Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

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Case Studies in Construction Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cscm

Practical design equations of the axial compressive capacity of

circular CFST stub columns based on finite element model analysis
incorporating constitutive models for high-strength materials
Faxing Ding a, b, Zheya Cao a, Fei Lyu a, *, Shijian Huang a, Mingwen Hu c, Qitao Lin d
a
School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
b
Engineering Technology Research Center for Prefabricated Construction Industrialization of Hunan Province, Changsha 410075, China
c
China Railway Urban Construction Group Co.,Ltd, Changsha 410023, China
d
The 1st Engineering Co., Ltd of China Railway Urban Construction, Changsha 410023, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Step into the 21st century, high strength materials have been increasingly used in engineering
Concrete-filled steel tube stub (CFST) columns practice. However, current design codes for concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns have lim­
Constitutive relation itations when applied to high strength materials. At the meantime, few studies have investigated
Finite element analysis
in such topic which leads to an inadequate validity of existing design formulae. In this paper, in
High strength materials
order to develop a finite element model suitable for CFST columns using high strength materials,
Confinement effect
the stress-strain relations applicable for high strength materials was proposed by recalibrating the
parameters of the models for normal strength materials. Then, a finite element model (FE) was
established by incorporating the proposed stress-strain relations into the constitutive models. The
validity and accuracy of established FE model were verified by comparing the collected experi­
mental database. Full-range analyses of the behavior of HSCFST columns under axial loading
were then carried out using the verified FE model to investigate the composite interactions of
different material matching at the limit state. Numerical results presented show that normal
strength steel filled with normal strength concrete have the strongest confinement effect, while
the normal strength steel filled with high strength concrete exhibited almost no confinement
effect. Moreover, to extend the applications of high strength materials, a new design formula was
proposed based on the superposition theory with incorporating the effects of high strength ma­
terials. It was found that the proposed design formula yields satisfactory predictions when
compared with current major code formulae.

1. Introduction

Concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns as structural components subjected to compression and bending have been recognized as
a promising substitute of the conventional reinforced concrete and steel columns in the construction of high-rise buildings and urban
elevated girder bridges [1] amid the engineering community. The excellent mechanical performance of CFST mainly stems from the
composite actions between the outer steel tube and the infilled concrete, in which the steel tube provides the lateral confinement to the
infilled concrete consequently reducing its lateral expansion behaviors, meanwhile, the infilled concrete prevents the inward local

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: lyufei@csu.edu.cn (F. Lyu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01115
Received 27 December 2021; Received in revised form 12 April 2022; Accepted 27 April 2022
Available online 5 May 2022
2214-5095/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
F. Ding et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

buckling of steel tube, therefore, upgrading the stability of steel tube [2]. Such a beneficial mechanism has been experimentally and
numerically examined in detail [3–8] and results in a superior bending [9,10], axial bearing [11] and aseismic capacity [12] of the
CFST columns in comparison with conventional structural columns. In the meantime, the CFST columns became emerging among
other structural columns because of their economy and high resistance to specific loads as well. Concretely, using CFST columns can
approximately reduce 60%− 70% usage of the concrete and 50% of the steel compared to the reinforced concrete and steel columns
with the same bearing capacity, respectively [13]. Moreover, the mutual protection of steel tube and infilled concrete gives CFST
columns better fire [14], impact [15] and corrosion [16] resistances.
Currently, research attention has been increasingly paid to the high-strength materials and their application in structural com­
ponents. Generally, the high-strength steel (HSS) is referred to as the steel with a nominal yield tensile strength exceeding 460 MPa
[17]. Compared with conventional steel (CS), HSS is more environmentally friendly since the less consumption of steel reducing the
carbon emissions during the fabricating process [18]. Meanwhile, the development of manufacturing technology and the cost
reduction in recent years makes the HSS increasingly applicable to engineering practice. However, although the outstanding me­
chanical performance of the HSS is a consensus of academic society, the practical applications are frequently hindered due to the lack
of point of design codes of the specific structural component. On the other hand, the high strength concrete (HSC) and
ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC), namely the compressive strength of which are ranging from 50 MPa to 90 MPa and beyond 90
MPa, respectively, are discreetly applied despite its high strength. This is due to the high brittleness and low ductility of HSC and UHSC
may increase the seismic fragility of structural members and lead to an undesirable abrupt failure. To reduce the risk, filling the HSC
and UHSC into a steel tube is considered a proper method that fully exploits the strength as well as increases the ductility of the infilled
concrete.
A certain number of experimental studies have been conducted on the axial bearing capacity of circular CFST stub columns.
However, as of now very little experimental data of high strength materials are available. In earlier studies, the CFST columns with
high-strength materials were mainly used as contrast specimens to investigate the influence of material parameters on the bearing
capacity of columns, hence the data of high-strength materials were insufficient. For instance, Schneider [19] and Gardner and
Jacobson [20] applied steel tube with the yield strength of 537 MPa and 603 MPa, respectively, to illustrate the variation of axial
loading behaviors according to the change of steel strength. Meanwhile a few special studies on the CFST columns with high-strength
materials were carried out, such as Talha Ekmekyapar et al.[18] conducted the experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of
HSCFST stub columns. It was found that high-strength concrete has the worst confine efficiency in the case of filling different strength
concrete with steel of the same strength. Whereas it seems that the research on the high-strength under axial compression is still
limited, and the amount of data is still not enough to carry out parameter analysis to comprehensively reflect the mechanical char­
acteristics of high-strength CFST and establish corresponding design criterion.
The current design equations of the axial bearing capacity of CFST columns can be roughly classified into the following two types
according to different basic assumptions. The superposition method, adopted by the ACI [19], AS [20] and AIJ codes [21], assumes the
total bearing capacity to be the sum of each component with or without the consideration of the composite actions; The equivalent
method, adopted by the AISC code [22] and the Chinese code [23], equivalent the CFST columns as steel tube columns or a column
made by one composite material, respectively. Both of those codes can predict the axial bearing capacity of CFST columns made by
normal materials within an acceptable deviation, however, may not apply to the columns made by high strength materials. As revealed
by the review on correlational studies, the composite interactions between steel tube and infilled concrete considerably varied by
whether the high strength materials are used. Therefore, it is necessary to propose accurate and practical design formulae for the
calculation of axial bearing capacity of CFST stub columns to incorporate the influence of different material matches.
This paper proposes design formulae of the axial bearing capacity of circular CFST stub columns based on theoretical derivation,
numerical modeling, and statistical analysis. The contents are organized as follows. Relevant background and the objective are pre­
sented in Section 1. The proposed uniaxial constitutive relations of high-strength steel and concrete are introduced in Section 2. In
Section 3, a finite element model of axially loaded circular CFST stub column is established and applied to perform a parametric study
of the influence of material strength. Accurate and practical design formulae are derived and calibrated using the finite element
analysis results in Section 4. Section 5 ends the paper with concluding remarks.

