SPSS Workshop

30/11/2022
The Fundamentals
1. Your RQ/RQ/Title
2. Questionnaire
3. SPSS - Analysis
• Normality Test
• Reliability Test
• Correlation
• Linear Regression (One to One)
• Multiple Regression (One to Many)
At what stage are you
currently at ?
Which Chapter
Pilot Test
Data Collection Phase
Data Collected
The Basics
Levels of Key Concepts Variables
Measurement • Concepts • Variables
• Nominal • Construct • Independent (IV)
• Ordinal • Variable • Dependent (DV)
• Interval • Definition • Moderating
• Ratio • Dictionary • Mediating
• Operational
• Control
Questionnaire Tips
• Don’t ask / give too many options (e.g. rather the Married, Divorced, Single, can
use ‘married’ and ‘unmarried’……..managerial or non-managerial)
• If you are using Google Forms make sure to turn on ‘Required’, so that you won’t
have missing data
• For Likert scale Question make sure the questions aren’t all mix (positive/negative
statements). Advisable to have all positive statements.
• Try to have a (1) control question (no make sure those who aren’t your population
aren’t answering)
Measurement Scales

• Nominal: consists of labels, names or categories (e.g Gender)

• Ordinal: data that the order or rank is meaningful (e.g Ranking)
• Interval: numerical data that arithmetic operations are meaningful
(Likert Scale)
• Ratio: data that the ratio of two data is meaningful (Age, Weight Range….)
(Less than 55 kgs, 55 – 75 kgs, 76 – 85 kgs, 86 – 95 kgs, More than 95 kgs)
Source : https://www.questionpro.com/blog/nominal-ordinal-interval-ratio/
How to Select a Test (in SPSS)
How to Select a Test (in SPSS)

*To use Parametric Test data must be normal

STAGES OF DATA ANALYSIS (In SPSS)
Aligning Your RQ/RO/Hypothesis/Title
with Data Analysis
If you want to see
how much they
(the variables)
What are using Testing ? contribute.

Relationship vs Impact/Effect/Influence
• Pearson Correlation • Pearson Correlation (Optional)
(only)
• Regression Test (Linear & Multiple Regression)

Title
RO/RQ
Hypothesis ....Should be inline.
Data Analysis you should perform……
Relationship vs
• Normality Test
• Reliability Test
• Descriptive Analysis
• Pearson Correlation
Impact/Effect/Influence
• Normality Test
• Reliability Test
• Descriptive Analysis
• Pearson Correlation (Optional)
• Regression Test (Linear & Multiple Regression)

Prior to the normality test, you also can check MISSING DATA and OUTLIERS.
FACTOR ANALYSIS also can be checked to validate the Questionnaire (during the pilot test).
 Let’s Open SPSS
What you need to do?

1. Import Data from Excel to 2. Click Variable View and 3. Compute Mean Variable
SPSS perform Coding
-

• Only do this if you are sure there

There are 3 ways of doing it
-

• Rename Qs Item (Especially for is no missing data.

variables)
• Data Type (String for Demographic
and Numeric for Likert Scale )
• Assign Values (Follow your
questionnaire Likert Scale)
• Measure – does not require
changes
Checking Missing Data in SPSS
Analyse > Descriptive Statistics > Frequency > Check “Display Frequency Table” >
Run Test (Click Ok)

• Don’t replace missing data – just remove the set

• For demography missing data is ok
Reliability Test (Cronbach Alpha Test)
Analyze > Scale > Reliability Analysis > Insert items (Per Variable) > In Statistics
Tick “Scale if Item Deleted” > Run Test (Click Ok)

• Need to perform 2 times

• After the pilot test
• After actual data collection

• Should be more than (>0.7) Pallant, 2011 (>.60)

Descriptive Analysis
• Frequency & percentage for Respondents’ Demographic
• Advisable to depict in one single table
• Graphs and charts not needed

• Mean & Standard Deviation for Variables (IVs, DV)

• For mean use Mean Levels Classifications; e.g. low (1.00 - 2.33), medium (2.34 - 3.67) and high (3.68 - 5.00) – make sure to cite
reference
• The mean is frequently used to quantify central tendency, meanwhile, the standard deviation will show the typical deviation from
the sample mean (Kumar et al., 2013).
• A standard deviation near to zero suggests that data points are close to the mean, whereas a greater standard deviation shows that
data points are far from the mean.

For Demography = Analyse > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies> Check “Display Frequency
Table” > Run Test (Click Ok)
Or

For Variable = Analyse > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptive > In Option “Tick Mean & Std
Deviation” > Run Test (Click Ok)
Compute Mean

Transform > Compute Variable > Give name in “Target Variable” > MEAN (…)> Run Test (Click Ok)

Must be created for all variables of the study

Will be used for Normality Test, Correlation Analysis, Linear & Multiple Regression
Normality Test
Analyse > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptives > Use Mean Computed > In Options Check (Kurtosis and
Skewness ) >Run Test (Click Ok)

Skewness Kurtosis Reference

-/+ 2 ‐/+7 Hair et al. (2010)
Kurtosis and Skewness
-/+ 3 ‐/+ 10 Brown (2006)
Acceptance Range.
-/+ 2 -/+ 2 George & Mallery (2016)
-/+ 3 ‐/+ 10 Kline (2013)

Can also use kolmogorov smirnov test (P < 0.05)

Analyse > Descriptive Statistics > Explore > Add Mean Computed to Dependent List > In Plots Check (Normality
Plots with Tests & Histogram ) >Run Test (Click Ok)
Correlation Analysis
Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate > Use Mean Computed > Run Test (Click Ok)

• Conducted to check the strength of the relationship and the direction (-/+) between 2 variables.

