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    15 views412 pages

    MER 42 To 50 Compressed

    Uploaded by

    Ravi Jaiswal

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MIDNIGHT TOPICS SS 1 Cannula, Kawasaki, Viral exanthems, Mitochondrial disorders Tumor markers, Named Xray views, CAH Foley's catheter, Ca lung, Paraneoplastic syndrome Central lines, |HC, PNS anatomy Trinucleotide repeats, NG tube and PEG, Pulmonary embolism TB focus, Biomedical waste management, Fogarty catheter, Temporal # Vacutainers, Clinical trials, MEN syndrome LP needle, CSF findings, Spirometry, Flow volume curves © ®N OO Fw HN Personality disorders, LCH, Lymph node enlargement syndromes, Post-op drains 10 SSI, Post op fever, DVT stockings, ASEPSIS scores, ILD 17 18 19 20 Porphyria, Occupational lung diseases CORADS, BIRADS, all RADS, CEAP score and varicose veins Vascular anatomy, Fibroscan, Trauma scores Darrow Yannet diagram, Dermatome and myotomes, Cauda vs conus, RENAL score Cranial nerve columns, Cranial nerve foramina with radiology sectional anatomy Embryology-Pharyngeal derivatives, Germ cell derivatives, Urogenital, Eye, Ear, CVS, venous embryology Immunodeficiency, Variceal bleed balloons Scopes, Chicago classification, endocrine receptors, psychiatric neurotransmitter, aspergillus ‘Sensory receptors, nerve fibres, nerve injuries and compression, STI kits Lysosomal, Glycogen storage disorders, Dyslipidemia, Syndromes 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 eeea irri Acid-base, electrolytes, pituitary, Barther-Gittleman, RTA Soft tissue infections, JVP, pulses, Triads, 10 images Developmental milestones, Capnography, Types of respiration, soft tissue lesions, malignant hyperthermia DDS Scorings-Bell, Bosniak, Gurd, Renal AST, Ann Arbor ‘Scorings-Fong, Masaoka-Koga, Miami, Rosenberg, Bent, Chang, Spetzler Martin All instruments in one place Erythemas, Approach to amenorrhea, GU trauma and urine extravasation Mapleson circuits, amyloidosis, MTP act 2021, Doctors protection act Leprosy —Derma + PSM + Pharma Lung cysts, orbital apex syndromes, POCSO act AIT llg Cd Pier) 31 EG, RAISED ICP MX, Herniations, Brain death 32 Contraception, Pleural effusion, CSF analysis 33 Torture, FMT convention, PSM committee, Pedigree, Neonatal reflex, Bone age 34 POCUS, evidence-based medicine, SAAG 35 Anatomy, surgery of Hernia, named hernias, Thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei 36 Orthopedic splints, orthosis, tractions with named fractures 37 Gl surgery + Radiology Crash Revision 38 HPB surgery + HCC + Liver transplant 39 Image bank-1 40 Image bank-2 a Image bank-3 42 Histology 43 45 46 47 48 49 IPC sections, PCPNDT MRI sequences, bronchiectasis CT basics, Mycology-Endemic mycoses, Polyuria-Polydipsia Opportunistic mycoses, antifungals, Contrast/dye studies (46.2) Clinical neurology- MS, ADEM, NMO, GBS, Transverse myelitis, MND FMT tests for body fluids, CNS infections, Spinal tumors and myelography, Thoracoscore Biostatistics 11/8 11pm infections, FMT stains tests, Spinal tumors, Wednesday 13/8 11pm/ 42am | MER 49, 50 : BIOSTATS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Friday 14/8 41pm Image-Based MCQs Radiology (Unacademy Marathon) Saturday 15/8 10pm Brain tumors (Unacademy marathon) ‘Sunday 1718 4ipm HIV Radiology (Unacademy marathon) Tuesday Midnight Express-42 Special class Pg Dr. Zainab Vora + June 2), 2021 ‘Wunacademy HISTOLOGY - Cells close together - Lining a free surface? a | ues -Mouth sie sou ae? $ wee al e ‘omac mie (1) t= wi gpd he = srl YC We Wed} anton tac » onl Qu Oluanres > cannes We Keratinised Str Sq EP: - ~ = vawliey Gig ea t Pagille : Filifwe muscularis : ¥ ‘i externa)! Py submucosa.) |, “akosa ph el Pap eae | : v AED) aD Te sacar Gree cll DP Respiratory tract = -Nasal mucosa Pads -PNS rs -Larynx = -Trachea dolunnon -Bronchus -Proximal bronchiole saygle -Terminal bronchiole —~ oluated ? thant -Respiratory bronchiole;—sile _cubida cabaide] -Alveolus se Single Speaered a fee Nocal cords Qral surface of epiglottis v Nu se) Urinary tract Lalyces -Pelvis -Ureter - Tl -UB -Prostatic urethra -Membranous urethra -Bulbar urethra -Penile urethra -Terminal urethra — Prostate gland tabemenn” Epididymis, Vas Vo ee 3 erertaba Ovary- Sih a’ a tra(aie Fallopian tube- ay ew Uterus,(endocervix-suple chun Endothelium and mesothelium pee a a pst Cay veda a — Shaky Ps Simple Stratified SQUAMOUS SQUAMOUS wiveo Keratin- Nase = Md CUBOIDAL poe Nonkeratj fey borshad p Ectoce vote COLUMNAR. Te Non-Ciliated-, fees CD wh oe lewd be wi BONE ~ lpasely organized ws © Supports organo & vacgulature. Y “Bubble-like” appearance, little matrix. eos oeeonen ~ Rarticiigtee ininflammatory ~ Cushions organs, insulates the body, fibrous components. stores energy. \v Irregularity enables tissue to withstand ‘tension from many directions. ‘Are cts close together? > 1 se gy b oF |TA i : = OFF E cre Ci Galle ore nee (~ aes Bes tne SS S Oday 6H i = TN Moe an NO Sy Now? Midnight Express-43 Special class Pg Dr. Zainab Vora + June 23,2021 IPC SECTIONS - in| i FM Ss 4S- life A Je Repub bh A6- dum = = et ¥ G1) och 4 53- Punthwent ee 54- dute bad 55- (82 cy -0 lls CF yey ht 4] Pome Lome? ~ Lats, 5- Beeld tntrvuckn > zy 86- Sf inbxte” ae ™ xx In Oo a H&A oe ougs |oek, exhifthagr ) eae = 609: (> ant ~_ eb 302- @- CH amt to nde \z 304 A- Medial gent, 304 B- Dow en = m7 ae as Essentials of Dowry Death (Sec 304B) + The death of a woman should be caused by burns or bodily’ WD 4 B “injury or otherwise than under normal circumstances. Such a death should have occurre fhe Nw marriage. She must have been subjected fo ry her, has Pr husband or by any relative of her hus! eres Such cruelty or harassment should be ied or inconnection with the demand for dowry” Such cruelty or en is shown to have been meted out to the woman soon before her death. 