2. Material constitutive models

2.1. Stress-strain relation of steel tube

The abstracted uniaxial tensile stress-strain relation of structural steel proposed by Ding et al. [24] can be expressed as:
⎧
⎪
⎪ Es εε ≤ εy
⎨
fs εy < ε ≤ εst
σ= (1)
⎪
⎪ f + Est (ε − εst ) εst < ε ≤ εu
⎩ s
fu ε > εu

where σ and ε are the steel stress and strain, respectively; Es and Est are the elastic and hardening modulus, respectively; fs and fu are
the yield and ultimate strength, respectively; εy is the strain corresponding to the onset of yielding; εst is the strain corresponding to the
end of the yield plateau; εu is the strain when steel stress reach its ultimate strength fu , and thereafter, the stress of steel is assumed to be
a constant with the increase of strain. The schematic views of adopted stress-strain relations of steel tube are shown in Fig. 1. For high
strength steel, the εst is defined equal to the εy so that the yield plateau vanished as shown in Fig. 1(b).

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Fig. 1. Uniaxial stress-strain curve of steel with or without yield plateau.

Table 1
Parameter value and comparison of steel constitutive model.
Steel strength εst fu εu
Standard Tao This paper Standard and Ban Tao This Standard and Ban Tao This paper
[33] [35] [35] paper [35]
Q235 – 0.017 0.02 370 [33] 360 371 – 0.114 0.120
Q345 – 0.024 0.02 457 [33] 452 466 – 0.156 0.116
Q390 – 0.025 0.02 490 [33] 476 505 – 0.164 0.112
Q420 – 0.026 0.02 520 [33] 501 530 – 0.167 0.109
Q460 0.02 0.027 0.02 550 [33] 542 550 0.120 [33] 0.170 0.105
Q500 – 0.028 – 610 [33] 581 599 0.100 [33] 0.170 0.101
Q550 – 0.028 – 670 [33] 629 642 0.085 [33] 0.167 0.095
Q620 – 0.028 – 710 [33] 693 702 0.075 [33] 0.157 0.087
Q690 – 0.027 – 770 [33] 753 763 0.065 [33] 0.139 0.080
Q800 – 0.023 – 840 [34] 840 857 0.070 [34] 0.097 0.068
Q890 – – – 940 [34] – 935 0.060 [34] – 0.060
Q960 – – – 980 [34] – 995 0.055 [34] – 0.054

The Standard for design of steel structures [32], Standard for design of high strength steel structure [33], Ban et al. [34],
Tao et al. [35] suggested the value of constitutive parameters, whose recommended values are shown in Table 1. Since the elastic
modulus Es and the strain corresponding to the onset of hardening εst are not sensitive to the steel strength [25], unified values of
200 GPa and 0.02 were adopted in this study. The ultimate stress and the corresponding strain fu and εu are defined using the regression
analysis based on existing experimental results [26–31]:
fu fs
= 0.86 + 0.72 (2)
235 235