The r value ranges from +1.00 to -1.00

and the strength of the correlation is
based on Chua (2013).

Regardless of (-/+) , the correlation can still be strong

Significant = **
Correlation Analysis
Sample Interpretation

Based on Table 8, the relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction is strong (r=0.779). The
relationship is also significant at level of 0.01. Therefore, we accept the hypothesis that there is a significant
positive relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction.

In your report, please avoid putting all variables’ correlation into 1 table. But for SPSS Analysis can.
Linear Regression Analysis(one-to-one)
Analyze > Regression > Linear > Use Mean Computed (IV/DV) > In Statistics Tick “Collinearity
Diagnostics, Model Fit, Case Wise Diagnostics” > In Plot Tick “Histogram, Normal Probability Plot,
Y=ZRESID, X=ZPRED” > Run Test (Click Ok)
SPSS Regression Statistics Output
R Square .273
• R2 should be more than 0.25(Acceptable), 0.5 (Good) Adjusted R Square .270
Standard Error .74743
• In ANOVA Table, p<0.05 F Statistic 78.885
P Value .000
Standard Beta T Statistics P Value
Coefficients Error
Sample Interpretation .088 .523 8.882 .000

Table 4.12 shows the linear regression testing results for entrepreneurship curriculum and entrepreneurship self-
efficacy. The change in variance in entrepreneurship self-efficacy explained by entrepreneurship curriculum is 27.3 %
(R square). From the table, it is indicated that there is significant influence of entrepreneurship curriculum towards
entrepreneurship self-efficacy (F=78.885, p<0.05), whereby the significance value is 0.000 (less than 0.05). This
means that when the entrepreneurship curriculum goes up by 1 standard deviation, entrepreneurship self-efficacy goes
up by 0.523 standard deviation. The full linear regression SPSS output is shown in Appendix E.
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
Analyze > Regression > Linear > Use Mean Computed (IV/DV) > In Statistics Tick
“Collinearity Diagnostics, Model Fit, Case Wise Diagnostics” > In Plot Tick “Histogram,
Normal Probability Plot, Y=ZRESID, X=ZPRED” > Run Test (Click Ok).

Major assumptions in multiple regression:

1. There must be a linear relationship between the outcome variable and independent
variables. (Test one-on-one).
2. The residuals are normally distributed (use histogram and P-P plot ).
3. There was no multicollinearity. (no multicollinearity if VIF < 0.5 , Hair et al, 2010 )
4. The variance of error terms are homoscedasticity. (Use scatterplot. the data was
homoscedasticity if there is no clear pattern or cone-shaped pattern in the distribution)

Can add forecasting/formula…but only include Sig.Value(Beta).

 SPSS Regression Statistics Output
Sample Interpretation R Square .409
Adjusted R Square .400
Standard Error .67720
F Statistic 47.968
P Value .000
Standard T
Coefficients Beta P Value Tolerance VIF
Error Statistics
Entrepreneurship
.139 .283 3.040 .003 .328 3.051
Curriculum
Entrepreneurship
.127 -.168 -2.069 .051 .429 2.330
Lecturer’s Competency
University
.101 .517 6.801 .000 .492 2.034
Entrepreneurship Support
Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurship Self Efficacy

Table 4.17 shows the results of multiple regression between independent variables and mediator. The R² is 0.409, which means 40.9% of the variation in the
Entrepreneurship Self-Efficacy (dependent variable) is explained by variation in the Entrepreneurship Curriculum, Entrepreneurship Lecturer’s Competency and
University Entrepreneurship Support. The F-test is statistically significant (F=47.968), meanwhile the significance value is 0.000 (less than 0.05). Therefore, it can be
concluded that there is a linear relationship between the variables in the regression model.

However, are only two independent variable that significantly influence towards Entrepreneurship Intention that is Entrepreneurship Curriculum (Beta=0.283,
p=0.003) and University Entrepreneurship Support (Beta=0.517, p=0.000). This means that when Entrepreneurship Curriculum goes up by 1 standard deviation,
Entrepreneurship Self-Efficacy goes up by 0.283 standard deviation. Whereas, when University Entrepreneurship Support goes up by 1 standard deviation,
Entrepreneurship Self-Efficacy goes up by 0.517 standard deviation. Entrepreneurship Lecturer’s Competency was found not to significantly influence
Entrepreneurship Self-Efficacy. Therefore, the most influential factor towards Entrepreneurship Intention is University Entrepreneurship Support (Beta=0.517),
followed by Entrepreneurship Curriculum (Beta=0.283).

This table also checks for multicollinearity in the multiple regression model. Tolerance should be more than 0.1 or VIF for all the variables are below 5 for all
variables to make sure no multicollinearity exists (Hair et al., 2010). From the table above, it is obvious that the results obtained have obeyed the rule of thumb.
The full multiple regression SPSS output is shown in Appendix J.
THANK YOU