305- Mel smock > ‘mee | ld @) (306) Ht pet 307- Alem ty baud 308- Mher bh CH BOQ - Muplt Suds 312: (h Wt Gault) 313: I Ww ink aed?) 314: . (mh - ted 4 he mw Mpeg pe i go ee BIS: anhiodt =e 317: Abend a chld 318: (nah Me bh 319- Hut | Ratton 320- “ours bad * reer 394. Vol Hurt | : i vi. Permanent disfiguration of the liead or’ ma i. Fracture or dislocation ofa bone of footh 3 22 Vil av iy a ih ag ow ” causes the sufferer to be during the space of severe bodily pain or unable 323; beh +} 32aL funith XT wey % 1 ral 325- Ren 44 ay “f 326- fur anc dang wesfaz lvy 326 A- Pri or i 326B- re ons ~ B \ Ww 5D) Assantt & \ 7A 354 Indecent Aiud 64 ——7 oat Fos 359- Kid nap o | t ley 361- Kiayp < 363- Purichamt ——= = a ’ 2 a S10- Dpwrten- pte pausanet 375- kpe a- tert 5 376 alus0N.. se 3- SUI Tvalund echo oS L dvi Wear | pre WM tat, —, DT] Travis ‘Mact [meu Op He) i Wunacademy 3 BRONCHIECTASIS -Persistent productive cough with thick, tenacious sputum y” Bawehwedts Tracaud -Crackles and wheezing, Clubbing o = Initial Ix: Ss i Pea) ges Focal: Bilateral upper lobes a Lower lobes oe Middle lobes Be 7 Ubely 4 =Gap Wir ~o Proximal \ Maniee (ey Clues for increasing index of suspicion for Legionella pneumonia especially cruise or hotel stay) Exposure to possibly | — within the contaminated water « Contaminate table watedin hospitals/nursing homes LY Fever >39 C (102.2 F) “gy Bradycardia relative to high fever ‘Neurological symptoms (especially confusion) Gastrointestinal symptoms (especially diarrhea Unresponsive to beta-lactam & aminoglycoside antibiotics x ¥ Hyponatremia Hepatic dysfunction Laboratory clues Hematuria & proteinuria ‘Sputum Gram stain showing many neutrophils, but few or no microorganisms Legionella pneumophila » t Gram © rod. Gram stains poorly—usesiliée! Think ofa French legionnaire (soldier) with ‘stain. Grow on: his silver helmet, sitting around a campfire Detected by (charcoal) with his iron dagger—he is no sissy presence d Labs mayshow (cysteine). hyponatremia Legionnaires g888e—severe pneumonia ‘Aerosol transmission from environmental (often unilateral and lobar [3 fever, Gl and water source habitat (e, air conditioning CNS symptoms. Common in smokers and in systems, hot water tanks). Nojpersonstoxperson _chroniclung disease. transmissi ild fluike syndrome. ‘Treatment Beye oe a @ ae Midnight Express-45 Special class Pg Dr. Zainab Vora + Aug 3, 2021 @vaw> A ek Wisl§l oD tm? QO) — — Oultwe( sha) — Blase HEAT: Jug T Pay TD tXlpk wl? \\ ~ Cocsidiv 7@ 3M Gul ~farairi ae — F Veniaillien eeacala Pha male ©b- Pearman F spre Disseminated- hoy B -Spelunking $ +G.2 -Exposure to 6ir¢ -Pancyto aia | ZOhio/Mississipi -Darli nen > arling sh é © hDdy © “PE as Gpne, = Prostate = Bask oad b based buds ce aed America ilchrist isease -Spherule wit ndosopores : GX esert bumps/rheumatism -Archeolo y, dust exposure -Captain wheel / Mickey mouse : ball formation _ era ate £. } ‘y -South American disease se * yin uf Pararocadia oe? Se x Disseminated Hepatospleno eDinpiadr Mernais bos lens abscesses Meningts bong prostate, and skin, es disease thera nodosum lesions AROS Diagnosis _Utneand serum pohsacchard antigens PCRassayofbronchilravageand Culture shows bragg-buing yeast I eee tissue samples { A ofedean : High pt 4srnsy (pedir Blaghro mal =. ee a __ ae “Missisippt and Ohio iNongue ulcers, ath "ERG Valleys wit “oleyomesal, ‘hacrophages) (smaller than piytppenia Asoiated with BBO) 7 scanonieve. ‘pelinking) Dero ti! Blastomyeosis Eastern and Ce FD atin Inflammatory hing ‘Blaso buds broadly US,Great Lakes of Blasiomyees (same disease siceas RBC)E]——Discminates CCoceidioidomycosis Southwestern US, Gwenn Diss Associated with California Tn RBC) filed bone dst exporure in with endowpores of Enghema endemic areas came” ate ar = aa “Can cauwe mening Pare Latin America Budding yea of Similar to Paracocedioparasail Paracoccdioides with CEmuce) With the eaptai’s =i ales > Te whee all the way to form: latin America Y larger than RBC) D — MDCT. v SPIRALCT (WYYY Y NCCT — cect vy Gos) HRCT— ; SS ¢ we 5d tect -Atv tA - Lun BPor “Ate + pe apct -wc rary — PM ai CPA ~ ?E Y CTA 4 ss CT UROGRAPHY ———— fs/ chin Madd CT CISTERNOGRAPHY ———> CIF exo CT MYELOGRAPHY ~————> Spmre: SA artenh tO == cect => wns [ #)) @ @ spiral oa Direction of a a PTD transport j2a—\ 4 eve’ (WON) Windows Toe fr cee * Leaks YRct + Intratreeal dna Ne NON Ci orckamagnp tec LIVER MASS: TPT CT PANCREATIC MA MASS: OS GI BLEED: (T « AORTIC ANEURY L/D Seer: Ler a Pulmonary Embolism: YA Coronary artery disease: ct St VAT theo Or fet fEV /4 CT wos © Vu bic, bonche i eee | = Oi 7 poor mo? Wunacademy } POLYURIA-POLYDIPSIA Q. 55 year old male presents with polyuria and increased thirst. Results of the water deprivation test are shown: a Urine osmolality Serum osmolality Urine (mosm/kg) (mosmv/kg) _ output Baseline 298 120 th 80 1h post-injection vasopresgin Q. Likely diagnosis? Diabetes mellitus Central DI C) Nephrogenic DI \ D) Primary petydipsia~ a filters i ls Ig - 146 Se Se Ss fe? Pe a JL eS ts Water deprivation test ~~ eae ‘No water 2-3 hours prior to test leu + Measure urine volume and osmolality every hour + Measure serum sodium and osmolality every 2 hours, lz + Urine osmolality stable on 2-3, ‘consecutive hourly measurements + Plasma osmolality > 295 mOsm/kg ‘or plasma sodium > 145 mEq/L Yes, |< Manmardrine osmolality and volume every 30 minutes |v for 2hours Continue testing until above ‘endpoints are reached Central Dt Turine osmolality 50-1003, rogenic Dr small ornot Inurine osmol Corso hl hephn4 env 1 pot = ADH-telated causes of polyuria & polydipsia Central DI Nephrogenic DI } ADH release from | ADH resistance in Feeeeene pituitary kidney Idiopathic | 2/nnsyenoes saa. Anxious, iddle-age women ) ae (AVPR2 