εu 1
= (3)
εu,235 1 + 0.15(fs /235 − 1)1.85

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Fig. 2. Comparison between test results and adopted stress-strain relation of steel.

where εu,235 is the εu of steel strength degree of Q235 carbon steel. Q represents the yield limit of this material, the following 235
refers to the yield stress is about 235 MPa. The comparison of calculated fu and εu with the experimental results [32–35] are shown in
Table 1 and Fig. 2, respectively.
The comparison between adopted stress-strain relation and tensile coupon test results of normal and high strength steel are shown
in Fig. 3(a) and (b), respectively. It can be observed from those figures that the proposed stress-strain relation coincides well with the
experimental stress-strain relation both of normal and high strength steel.
The steel tube of CFST columns under the axial compression is subjected to the three-dimensional stress state due to the interaction
between steel tube and infilled concrete, hence, the corresponding effective stress σi and effective strain εi should be applied to
calculate the stress of outer steel tube according to the proposed uniaxial stress-strain relation, which are defined as:
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
[ ]
1
σi = (σ 1 − σ2 )2 + (σ1 − σ 3 )2 + (σ2 − σ3 )2 (4)
2
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
[ ]̅
√
√ 1
εi = √ 2
(ε1 − ε2 ) + (ε1 − ε3 ) + (ε2 − ε3 ) 2 2
(5)
2(1 + vs )2

where σ 1 , σ2 , σ3 and ε1 , ε2 , ε3 are the principal stresses and strains of the outer steel tube; vs is the Poisson’s ratio of steel tube, which
is defined as:
⎧
⎨ 0.285(εi ≤ / 0.8εy )
vs = 1.075 σi fy − 0.8 + 0.285 0.8εy < εi ≤ εy (6)
⎩
0.5 εi > εy

2.2. Stress-strain relation of infilled concrete

In this subsection, in order to investigate the different composite interaction between steel tube and infilled concrete with different
strength, a unified constitutive relation which is applicable for concrete with different strength grades is established based on a
previously proposed constitutive relation [24]. The stress-strain relation for the infilled concrete in CFST columns can be expressed as:

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Fig. 3. Comparison between test results and adopted stress-strain relation of steel.

Fig. 4. Regression of εc with different peak strength.

⎧
Ax + (B − 1)x2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ x≤1
1 + (A − 2)x + Bx2
y= (7)
⎪
⎪ x
⎪
⎩ x>1
α(x − 1)2 + x
where A is the ratio of elastic modulus to the secant modulus of the compressive strength; B is a parameter that smooth the slope of
the ascent segment of the stress-strain relation. y and x are defined as: y = σ /fc
y = σ /fc (8)

x = ε/εc (9)
where σ and ε are the stress and strain of infilled concrete; fc and εc are the compressive peak stress of infilled concrete and the

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F. Ding et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

Fig. 5. Regression of Ec with different peak strength.

Fig. 6. Proposed stress-strain relations of concrete with different strength.

corresponding strain. According to Fig. 4, based on the regression analysis of 167 test results[3,36–40], the strain corresponding to the
peak stress can be defined as:

εc = 420f 2/5
c × 10
− 6
(10)

The parameter A and B can be calculated by:

A = 6.9f −cu11/30 (11)

B = 1.67(A − 1)2 (12)

where fcu is the cubic strength of the infilled concrete, which can be converted into fc as [41]:

fc = 0.4f 7/6
cu (13)

α is a parameter that influence the shape of descending segment of the stress-strain relation. Considering the brittleness of high
strength concrete, the definition of α is modified in this study as:

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Fig. 7. Mesh size selection and schematic view of the FE model.

Table 2
The influence of the value of the dilation angle on the calculation accuracy of the CFST axial compression bearing capacity under different concrete
strength.
dilation 80 ≤fcu < 100 MPa 100 ≤ fcu< 120 MPa 120 ≤ fcu < 140 MPa 140 ≤ fcu < 160 MPa
angle
Average Dispersion Average Dispersion Average Dispersion Average Dispersion
value coefficient value coefficient value coefficient value coefficient

30 1.146 0.134 1.057 0.046 1.004 0.033 0.998 0.024

35 1.062 0.116 0.953 0.021 0.986 0.016 0.934 0.032
38 1.013 0.056 0.906 0.032 0.924 0.037 0.875 0.104
40 0.996 0.031 0.896 0.045 0.853 0.107 0.823 0.118

Fig. 8. Distribution of test data of CFST stub columns.

