A Work steadily and consistently on it B. Move into a higher gear as the deadline
approaches

Q7 When planning a project or assignment do you...?

A .Break down tasks into goals and sub tasks, as a means of getting things done B. Use to-do
lists, but frequently re-write lists and often ignore them

Q8 When attempting individual tasks do you...?

A Generally follow through consistently B. Start tasks but not always finish them

Q9 When working do you...?

A Prefer to work within rules and structures B. Feel confined by rules and structures

Q10 When trying to complete a task do you...? A Find you can manage the length of time you
spend on a task according to your plan B . Find tasks often take far longer than you'd
estimated

Q11 When working on a project do you...

A Like to set and reach goals B. Change goals as you go along - if you set goals at all

Q12 When starting a project or assignment do you...?

A Like to make firm decisions about the project as soon as possible B. Resist making firm
decisions about things too soon

Q13 When working through tasks do you...?

A Dislike surprises and interruptions B . Need surprises and variety to maintain your interest
in the work
Q14 When working on a project or assignment do you ...?
A Often complete projects step-by-step and in advance of deadlines B. Act spontaneously and
sometimes appear to have no plan.

Q15. From how many years you are working in this organization?
a. 0-5 Years
b. 5-10 Years
c. 10 to 15 Years
d. More than 15 Years
Q16. Are you satisfied with the working hours of the organization?
a. Yes
b. No
Q17. Does after working hours you get enough time for your family?
a. Yes
b. No
Q18. Do you feel that you are able to balance your work life?
a. Yes
b. No
Q19. How often do you think or worry about work (when you are not actually at work
or traveling to work)?
a. Never think about work
b. Sometimes
c. Often
d. Always
Q20. Does the organization take initiatives to manage work life of its employees?
a. Yes
b. No
Q21. If yes what are the initiatives your organization has taken for managing work life ?
a. Provided Flexible work Timings
b. Provide leaves to manage work life
c. Job Share Option is provided by the organization
Q22. Do you have more pressure of work in the organization or it is evenly distributed?
a. Have Pressure
b. Work is evenly distributed
Q23. Do you think policy for work Life Management helps to increase productivity of the
organization?
a. Yes
b. No
Q24. Do you generally feel you are able to balance your work life due to work life
management policy of the company?
a. Yes
b. No