mutations) neephalopal * Pituitary surgery Q. 53 year old male presents to physician with increased urinary frequency since 4 weeks. He has no burning or urgency. His mouth feels dry alrtne time and drinks fluids almost every hour. He is on hydrochlorthiggide and arplodipine for hypertension. His sister has type 1 DM. Lab results are: Blood gle: ly Na-150 meq/dl Acaimeg h W MC03-24med/I (Ateat-1.1mg/dl Serum Osm-314mosm/kg fosm-124mosm/kg Likely diagnosis? A) BPH ¥ % wo [e b) Side effect of medication + Ce. ———_ | Ha ry Psyche i ly dipsi I A e) Psychogenic polydipsia 1 ss Ve or 7 ‘Wunacademy MIDNIGHT EXPRESS-46 DR. ZAINAB VORA MBBS, MD RADIOLOGY (AIIMS, NEW DELHI) Wunacademy } OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES AIDS WITH CD4 <100 WITH HEADACHE Ee Caypreocod bnemangdi Se i ee [-tyebo hes) CoF a (Niged seed agar : eu séed agar 7 in iffeic seed agar 7 “rd WP we Cryptococcus 5-10 um with narrow budding, lot dimorphic. neoformans Found in soil, pigeon droppings: Acquired through inhalation with hematogenous dissemination eae tomeninges. Highlighted with Indialink (clear halo (4) — (red inner capsule fi). + Lpiescagglitination test detects polysaccharide capsular antigen and'is more sensitive and specific. Causes cryptococcosis, cryptococcal meningitis, cryptococcal encephalitis (“soap bubble” lesions = in brain), primarily in immunocompromised, 5 git eaten mphoercinB fytosite flowed buona Hepa meningitis. Ieafi yAulls ee = Cou lnm — AY -Resistant to-azoles -Disserinated in immunocompetent —— i (. aunis C- bu ger — saan Inoculated onto Presumptive G albicans C.dubliniensis Candido abies a= Sanh)pmpektpe tga 27C mtb 37°C Systemic or superficial fungal infection. Causes oral (@ and esophageal thish in immunocompromised (ngonats, steroids, diabetes, AIDS), vulvovaginitis (diabetes, use of ras endocarditis (IV drug , diseminated candidiasis (especially in ients), chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis¢s— ALPS Hk i pte? ral Aconazoetopical azoles for vaginal; nystatn, azole, of, rarely, echinocandins for ot 1 esophageal or systemic disease, [_Phiatides | esie Metulae Foot cell teu \ re t = KD ly Woe PSS Teene | TN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY sas Deemed AIRWAY/ANGIO JE RISK FACTOR Te Ip os IMAGING APPEARANCE Aw a eed és or bh pm/Agy Sunde ‘Most fungi 3 rimarily studied for § caridds, aspergillosis, and (| B s i B pneumocystis = False positives’: + | Patients on heimiogialysis (cellulose 2 membranes) 2 * Glucan-containing gauzes and surgical sponges, surgical patients E+ Auninintnons + Some Deta-lactams 2 Se Sp iS risk fd gE ne on © & — Immunosupp FI? 80 82 & 4 & Icu FP 91-100 57-94 Galactomannan ‘Most specific Tor diagnosing invasive aspezgillosis (IA), reacts inconsistently in other fungi Ise positives® b ES ea 50) accharides (both in enteral nutrition) + Foods (tea, milk, pasta, rice, pepper) + Aspiration pneumonia® PLASMALYTE’® (IV and BAL) Mur @ Proven or probable lA Se Sp Serum? 61 93 l BAL’ | 37 | 3 | " Study populations: Hematologic malignancy population, fewer studies in solid organ transplant patients. BDG studied in patients with suspected pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP). Fewer studies of BDG in non-neutropenic ICU patients. 4g Aspergillus Sepiaié hyphae that branch at 45° AGUeANGle DB. fumigatus Causes invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients, neutrophil dysfunction (eg, chronic granulomatous disease). Can cause in pre-existing hung cavities, especially after'TB infection, Some species of Aspergillus prod sociated with hepatocellular carcinoma). — ‘Treatment: Voricoiiaolé or echinocandins yy—_> \—hypersensitivity response to Aspergillus 7 PidWINE TM lung mucus. Associated with asthma and cystic fibrosis; may cause bronchiectasis and 7 eosinophilia ee oe. POR Soa : é Se ye a i a oa we A bun | at Rhigp ps Mwerr Aicidica le .° iE Rene lulo = Moll Sho Mucorand Rhizopus _Irtegilar, broad, sonseptate hyphae branching at widesangles I. spp Causes mucormycosis, mostly in ketoacidotic diabetic and/or neutropenic patients (eg, leukemia) Inhalation of spores - fungi proliferate in blood vessel walls, penetrate cribriform plate, and enter bran Rhinoceeba, otal lobeabsees; evemous sinus thrombos Headache, facial pain, black necrotic eschar on face BJ; may have cranial nerve iolvement, Treatment: surgical debridement, amphotericin B or isavuconazole, Causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), a diffuse interstitial pneumonia [. Yeastlike fiingus REET Most infections are asymptomatic. Immunosuppression (eg, AIDS) predisposes to disease. Diffuse, bilateral ground-glass opacities on chest imaging, with pneumatoceles EI. Diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage or lung biopsy. Dieshaped eat seen on ssue [@ or with fluorescent antibody. peiitamidiine, dapsone (prophylaxis as single agent, or MP), atovaquone. Start prophylaxis when CD4+ count drops to reatmentIprophylaxis{ treatment in combination wi vy Adverse effects of drug regimens for Pneumocystis pneumonia ‘rmetiapauaaeneSRRoI 0 for ecu, ror ‘+ Rash, neutropenia, hyperkalemia, elevated © Nephrotoxcity, hypotension, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias, pancreatitis, elevated transaminases, thoprim + dapsone (both oral) ‘+ Dapsone: Hemolytic anemia (check for GEPD deficiency) Clindamycin (IV or oral) + primaquine (oral) ‘* Primaquine: Metnemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia (check for GEPD deficiency) fins SES L lip as Ria we J IM ay oF yd DOC: -Systemic severe infection, Mucor: Ay 4 -Candida, cryptococcus (max oral / CNS CNS BA): Fluamazub -Aspergillus: Yricnaqrts eric -Histoplasmosis, Sporothrix, Blastomyces: Fran S/e: Ventricul lysfunction -Only azole useful in mucor: Berens sf | Igaug “Bw € Midnight Express-46.2 - Contrast / dye studies Dr. Zainab Vora + Aug 7, 202 ODO ae: ‘Wunacademy + ms Conbasle bo GG Pe CONTRAST STUDIES / FLUOROSCOPY sg oT “(2 0.62 msv < Ok (seu L “Urological c)\e -HSG -Hepatobiliary -Barium and Gl —— nelunhpean x an'NN WA\S\\\ @ Keke prade wetargegly Puy Ll > yh BIL eg i ROP = baie tpt — woke Fo = py te — kav ae J Q. All are true about the Ix shown except: ttraindi Q c) IQ for uterine masses d) initial 1OC for tubal patency asd Fa] und makin es oo. . yld pa ANY a 4 Yearne nats %, yA \ S aa ER Cr perc Pernt Yanchep T ae dep GRIF Erp Q. All are true about barium ey (erele) a) Contraindicated in trachea-esophageal fistula b) It is non-absorbable and inet gf{t is useful in evaluation of post-operative patients d) Atomic number isS6 TER Sey pedcry bck , Lr jodtnad arike epee Q. Anewborn baby presents with continuous dribbling of saliva and choking while feeding. CXR is shown here. Identify the type of TEF: a)A b)B cc dE Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula Water soluble? Midnight Express-47 Special class Pg Dr. Zainab Vora = Aug 10, 2021 Q. 29 year old woman comes to the ED due to progressive bilateral ce weakness in her legs. There is no history of trauma or back pain. Four monthsago, she had wh eminal pousaisirwa peers ago, she has an which resolved with symptomatic Rx.)On examination, temperature is 37C, | BP 130/82, pulse is 88/min, RR is 16/min. Motor strength shows increased n resistance to passive flexion and extension and DTR are 3+ with upgoing plantar reflexes in bilateral lower limbs: Decreaseg vibration and positional sensation in Igft upper limb is noted but hq other sensory loss. CSF will a reveal: Vv l N “Thy bie? a) Abnormal cytology en b) Albumino-cytological dissociation c) 14-3-3 protein d) Increased opening pressure ligoclonal bands Ae 20-! 0-SOyrs Autoimmune: Mj? — vy erie yoke punlight as Ait D deficiency HLA DRB1*15 > &IF \ Bean HLA A¥02 > parkuve @regnancy?) __, {o- 4 (hom (0) = gee ume? MC C/F: G) 7 on 7 & Sensory loss —(37} Lhermitte. 3 Optic neuritis. — Pain 3 Weakness 35 Dementia 2 Paresthesias 24 Visual loss 2 Diplopia 15 Facial palsy 1 Ataxia 14 Impotence 1 Vertigo 6 Myokymia 7 Paroxysmal 4 Epilepsy 1 attacks Bladder 4 Falling at altatory nerve impulse bas Vv en a a = ce aa 8 on bk asi) Demyelination + Axonopathy nots ee »6 Mcdonald criteria : Dissemination in tims — SYP oe : Presa La G\N Sur rng (Ker a © jurtacoca tA © bance ni Nuplgers fi gined Stal wal. Best / IOC: woe: ( - maT) Pye * 2] Fume * Dit contest ath an MBit - Ne »), Lakney VEPs) — Holme CSF: gal bets pems- Ce) $ si gems Avge) Antecedent infection / feeeuntcantart ——e _Monophasic a 2 Spamobreal , 8)L Spinal cord: Let 20-40yrs. weeS 4 i Relapsing freee surface of the Cece eure Poon wee rd ave ea spinal cord ene Pree ee Setar en Pree’ pie Rod Coen region) ce peep ST a Brees pee er) fue =aert I UCR cet amr TOOL Mos LAtles ‘characteristic (at right) 2. Post 156" 3. Exclusion of alternative diagnoses"* woso ‘Unknown AUP4-Ig6 Status Atle ical characteristics (at right) re sulting ‘mere clinical attacks and satstying all ofthe following requirements: ) a) Atleast 1 of: ON, acute myelts with LETM, or APS, ') Dissemination in space (22 cifferent core charac if applicable (at right) 2. Négatve test(s) for AQPA: IgG" or testing unavailable 3. Exclusion of alternative diagnoses” * Using best available detection method (cel-based as- ‘sy strongly recommended). =» Evaluation for alternative diagnoses guided by “red flags.” ‘SOURCE: International Panel for Neuromyelitis Optica Diagnosis in affiliation with The Guthy-Jackson Charita- ‘le Foundation Internationa Clinical Consortium, ‘tv. guthyiacksonfoundation org/special-projects-and. ‘rowramssiond-ciagnesticcteria. Accessed Aug, 24, 2015. ona ‘Core Clinical Characteristics of HMOSO ): episode of other ‘and vomiting ‘acute diencephalic clin iMOSD-typical diencephalic MRI iesons Symptomatic eb pide with NMOSOAypiat in lesions ‘Supporting MAI Requirements for NMOSO Without ADPS1g6 1. Acute optic neuritis: brain MRI normal or demon- strating only nonspecific white matter lesions: OR optic nerve MRI with T2-hyperintense lesion or Bot os Sn atrophy in patients with prior history of acute myeltis ‘3, Area postrema syndrome: dorsal medulla/area post- tema MRI lesion 4. Acute brain stem syndrome: peri-ependymal brain ster lesions 2015 REVISED NMOSD DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: AQP4- 7 IgG POSITIVITY AQP4-19G positivity plus 1 core clinical characteristic © Opticneuritis ae 4 pn ‘by a MWe wer © with cal diencephalic MR lesions . syndrome © With l brain lesions \ nem — hdd * ue) Sas <20yrs mc ee "y8 Monophasic > recurrent Papillitis+ Qn) Spinal cord: —. ((mus Antibody: M04 Features AQP41gG-positive Status MMU MQG-1gG-positive Status Main target Ensnien ual Favorable cero predominance ieee female-to-male ratio or male predominance Approximate More common in adults than in chil- age of onset dren on eee ae dromes of /} er ss ‘MR imaging sterior usually with 3 1ce~ patterns inal cord: nral/gray mat- ter lesions; bright spotty lesions on. ‘T2.weighted images; dark lesions on Brain lesions: deep gray matter lesions; ‘Ti-weighted Jesions (large cerebral lesions); fluffy Brain ison pnp on Spe erehtreReetanl taro ee ‘and corticospinal tract involvement _fourth ventricle; periependymal areas rarely involved Geiciccen sitcoms dertian Shidhoiet sumemence: opts pect emer Cobancement thn perienticdar| ment chaomee 1) 20-40 + multiphasic + short segment cord + U/L ON- 3) <20+ as +€T™M 4) <20+ monophasic + pei + ee - a 2) 2) 2:80 mala multiohasie + Periventricular eaiventigiay— UMN + LMI — -Sensory O-m -Bowel/bladder i -Ocular ebyinee qlags Ly ae @ ‘ we) band, —— Q. 26 year old woman comes to the ED due