Table 3
The remaining parameters of concrete damage plasticity model.
νc e σb0 /σc0 Kc μ
0.2 0.1 2/3 2/3 0.0005

a = 4 × 10− 3 f 1.5
cu (14)

For the implementation of proposed stress-strain relation in the finite element model analysis, the Poisson’s ratio of infilled
concrete is defined as a constant of 0.2. The elastic modulus Ec of different strength concrete is expressed as:

Ec = 9500f 1/3
cu (15)

this equation is derived based on the regression analysis of existing 608 test results [36–39,42–46]. The performance of proposed
equation is shown in Fig. 5.
Based on the proposed stress-strain relation of infilled concrete, the stress-strain relation of the concrete of different strength are

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Fig. 9. Comparison of FE and experimental load-strain curves of HSCFST.

calculated and compared to the test results[47–49], as shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen that the proposed stress-strain relation coincides
the ascending branch of test results well but slightly overestimate the descending branch. This is because of the compressive test of
plain concrete usually distorted on the descending branch due the sudden brittle failure. However, in the CFST columns, such a failure
is prevented by the outer steel tube. Hence, the proposed stress-strain relation artificially compensates the post peak behaviors so that
it is more appropriate to the analysis of CFST columns.

3. Finite element modeling

Although there is a lot of test results of axially compressed CFST stub columns, it cannot cover all the possible matches of design
parameters, especially for the high strength materials. Meanwhile, the finite element model implementing continuum elements makes
it possible to evaluate the stress and strain of the infilled concrete during the loading process, and therefore the composite action
between steel tube and concrete can be investigated. Hence, the finite element model of CFST stub columns subjected to axial
compression was established using ABAQUS [51].

3.1. Element type and mesh

Finite element model analysis has been extensively applied to the study of CFST columns. Different element types are tried in order
to choose more suitable elements to simulate the behavior of the CFST stub columns. Generally, the solid element was used for the
simulation of the infilled concrete while the steel tube was modeled usually by the shell element or the solid element. Using the shell
type element for the steel tube can accurately capture the post-peak behaviors [50], however, frequently confront the problem of
convergence due to the numerical instability. In this study, the finite element model was established preliminary to investigate the
mechanical behaviors of CFST columns before and at the ultimate state. Hence, the 8-node linear brick, reduced integration with
hourglass control solid element C3D8R was adopted both for the infilled concrete and the outer steel tube. Chen et al. [51] has pointed
out that the overfine mesh has a minimal impact on the load-strain curve of axially loaded CFST stub columns. In order to identify the
optimal mesh size that provides more accurate results but reasonable computation time, an investigation for the mesh sensitivity was
carried out by developing a series of FE models study. The mesh sizes of the various FE models are B/5, B/10, 3B/20, B/15,
respectively, where B is the diameter of the circular CFST columns. The comparison of calculated ultimate bearing capacity of different
mesh size was shown in Fig. 7(a). Nu, B/15, Nu, B/10, Nu, 3B/20 and Nu, B/5 represent the ultimate bearing capacity of B/15, B/10, 3B/20
and B/5 mesh size series, respectively. It is shown that the models with B/10 mesh and B/15 mesh predict similar results with adequate
accuracy. But the results predicted by the models with larger mesh size (3B/20 and B/5) are relatively inaccurate. Since further mesh

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Table 4
Model parameter matching table.
Types fs fc L (mm) D (mm) t (mm) D/t L/D
(MPa) (MPa)

CS-CC 235 30 1500 500 3 167 500

CS-CC 60 500 6 83
CS-CC 90 500 10 50
CS-HC 120 500 3 167
CS-HC 150 500 6 83
CS-HC 180 500 10 50
CS-CC 345 30 1500 500 3 167 500
CS-CC 60 500 6 83
CS-CC 90 500 10 50
CS-HC 120 500 3 167
CS-HC 150 500 6 83
CS-HC 180 500 10 50
CS-CC 460 30 1500 500 3 167 500
CS-CC 60 500 6 83
CS-CC 90 500 10 50
CS-HC 120 500 3 167
CS-HC 150 500 6 83
CS-HC 180 500 10 50
HS-CC 550 30 1500 500 3 167 500
HS-CC 60 500 6 83
HS-CC 90 500 10 50
HS-HC 120 500 3 167
HS-HC 150 500 6 83
HS-HC 180 500 10 50
HS-CC 690 30 1500 500 3 167 500
HS-CC 60 500 6 83
HS-CC 90 500 10 50
HS-HC 120 500 3 167
HS-HC 150 500 6 83
HS-HC 180 500 10 50
HS-CC 800 30 1500 500 3 167 500
HS-CC 60 500 6 83
HS-CC 90 500 10 50
HS-HC 120 500 3 167
HS-HC 150 500 6 83
HS-HC 180 500 10 50
HS-CC 960 30 1500 500 3 167 500
HS-CC 60 500 6 83
HS-CC 90 500 10 50
HS-HC 120 500 3 167
HS-HC 150 500 6 83
HS-HC 180 500 10 50

refinement produces a negligible change in the solution, the mesh size of B/10 and the structured meshing technique are adopted in the
FE models and the schematic view of established model is shown in Fig. 7(b).

3.2. Constitutive relations of steel tube and infilled concrete

The stress-strain relations proposed in the Section 2 were applied for the constitutive behaviors of adopted solid elements. In
ABAQUS, for the outer steel tube, the proposed stress-strain relation was applied by inputting the yield stress, Young’s modulus and the
converted plastic stress-plastic strain relation in a tabular form. For the infilled concrete, the proposed stress-strain relation was used to
define the uniaxial behaviors, and then incorporated with the concrete damage plasticity model to simulate the dilation, smear cracks
and crash behaviors under the confinement. Five parameters including the dilation angle ψ , the flow potential eccentricity e, the ratio
of initial equibiaxial compressive yield stress to initial uniaxial compressive yield stress σb0 /σc0 , the ratio of the second stress invariant
Kc and the viscosity parameter μ need to be defined in the concrete damage plasticity model. Among them, the dilation angle ψ was
reported to have the most significant influence on the behaviors of the columns model while the others slightly affect the numerical
results [52]. Hence, calibration of the parameter ψ was conducted using an experiment database consist of 338 specimens. The detailed
information of collected test specimens [3-6,8,14,18,58,59,65-89] are shown in Appendix A, while the source references are listed in
Table 2. The composition of 338 specimens in terms of the diameter to thickness ratio and the material strength are shown in Fig. 8. It
can be observed that the constructed database contains a diameter to thickness ratio ranging from 20 to 200, a steel yield strength
ranging from 175 to 1100 MPa, a concrete compressive strength ranging from 20 to 190 MPa, which covers the general interest of
engineering practice and academic research. In the author’s previous study on the CFST columns using low and moderate strength
materials [53], the dilation angle of 40 was found the most appropriate to replicate the past experiment results. However, as shown in

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Fig. 10. Influence of concrete and steel strength.

Table 2, the dilation angle of 30 was found to give the best average value with the lowest dispersion coefficient among the specimens
using high strength concrete. Hence, in this study, the dilation angle of 30 and 40 were adopted, according to whether the concrete
strength is exceeding 100 MPa. The remaining parameters of concrete damage plasticity model are listed in Table 3, which were based
on the author’s past studies [24,54] on the finite modeling of CFST columns.

3.3. Modeling of the interaction between concrete and steel tube

The interaction between steel tube and infilled concrete is the crucial factor of compressive behaviors of the CFST columns. The
contact surface model are applicable in the ABAQUS for the modeling of interface. In the FE models, to simulate the interaction be­
tween the steel tube and the infilled concrete, the surface-to-surface contact technique provided in the ABAQUS is utilized. A contact
surface pair consisting of the inner surface of the steel tube and the outer surface of the infilled concrete is defined. The normal
behavior was set to "hard" contact mode, which allows the interface to separate after stretching and not to penetrate after compression.
Essential researches conducted by Lam [56] and Han [57] indicated that the friction coefficient between steel tube and infilled
concrete is around 0.3–0.6, Hence the coulomb friction coefficient of 0.5 [24] in the tangential direction of the interface is used in this
study to simulate the interfacial behavior between the steel tube and core concrete, in which the sliding formulation allows almost no
relative slippage since they resist loading together. The friction coefficient of 0.5 has also been proved to be reasonable in past studies
[55,56]. The rigid body element was used to simulate the loading plate set at the top of the column, in which the elastic modulus was
taken as 1.0 × 1012 MPa and the Poisson’s ratio was set as 1.0 × 10− 7. The tie connection was adopted for the constraint between the
concrete and the loading plate, as well as the steel tube and the loading plate. The loading plate was selected as the master surface
while the top surface of the steel tube and infilled concrete was the slave surface.

3.4. Boundary condition and loading

Static uniform loading was applied in a displacement control mode on the top of the column. The ends of the column were fixed
against all degrees of freedom except for the vertical displacement at the top end. Loading is applied incrementally using the improved
RIKS method in the ABAQUS library. In the RIKS method, the load is applied proportionally in several load increments. In each load
increment, the equilibrium iteration is performed, and the equilibrium path is tracked in the load-displacement space. This method is

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Fig. 11. Influence of steel ratio.

Fig. 12. Influence of concrete strength on radial stress-strain curve.

often used in static analysis and is a strong nonlinear analysis method. Nonlinear geometric parameters are introduced to deal with
large displacement analysis. The boundary and loading conditions of finite element model are shown in Fig. 7.