to back pain and weakness in her legs. Four days ago, she began experiencing pain in her lower back and difficulty in moving limbs. Today she couldn’t stand. She has associated pain like sensation radiating down her legs. She has no difficulty with oe weeks ago, she has ap WRT! which resolved with sympi ic Rx.)On examination, temps re is 37 '82, pulse is 88/min, RR ts 16/min. Motor strength Gis earn areasend bilateral lower limbs. Light touch and pain sensation is normal. What is the likely MRI finding: a) Epidural rim enhancing collection b) Hyperintense T2 signal in spinal 4 eat C) Extradural bony lesions with cord compression ( wo SpFntiancingaptertonnems roots of equda-eauin 6) Sn ee z Transverse myelitis | Guillain-Barré syndr. Motor * Early laccid, late spastic pal ‘* Ascending paralysis * If quadriplegia, weakness in. |* biacteem LESUE — © Clearly, wean anon) ‘© Mild sensory loss = level No spinal cord level Bowel & bladder dystunction> | * Cardiovascular instability ‘© Oculomotor, = None glossopharyngeal, ¢f facial . = Peripheral motor &/or ‘= Mostly normal v me See Focal enhanced area of T2 signal * Pleocytosis + + Increased IgG index 1-3 weeks Gl / Respi infection -Acute Flaccid paralysis, truncal paraysis -Sensory : level -BB + 1-3 weeks GI / Respi infection jin : Acute ascending B/L Flaccid paralysis Areflexia Sensory ~ Nojradiculopathy CN: mea oe _ BB-15% Y ph ll CSF: albumina ty tl grad toe ° D/D: a 7 a Brighton Diagnostic Criteria for GBS —_ Level of Diagnostic Certain a i Symptoms Bilateral and flaccid weakness of limbs Decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes in weak limps sAionophasic course and time between onset-nadir = 12 hours to 28 days Absence of alternative diagnosis for weakne CSF cell court Vo protein concentratior> 60 mg/d Nerve conduction study findings consistent with one of the SUbtypes of GBS 7 a + 2 a +/+ +/2 4/2 3 4 +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +f n Neuromuscular respiratory failure is the most life-threating complication-> once Dx of GBS Y confirmed-> assess pulmonary function by.serial spirom the gold standard for assessing: ventilation—if <20mL/kg-indicate impending respiratory arrest-> endotracheal intubation ar — —- <0 wl ly = AIVIG ): + elect z PLASMAPHERESIS nist STEROIDS EIS ee ee) foge hacer comet Le = Abs co a Children and young adults; prevalent in China and seasonal; (7 recovery rap: ntbodies ‘Mostly adults; uncommon; recovery (et hagl o (ip 4 —— ~ VA Ld “ney Fou ra Demyelination Sensory o mmgto(@pliud fae ‘Normal or slightly reduced ‘Distal latencies — Prolonged Conduction velocities Normal or slightly reduced Significantly reduced F wave latencies Normal or slightly prolonged Significantly prolonged or absent H reflex latencies 7 Normal or stightly prolonged Significantly prolonged or absent Conduction block/temporal dispersion Not present, Present eo Q. Conduction ee is reduced in all except: d) HSMN = chemotherapeutic ogents—for example, vincristine, Ssplatinum = ergenophosphote phenytoin gniibiotics—for example, metronidazole, dapsone demyelinating polyradiculo- = cay a ie = - rel - toxicity — efalmce de \ ~ Cha ie-Tooth| 1, X and AR CMT 1 = metachromatic leucé aaa = familial amyloid neuropethies : Biz = vitamin E = ine toxicity idm = Waldensirom’s disease = benign monoclonal gammopathies > Predominantly sensory neuropathies ~ diabetes = thiamine deficiency = malignancy — leprosy - pereelay sensory neuropathies = amyloi ‘+ Antecedent respiratory or gastrointestinal infection © Probable as: with certain vaccines (eg,influenza) © Symmetric. muscle weakness with absent or depressed dea} joms (dysafthnia & dysphasia) urinary rete ileus & lack of sweating) ‘Back & extremity pain Lumbar puncture with elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein & normal white blood cell count (<10 mm*) Electrodiagnostic findings consistent with GBS Monitor autonomic & respiratory functions Intravenous immunoglobulin OR plasmapheresis Diagnosis Differential diagnosis of flaccid paralysis Foodborne Infant botulism botullem Guillain-Barré syndrome Pathogenesis Treatment ~ Ingestion of Clostridium Ingestion of botulinum ed C from environmental linum toxin dust Human-derived botulism immune globulin Equine-derived botulism antitoxin Autoimmune peripheral nerve demyelination Pooled human immune globulin hes barely able to walk. He also complains o Two wees 290, had an uper spr ae He its own, Review of systems is negative for fe neck or back pain, or other symptoms. Vital signs show tachycardia and ‘orthostatic hypotension. Physical examination shows bilateral lower-extremity muscle weakness and absent knee and ankle reflexes, ‘Sensation is intact. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis of this patient would most likely show which of the following results? Protein White bloodcell Redbloodcell Glucose 4 4S count count t t Normal t Normal 1 t Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal aS Ni (Qs (4s) Pg Mid Special c night Express Revision-48 las Dr. Zainab Vora + Aug i, 2021 ‘Wunacademy FMT STAINS BLOOD PRESUMPTIVE TEST~ we (of \ 1) Colour tests-(1202)+ lood\+ reagent iaie® areal 6 dae 2) Luminescent stain — Washed stains y= am ——— test -Combur test/ Tetramethyl(benzi Kastle-Meyer /(Phenolphthalein Cathe Leukomalachite green PRESUMPTIVE TEST rie SS = 1) Colour tests- H202 + blood + reagent uwJT——_~ 7 [furtrseni 2) Luminescent stain — Washed stains e F o Most sensitive Fluorescein stain TP Naticmmaareny 2 TCE HEMASCEIN* CONFIRMATORY TEST LE eee 1) MICROCRYSTAL TEST whine) 2) MICROSCOPY ~ (9 3) ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY ~ mut 5, oe Beat hog TEICHMANN: Hex,2.u TAKAYAMA: Moe “ai GT pre fabwg. Human Vs animal cteantet lattes Precipitin test COO eee Blood grouping Recent-Direct agglutination test Old-Absorption elution test™ = et —___ ‘Wunacademy FMT STAINS SEMEN = Typical ejaculation ofeosh) = 2-5 ml of semen, 160 million@perms.<— = 3 pg DNA/sperm = 480,000 ng DNA/ejaculate . DNA needed for STR typing! . Prssvmgice «Medium for ejaculation = Enzymes and other proteins * Acid Phospahatase (AP), Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), and = Sperm cells- Spermatozoa 1) UV light ows fume once <2 Epa Line Tevten Prive Soothe 2)Florence stain (dnb bo" Cle wdc [—S- Powe 1) Brentamine Pe Walker test vi le =~ sca =e 2) MUP test — aan See 1) PSA / p30 sas 2) MAB 4Eb- Sperm coating Ag = 3) SV specific Ag [ 4) fe 5) Sperm specific Ag 6) DBs et st 7 Spam Microscopy-Confirmatory ad 6: . K hristmas Tree” stain » Nuclear Fast Red stains nucle(red « Picroindigocarmine stains tail VINGG — Clubdinnns 400 UB a Bator “MD C14 > Gataeaate v ; v fibynaina roseg- a | Hemaplike Brathay * ay . an Motility: bodde gee 100%- 3hrs 50%-8hrs 10%-24hrs Saliva — Confirmatory test a . TASMENES Amylase Test &4 — Developed by Pharmacia Diagnostics. Qualitative and quantitative test. Phadebas: a synthetic biochemical substrate. * The substrate has starch microspheres. * The microspheres are chemically bonded to a blue coloured dye. Phadebas substrate + suspected saliva (in water) —> salivary amylase digests starch —» starch microspheres 4 fra 6 break down—> blue dye is released! >= Fecal Stains a * Basis: Human waste has bilirubin. * Bacteria in body, break down bilirubin to urobilinogen. Presumptive Test: Edelman’s Reagent — Fecal stain —>bilirubin —> urobilinogen —> urobilin —> shine UV light + Edelman’s reagent —> Green fluoresence. Sweat * Suspected sweat sample + Crystal Violet - deep purple * Fatty acids in sweat react with the dye. Wunacademy CNS INFECTIONS PD Poul Nrelyncd AMS Leven — prac tu Piutd Paps WMemnae “Fans -¢” ral Hextra-edge R acemog Nec Lal (Nec) = Sas by scar ar? ad - Vv > vo La HIV/AIDS > hop HIV Encephalitis vs. PML i ee ee Z 5 confluent deep s MI; may be asymmetric * Gsymmetric> Subcortical + T1W1-isointense . T1WL-hypointense + No enhancement « Rarely enhances . sli . decrease Cognitive impairment Focal deficits ‘Wunacademy SPINAL TUMORS AND YELOGRAPHY > CE ~ mh SS INTRADURAL- INTRAMEDULLARY EXTRAMEDULLARY EXTRADURAL, ‘Wunacademy THORACOSCORE Midnight Express-49 Special class Pg Dr. Zainab Vora + Aug 13,20: MIDNIGHT TOPICS SS 1 Cannula, Kawasaki, Viral exanthems, Mitochondrial disorders Tumor markers, Named Xray views, CAH Foley's catheter, Ca lung, Paraneoplastic syndrome Central lines, |HC, PNS anatomy Trinucleotide repeats, NG tube and PEG, Pulmonary embolism TB focus, Biomedical waste management, Fogarty catheter, Temporal # Vacutainers, Clinical trials, MEN syndrome LP needle, CSF findings, Spirometry, Flow volume curves © ®N OO Fw HN Personality disorders, LCH, Lymph node enlargement syndromes, Post-op drains 10 SSI, Post op fever, DVT stockings, ASEPSIS scores, ILD 17 18 19 20 Porphyria, Occupational lung diseases CORADS, BIRADS, all RADS, CEAP score and varicose veins Vascular anatomy, Fibroscan, Trauma scores Darrow Yannet diagram, Dermatome and myotomes, Cauda vs conus, RENAL score Cranial nerve columns, Cranial nerve foramina with radiology sectional anatomy Embryology-Pharyngeal derivatives, Germ cell derivatives, Urogenital, Eye, Ear, CVS, venous embryology Immunodeficiency, Variceal bleed balloons Scopes, Chicago classification, endocrine receptors, psychiatric neurotransmitter, aspergillus ‘Sensory receptors, nerve fibres, nerve injuries and compression, STI kits Lysosomal, Glycogen storage disorders, Dyslipidemia, Syndromes 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 eeea irri Acid-base, electrolytes, pituitary, Barther-Gittleman, RTA Soft tissue infections, JVP, pulses, Triads, 10 images Developmental milestones, Capnography, Types of respiration, soft tissue lesions, malignant hyperthermia DDS Scorings-Bell, Bosniak, Gurd, Renal AST, Ann Arbor ‘Scorings-Fong, Masaoka-Koga, Miami, Rosenberg, Bent, Chang, Spetzler Martin All instruments in one place Erythemas, Approach to amenorrhea, GU trauma and urine extravasation Mapleson circuits, amyloidosis, MTP act 2021, Doctors protection act Leprosy —Derma + PSM + Pharma Lung cysts, orbital apex syndromes, POCSO act AIT llg Cd Pier) 31 EG, RAISED ICP MX, Herniations, Brain death 32 Contraception, Pleural effusion, CSF analysis 33 Torture, FMT convention, PSM committee, Pedigree, Neonatal reflex, Bone age 34 POCUS, evidence-based medicine, SAAG 35 Anatomy, surgery of Hernia, named hernias, Thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei 36 Orthopedic splints, orthosis, tractions with named fractures 37 Gl surgery + Radiology Crash Revision 38 HPB surgery + HCC + Liver transplant 39 Image bank-1 40 Image bank-2 a Image bank-3 42 Histology 43 45 46 47 48 49 IPC sections, PCPNDT MRI sequences, bronchiectasis CT basics, Mycology-Endemic mycoses, Polyuria-Polydipsia Opportunistic mycoses, antifungals, Contrast/dye studies (46.2) Clinical neurology- MS, ADEM, NMO, GBS, Transverse myelitis, MND FMT tests for body fluids, CNS infections, Spinal tumors and myelography, Thoracoscore Biostatistics “There are two kinds of statistics: the kind you look up and the kind you make up.” ‘Wunacademy BIOSTATISTICS Types of data Graphs Central and variable tendency Distribution Null hypothesis, Statistical errors, Cl Statistical tests Sampling Probability Aypes of Data : NOIR Wrwaned ¥ » ON ‘ x ~ Ordinshe ee ~S = Ye ~ Ite +e] fF oo 4c ~ Rah > €/P lef ne - pe Neonat 1) Male/female, black/white, urban/suburban/rural, and A/B/O 2) TNM staging, Likert scale, Guttman scale, VAS ndial 3) Temperature scale (c ['€) Inde 4) Weight, blood pressure, pulse rate, Sugar, Hb, BMI ~ Reto How satshed are youwith* No. Question Description na 11 Qhen wearing glawes) can you see well enough 1g recognize a friend if you get closeTo his face? 2 4 (When wearing glasses) can you see well enough t Purchase 0 recognize a friend who isan arm's length away? 2 5 (When wearing glasses) can you SE well enough t Service 0 recognize a friend across the rooas? 