3.5. Validation

In this paper, the validity of established FE models were verified by comparing the collected experimental results available in the
literatures [3,4,6,57–59]. At first, the ultimate bearing capacity of FE results were compared with the experimental results, and the
ratio of test to FE results (Nu,exp /Nu,FE ) were presented in Table 2. The average value of the ratios (Nu,exp /Nu,FE ) was 1.011 with the
corresponding dispersion coefficient of 0.061. Then, the typical high-strength circular CFST stub columns axial compressive load-strain
curves of experimental results were compared in Fig. 9. It could be found that generally good agreements were achieved between the
FE and test results. The displacement curves of the experiment in Fig. 9(c)–(d) was read using the displacement of the end of
experimental machine, which leads to a smaller measured stiffness than FE results.
In this paper, the concrete in classified into normal strength concrete (fcu<100 MPa) and high strength concrete (fcu≥100 MPa) as

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Fig. 13. Influence of concrete strength on radial confinement coefficient-strain curve.

Fig. 14. Influence of concrete strength on the stress-strain curve of steel tube.

Fig. 15. Influence of steel yield strength on the radial stress-strain curve of concrete.

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Fig. 16. Influence of steel yield strength on the radial stress-strain curve of concrete.

Fig. 17. Influence of steel yield strength on the stress-strain curve of steel tube (c) Width-to-thickness ratio (D/t).

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Fig. 18. Influence of diameter-thickness ratio on the radial stress-strain curve of concrete.

shown in Fig. 8(b). Similarly, the steel is categorized into normal strength steel (fs <500 MPa) and high strength steel (fs ≥500 MPa)
according to whether there is a yield plateau. Meanwhile, the high strength steel tube filled with high strength concrete is abbreviated
as HS-HC, high strength steel tube filled with normal strength concrete is referred to HS-CC, normal strength steel filled with high
strength concrete is abbreviated as CS-HC, and normal strength steel filled with normal strength concrete is CS-CC. The analysis
presented in this paper focuses on HS-HC, HS-CC and CS-HC, these three types are called high-strength concrete-filled steel tube
(HSCFST), while CS-CC is referred to normal strength CFSTs, which have been analyzed in previous studies [60–62].

3.6. Parametric study

A total of 126 full scale FE models based on the aforementioned validated FE modeling approach were established to investigate the
influence of different material matches of HSCFST stub columns under axial compression. The parameters in all specimens were taken
as the diameter of circular section D= 500 mm and the column length L= 1500 mm, the wall-thickness of steel tube t = 3 mm, 6 mm,
10 mm, the steel ratios ρ range from 2% to 8%, the concrete strength fcu= 30Mpa, 60Mpa, 90 MPa, 120 MPa, 150 MPa, 180 MPa
paired with fs = 235 MPa, 345 MPa, 460 MPa, 550 MPa, 690 MPa, 780 MPa, 960 MPa respectively. Model parameters were presented
in Table 4.
The influence of the concrete strength, steel strength and steel ratio on the axial loading behaviors were presented in Figs. 10–11 in
the form of the typical N-εL curves. Similar to the normal CFST stub columns under axial compression, Figs. 10–11 illustrate that the
concrete strength, steel yield strength and width-to-thickness ratio have a positive influence on the ultimate bearing capacities of
HSCFST stub columns.

3.7. The confinement effect analysis

The later deformation coefficient (νsc=εh/εv) is defined as the absolute value of the ratio of transverse strain(εh) to axial strain(εv) of
steel tube. The confinement effect of steel tube on the filled concrete can be evaluated by the radial concrete stress (σr,c). The
confinement efficiency of steel tube on the filled concrete can be assessed by the radial confinement coefficient (ηc= σ r,c/ρfs) and the
time when the axial stress-strain curve intersects with the transverse stress-strain curve in steel tube [24]. The greater the radial
confinement coefficient of the concrete, the better the confinement efficiency of the steel tube on the infilled concrete. When SCFST
was loaded, the infilled concrete was compressed together with the steel tube until the axial yield stress was reached. Then when the

14
F. Ding et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

Fig. 19. Influence of diameter-thickness ratio on radial confinement coefficient-strain curve.

infilled concrete expanded increasingly and the transverse stress of the steel tube became larger, the steel tube began to play a
confinement role. The steel stress-strain curve could reflect the composite action, and the intersection of the axial stress-strain curve
and the transverse stress-strain curve represents the best composite action of the composite structure. The earlier the intersection point
of axial stress-strain curve and transverse stress-strain curve appears, the better the composite action and confinement efficiency.
Hence, the aforementioned indexes were utilized herein to evaluate the confinement efficiency as the design parameters change.

3.7.1. Concrete strength

Figs. 12–14 presents the influence of the concrete strength on the confinement effect and efficiency of HSCFST stub columns. It can
be found that: (1) The radial stress σr,c and the radial confinement coefficient ηc of high strength concrete are slightly lower in the early
stage but are greater in the late stage of the loading process. (2) In the late stage of the loading process, as the concrete strength
increases, the stress of longitudinal steel decreases rapidly. Meanwhile, the intersection of longitudinal stress-strain curve and the
circumferential stress-strain curve of high strength concrete occurred earlier and the lateral deformation coefficient νsc at ultimate
bearing capacity of high strength concrete is larger compared with that of normal strength concrete. An argument can be draw here
that as the concrete strength increases, the confinement effect and efficiency of the three types of HSCFST stub columns on the infilled
concrete increase.