4 | Chen wearing glasses) EMFOU sce well enough tf Cane 0 recognize friend across a street? Oval 5 | _Doyouhave any problestreeing distant objects? Guttman sche ORD INAL 2 Unstsed Uno Neal Satie 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Versa \ DISCRETE VS CONTINUOUS DATA ~s ns Qualitative VS Quantitative Dichotomous VS Polyotomous a 2 “2 apy" The Child Pugh score for chronic liver disease classified patients into three categories Cat A (5-6), Cat B (7-5), Cat C (10-15). The variable can be classified as: (Nov 17) Ordinal b. Nominal Whe cc. Continuous d. Quantitative ea All of these are continuous variables except: a. Height in cms b. Weight in kgs ¢ pond group(O)@0) d. Age in years and months Measures of central tendency Mew Meda te de — 5 uso Best measure in © /@!@6 \¢ -Nominal data: ~ Mode ominal -Ordinal data: 71,7, 73 — Messin -Metric scale: /Me— LY i wv -Least affected in skewed data: pod e ), Ly ‘ Cs) as —— -Most useful measure of central tendency for highly skewed distributions: Megign <7 = = -50"' centile: Modu Ww Male -Best measure of central tendency: Mean -Best — the influence of fluctuation between different samples: Mea Gad —<———. -Most affected in skewed data: Mea Bimodal: Mode = 3 Median — 2mean ey Layr~wy- we Measures of variability.Sample $ o = SD; n = sample size. Kang) = S-! 1-3 -@ ae Ee 4 Variance — () y Coefficient of variation - SD za ee mea Measures of variability-Population F TY meant os = Sb © — GD vw n pz do op» frecsion) 0 7a) ee recisio: Standard erro Groportion) iO c\ y a STIS % Unbiased but imprecise Precise but biased imprecise and biased Precise and unbiased _ (acpurate) we & g { y & pe et KO aad vp 7 “ Cronbach’s alpha intemal ely egies Re 135, ne () > oF = aad re eae tel melon (H) | Gaaatanr median ® £0 ber Q. How much sample falls between median and median blus pne SsDina normal distribution? ue—errwrr— Sarl. Class of 100 students, mean-60kg, SD- . 5kg 6625 og ars 3x'T Distribution duh J Se we Sy sean =i)S wn @ Figure 1-8 Measures of central tendency in a positively skewed distribution © Figure 1-9 Measures of central tendency in a negatively skewed distribution. ao oslo How Much Water Do We Use? Fruit conn oes Cen) reg ood MC Firm Pie Clank Saturday Sowwwwwew Sundey ewww. Grouped frequency distribution of serum cholesterol Hi Shyer levels in 200 men. * Frey Pp wy" |- "gerne 710 ono ian trzI0 7am aw tae aD Seun chee mit Peer Cumulative frequency distribution of serum cholesterol levels _ eee in Patt, & Odin ntabur ey Page! av ' bie By O whishern pl + Carcinoma _Leiomyoma Hyperplasia Polyp _Adenomyora Q. BP was measured uleeesactawacn Hg, Q3-110mm Hg. How many people have a BP between Q3 and Q4? A) 100 2750 c)25 d) 150 = The following box plot shows the distribution of two sets of data around the mean. What is the correct sequence of inference from this box plot? (Nov 15) —— wy) Gender Female 60 100 120 80 ‘Actual weight (kg) a. Males-Normal distribution, females-Positive skewed b. Males-Normal distribution, females-Negative skewed c. Males-Negative skewed, females-Positive skewed es skewed, females-Positive skewed = aig SS Graph of vitamin D value post ANC supplementation. Which option is wrong? is ohsincsaie ie) b. @osttively skewed) Y ‘c. Interquartile value 12-3616 ' d. Median at 24 yg, ies Sie Hel 9) 2,8,3,9,5 ih a 0,3,9,2 | 9, 8,2, 5,7,8,8 Ao 63,64, be 9, 3.2.6 8,9, 0,3,5 6,7,5 Stem | Leaf Taw Rw NIRIS Midnight Express-50 Special class Pg Dr. Zainab Vora + Aus 13, 2021 11/8 11pm infections, FMT stains tests, Spinal tumors, Wednesday 13/8 11pm/ 42am | MER 49, 50 : BIOSTATS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Friday 14/8 41pm Image-Based MCQs Radiology (Unacademy Marathon) Saturday 15/8 10pm Brain tumors (Unacademy marathon) ‘Sunday 1718 4ipm HIV Radiology (Unacademy marathon) Tuesday 9 © OX %, @ e e e6 e(* ele ee i “ ° ° . ° ° ° Es o ° e ‘ Clee “re oe o*—¢ oe oe oe . . ° o° om Goaprente No correlation ‘Weak positive Strong positive elation Correlation ofrelation correlation bang 7 19 2 SF (6/2 Association Predicting the value of one variable on the basis of one other variable on the basis of multiple variables Predicting survival time ae SCALE OF DATA Nominal T Simple linear ' regression Logistic regression (predictor variables are ratio data; 1 Multiple regression predicted variable is nominal) Cox regression T Q @) * © 6 ee a e o/* “| « |* ee e ° . a e J ° ele ° ee ° e oe Ly oe . *) e Strong negative Weak negative No correlation ‘Weak positive Strong positive correlation correlation correlation correlation 1 ; wo) ne & ee > aw 4 : Coefficient of ddetachaiinatilents ( Ar) Zz We cient of determi ¥ Regression ——m Once the values ofa andb hae been established, the expected value of can be predicted for any Expected value Oo given value of X. For example, it has been shown thatthe hepatic clearance rate of idcaine (I, in m/min) canbe predicted from the hepatic crane rat of ndoeyanine green dye (Xn mL ting), according tothe uation Y = 0:30 + 1.07, thus enabling anesthesiologist reduce dep Tet on, the i oflidane overdosage by sing clean ofthe de (Zit & Red, 178), i oagle. pew For example, Angulo tal (2007 found thatthe sk hepatic resis (the patient’ fibrosis score) inpatients with nonalcoholic fait liver disease (NAFLD) could be predicted on the basis of the patients age, body mas index (BMI, presence of diabetes or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), Expected value of ¥ = a + by X; + by Nos...by Xy _sprtateaminotasfersenineaminotanlers (ASU/ALT rat, platelet count, and albumin a evctaccorting tthe mip egresion uation Y = 1.675 + 0.037 X age (years) + 0.004 BMI (ky/m?) + 1.13 X presence of IFG or diabetes (yes = 1, no = 0) + 099 X ASTIALT ratio ~ 0.013 X platelet count (1071) ~ 0.66 x albumin (gL) ae a + bx Su - ge lem ye a+ tet bys Muy be 2A thet q ee Striple rarainse i Roadie) —— > Logs Association Predicting the value of one variable on the basis ofa) other variable sis of riables Predicting survival time SCALE OF DATA (aay ‘Spearman p Pearson r t= n (predictor Te ratio data; predicted variable is nominal) Survival probability (%) 100 80 ox z in 5 pod. salt whe as = 1 yas he Probability distribution that is used to show how mangtimes an event is likely to occur over a specified period ; 0.40 Feisson ‘ Auer” 0.35 0.30 ) = 0.25 0.20 Plz=k 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 - A patient of diabetes and hypertension comes to your clinic. As a doctor, you explain to him the risks of various complications. Which of these is the best tool to demonstrate the complications? (Nov 15) a. Pie chart b. Histogram c. Scatter plot gern diagram e) Which of the following is the best for determining the threshold for diagnosis of a positive test: a. Analysis of variance b. Pearson coefficient c. Regeiver-operating characteristic curve d. Pre-test probability —~—~—_——~ (DG s following type of data description called? Cavoan wooaNne Null hypothesis (Ho) - - — “Z Ww ont — betty Wan 8 — 22 = = Alternative hypothesis (H:) @ ) Truth about the population Ho tee) lar = CZ a Correct decision g®. Fal pre C00S Statistical significance (Px@.05 pus) the probability of obtaining that result purely by chance is < 5% te pj GE * fe Confidence level : For a significant study: pvalue- 60.°5 CL- 515 °/; Confidence interval ~ one QNarrowbr the better -Mean +/- 2SE a * Alo halve the confidence interval, the -— sample size must be increased fourfold. © = (pe A q , ane iu it asinine Meareaasbies iat Cal ecen eciceee at type of error is thts-2——= =z (May 16) eee ‘Type Ierror a. Typelerror c. Random error Inastudy to evaluate anti-hypertensives, it was found that diuretics decrease the diastolic blood pressure (May 17) by 20% with a p-value of < 0.1. What does this p-value imply? i a. The test 690% reproducible * —- = Ch: 1-0) 4p 90% of thé patients-wiittrave greater than 20% reductionXvblood pressure SPremtvesictwith 90% confidence that the result, i.e. 20% reduction in blood pressure i tue and not by chance — d. It can be said with 10% confidence that the result, ie. 20% reduction in blood pressure is true and not by chance =— A study was conducted to find average intraocular pressure. IOP was measured in 400 people and the jas found to be25 min Hg with a standard deviation of 10 mm Hg. What is the range in which IOP We ewe the population would be lying? = (Nov 16) a, 22-28mm Hg b. 20-30 mm Hg Az 4 77s 26anm ig 4. 23-27 mmHg = ie Mean > or Mar + ASE a = lo/ ax kn + sano tar 2 £ ao 4. Variables to be compared foremeduve Non prrcvehit QZ _ c ee) a 7 uv > 3 groups small feo sie @) Large sample size ‘ nn \NOVA, Fisher exact test Chi-square test LT] fa) fe] Ow 2 Degree of freedom: ae OOP . Ww Urpomnie 4Y- eo) Premera) BS A > Powel tt GTS — vp +4 nh S30 h>30 7 2 ft Zs DDD 7 se S30 —) Botha >i CK Ge A study was conducted to test the efficacy of a new vaccine in preventing a particular disease in a population. The incidence of the diseasbefore and after Me introduction of vaccine were compared for the same. Which of the following tests would you use for statistical analysis? (May 19) a. Chi-square test b. Unpaired t test c. Paired t test d. Regression analysis A research was undertaken by a group of psychiatrists and obstetricians to assess post-partum depression in mothers giving birth td male } ere according to eee pression scale (EPDS). What test should be tsed to compare the outcomes? — (May 17) 2 Student's t-test b. c. Chi-squared test . Paired t-test d. Pearson's correlation coefficient Which of the following tests can be used to compare blood pressure values between patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke? => 2 (Nov 18) BAStudent’s test b. Pairedt+test €. Ghiesquared test d. Pearsan‘s carsulation coefficient All of the following can be analyzed with chi-square test except: (May 18) a. Sex and stage of cancer sa Eeart rate and age c. Benignor malignant, andtypeofsurgery d. Age group and cancer stage sng Pete! Cie) a OHHH TH) Aiba wt -@ nn GHD TT eI iid TD a Br J Radiol. 2021 Jan 1:94(1117):20201069, dl: 10:1259)/bj.20201069. Epub 2020 Nov 6. Normalized apparent diffusion coefficient: a novel paradigm for characterization of endometrial and subendometrial lesions Zainab Vora ¥, Smita Manchanda *, Raju Sharma 1, Chandan JyotiDas ®, Smt Har *, Sandeep Mathur 2, Sunesh Kumar #, Garima Kachhawa 2, Maroof Ahmad Khan # Aifiitions: + expand PMID: 33125267 PMCID: PMC77746G7 (avallable on 2022-01-01) DOL: 101259/b}-20201069 Abstract ‘Objectives: To assess the role of normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in ‘characterization of endometrial and subendometrial masses, measured as a ratio of the mean ADC ‘ofthe pathology to mean ADC of two diferent internal controls, normal myometrium and gluteus ‘maximus muscle, referred to aS nADCm and nADC, respectively ‘Methods: 55 females with pathologically proven endometrial and subendometrial lesions, including 27 eases of endometrial carcinoma, and 28 cases of benign masses were envoled in this prospective study and assessed with single-shot echoplanardifusion-weighted imaging. The ‘normalized and absolute ADC of the lesions, measured by two radiologists, were compared in

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