3.7.2. Steel yield strength

Figs. 15–17 shows the influence of the steel yield strength on the confinement effect and efficiency of HSCFST stub columns. It can
be found that: (1) The radial concrete stress σr,c of normal strength is lower than those of high strength steel indicating that the circular
CFST columns has higher confinement effect with the increasement of steel strength. (2) As the steel yield strength increases, the radial
concrete confinement coefficient (ηc) of four material matches of CFST stub columns decreases. (3) With the increasement of the steel
yield strength, the intersection of the longitudinal stress-strain curve and the circumferential stress-strain curve is delayed, indicating
that the increase of the steel yield strength reduces the confinement efficiency of the steel tube to the core concrete. From the above
discussion, with the increasement of steel strength, the steel tube has a weaker confinement efficiency on the infilled concrete.
Figs. 18–20 shows the influence of the width-to-thickness ratio on the confinement effect and efficiency of four different types of
CFST stub columns. It can be found that: (1) With the increase of the width-to-thickness ratio, the radial concrete stress (σ r,c) of high-
strength circular steel tube and normal strength steel tube decreases, indicating that the confinement effect of the steel tube on the
filled concrete decreases with the increase of the width-to-thickness ratio. (2) The radial concrete confinement coefficient (ηc) of high-
strength circular steel tube and normal strength steel tube increases with the increase of width-to-thickness ratio. (3) With the increase

15
F. Ding et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

Fig. 20. Influence of diameter-thickness ratio on the stress-strain curve of steel tube.

Fig. 21. Simplified stress distribution model at the mid-height section of CFST stub columns.

of the width-to-thickness ratio, the intersection of high- strength circular steel tube and normal strength steel tube of the longitudinal
stress-strain curve and the circumferential stress-strain curve is delayed, indicating that the increase of the width-to-thickness ratio
reduces the confinement efficiency of the steel tube to the core concrete.

4. Practical design formula for load bearing capacity

4.1. Model simplification and formulation

The axial stress distribution at the ultimate state of the CFST stub columns was extracted from the FE model as shown in Fig. 21(a).
The cross-sectional stress state of the CFST stub columns can be simplified for calculation as Fig. 21(b). According to Fig. 21(b), the
interaction between steel tube and infilled concrete can be calculated on the basis of the equilibrium condition. To this end, this paper

16
F. Ding et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

Fig. 22. Average ratio of longitudinal stress to yield strength of high-strength steel tube.

Fig. 23. Average ratio of Circumferential stress to yield strength of high-strength steel tube.

17
F. Ding et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

Table 5
Parameter value and comparison of steel constitutive model.
Match type formula m n K quantity Eq. (6) FE

Average value Dispersion coefficient Average value Dispersion coefficient

CC-CC Nu=fcAc+ KfsAs 0.96 0.19 1.62 167 1.00 0.107 1.03 0.071
HS-CC 0.64 0.52 1.52 34 1.08 0.090 1.02 0.055
HS-HC 0.68 0.47 1.48 24 1.04 0.083 1.00 0.051
CS-HC 0.71 0.43 1.44 113 0.98 0.116 1.00 0.065
total 1.03 0.095 1.01 0.061

Fig. 24. Comparison of experimental results with Eq. (6) and FE respectively.

analyzed calculation results of 126 groups of FE models, which including the three types HSCFST stub columns, and then extract the
ratio of longitudinal stress and circumferential stress to steel tube yield strength (fsc = Nu/ Asc, Asc =Ac + As), as the Figs. 22–23 shows.
It can be obtained that when HSCFST stub columns reach the ultimate strength, the average ratio of the axial stress and circum­
ferential to the yield stress is:

σL,s=mfs (16)

σθ,s=nfs (17)

As shown in Fig. 21, the radial stress of the confined infilled concrete and the circumferential stress of steel tube can be given as:
ρs
σr,c = σ θ,s (18)
2(1 − ρs )
The relationship of the axial compressive strength in the reinforced area (fL,c) and the lateral stress (σr,c) can be expressed as [62]:

fL,c= fc+3⋅4σr,c (19)

On the basis of static equilibrium method, the ultimate bearing capacity Nu of axially-loaded HSCFST stub columns can be
expressed as:

Nu=fL,cAc+σL,sAs (20)

Substituting Eqs. (1)–(5) into Eq. (6), Nu can be obtained as:

Nu=fcAc+KσsAs (21)

In Eq. (6), K is the confinement coefficient of circular steel tube to the filled concrete, Table 5 presents the K of the three types of
HSCFST stub columns and normal CFST stub columns[63], It reveals that the composite action of normal CFST stub columns is stronger
than that of HSCFST stub columns, and for the three types of HSCFST stub columns, HS-CC has better confinement effect, HS-HC has a
slightly weaker confinement effect, and the worst is CS-HC.

4.2. Comparison of experiments and existing formula

The load bearing capacities calculated from Eqs. (3–6), test results and FE results for the three types of HSCFST stub columns were
compared, as shown in Fig. 24. Due to the large difference in dimensions of the specimen, for comparison, the average stress with the

18
 F. Ding et al.
Table 6
Summary of available formulas in well-known national codes.
Reference Formulas Average values (Nu,exp/Nu,ref) Dispersion coefficient (Nu,exp/Nu,ref)

CS-CC HS-CC CS-HC HS-HC total CS-CC HS-CC CS-HC HS-HC total

GB50936(2014) N0 = (1.212 + Bθ + Cθ )fc Asc 2 1.175 0.901 0.971 1.067 1.029 0.075 0.134 0.163 0.172 0.173
As f
θ=
Ac fc
( )
EC4(2004) t fy 1.140 1.058 1.055 1.036 1.072 0.115 0.071 0.094 0.067 0.152
NEC4 = ηa As fy + Ac f c 1 + ηc ′
′

D fc

ηa = 0.25(3 + 2λ) ≤ 1.0,

19

2
ηc = 4.9 − 18.5λ + 17λ ≥ 1.0;
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Npl,Rk
, Npl,Rk = As fy + Ac f c
′
λ=
Ncr

π2 (Es Is + 0.6Ec Ic )
Ncr =
L2
AISC 360–16(2016) NAISC = As fy + 0.95f c Ac
′
1.272 1.251 1.158 1.192 1.218 0.108 0.097 0.090 0.089 0.118
AIJ(1997) NAIJ = c Nu + s Nu c Nu = 0.85c AFc , s Nu = (1 + η)s AF 1.215 1.131 1.136 1.113 1.148 0.093 0.061 0.066 0.067 0.093
ACI-318(2011) NACI = As fy + 0.85f c Ac
′
1.341 1.261 1.313 1.245 1.290 0.101 0.078 0.083 0.080 0.101

Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

Nu=fcAc+ KfsAs 0.997 1.081 1.038 0.984 1.034 0.107 0.090 0.083 0.116 0.095
Eq.(6)
F. Ding et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

Fig. 25. Comparison of experimental results and design methods’ results.

regard to the cross-sectional area (N/(As +Ac)) of the column specimens is used as the horizontal axis in Fig. 24. The statistics of the
comparison between the measured results of load bearing capacities, the calculated results of Eqs. (3–6) and the FE results are shown in
Table 6. It can be found that the results calculated by the proposed equation is in a good agreement with both of Nu,exp and Nu,FE.
At present, the major standards for the calculation code of the axial compression bearing capacity of CFST stub columns are the
European standard EC4–2004 [64], the Japanese standard AIJ-1997 [21], the Chinese standard GB50936–2014 [23], and the
American AISC 360–16 [22] and the ACI-318 [19]. In order to investigate the applicability of the current design codes formula to the
calculation of HSCFST stub columns, this paper uses a 383 CFST stub columns bearing capacity database (Appendix A) to evaluate the
aforementioned design codes. As shown in Table 6 and Fig. 25, The average ratio of Nu,exp to Nu,EC4 [64], Nu,AIJ [21], Nu,AISC [22], Nu,GB
[23], Nu,ACI [19] is 1.07, 1.15, 1.228, 1.03, 1.290 with the corresponding dispersion coefficient of 0.152,0.093,0.118,0.173,0.101

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F. Ding et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (2022) e01115

respectively. Therefore, the proposed formula (Eq. (6)) had higher accuracy compared with other design methods and it is more
appropriate for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity of HSCFST stub columns.

5. Conclusion

(1) Based on the collected experimental data of structural steel and concrete with different strength, the complete uniaxial stress-
strain curves of concrete with different strength grades are established.
(2) The finite element model of CFST stub columns subjected to axial compression was established using ABAQUS, the dilation
angle of the plastic-damage (CDP) model in ABAQUS was calibrated based on the available 689 sets of effective experimental results.
The results show that the dilation angle of normal concrete with a cubic compressive strength of less than 100 MPa can be taken as 40◦ ,
but for high strength concrete with a cubic compressive strength of 100 MPa or more than 100 MPa, the dilation angle should be taken
as 30◦ .
(3) The proposed finite element models were verified by experimental results. Parametric study indicates that increasing the steel
yield strength and decreasing the concrete strength will weaken the confinement efficiency of steel tube on concrete. Among them, CS-
CC have the strongest confinement effect, while CS-HC have the weakest confinement effect.
(4) Based on the equilibrium condition, a practical formula for the ultimate bearing capacity of circular CFST stub columns under
axial loading with different material matches was proposed. The proposed formula shows a better calculation accuracy in HSCFST
compared with major code formulae.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The research work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52008400) and the
Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan (Grant No. 2019JJ20029).

Appendix A. Supporting information

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01115.

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