Lecture - 09

#Management
Management is the process of administering and controlling the affairs of the
organization, irrespective of its nature, type, structure and size. It is an act of
creating and maintaining such a business environment wherein the members of the
organization can work together, and achieve business objectives efficiently and
effectively.
Management can be defined as:
● A group of people (Workspace perception)
● An academic discipline (Academic institution perception)
● As a process (Functional perception)

#Management as a process
Characteristics of this cycle:
● On going
● Interdependent

One question may occur, why is this not linear ? For example, Plan -> Organize ->
Lead -> Control.
It is not linear because all 4 are dependent on eachother. That is why it is a
continuous cycle. The integrity of this cycle must be reserved.

Plan:
Planning is decision-making regarding the goals and setting the future course of
action from a set of alternatives to reach them. The plan helps maintain managerial
effectiveness as it works as a guide for future activities. Selecting goals as well as the
paths to achieve them is what planning involves. In short, planning means
determining what the organization’s position and the situation should be in the
future and deciding how best to bring about that situation.
There are 3 types of planning
● Strategic plan
● Tactical Plan
● Operational Plan
Strategic Plan:
Strategic planning begins with an organization’s mission. A strategy provides the
broad contours of an organization’s business. These are the plans which act as a
guideline to move the organization from where it currently is, to where it wants to
be. It is a comprehensive plan to make decisions defining the organization's
direction and scope in the long run to achieve the organizational objectives.
Strategic plans look ahead over the next 10 to 15 years.

Tactical Plan:
Tactical plans are developed to support the implementation of strategic plans. These
plans are developed by middle managers after consulting lower-level managers.
These plans are concerned with mid level management/divisional activity. They are
more specific and concrete than strategic plans. Tactical plans look ahead over the
next 3 to 4 years.

Operational Plan:
Operational plans are made for supporting the implementation of tactical plans and
achievement of operational goals. They clearly specify the things needed to be done
in the short run, in order to achieve the operational goals. They are developed by
lower-level managers after consulting the middle managers. Their time period is
less than one year, such as a few months, weeks or even days.

Strategic plan translates into Tactical plan. Tactical plan translates into Operational
plan. They are not mutually exclusive.

# Organize
Organizing is the function of management that involves developing an
organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure the
accomplishment of objectives. Organizing also involves delegating responsibility to
the employees along with the authority to successfully accomplish these tasks and
responsibilities. One major aspect of organizing is delegating the correct amounts of
responsibilities and authority.
Some features of Organizing:
● Organizational structure determination
● Assigning authority & responsibility
● Resource allocation across the organization (Money, manpower etc)
● Defining how the activities of groups and individuals will be cordial

# Lead
Leading involves the social and informal sources of influence that leaders use to
inspire action taken by others. If managers are effective leaders, their subordinates
will be enthusiastic about exerting effort to attain organizational objectives. It is like
motivating the people to set into work persuasion.
Some features of Leading:
● Communicating goals throughout the organization
 ● Building commitment to a common vision
● Greeting shared values and culture

# Ethos, Pathos, Logos

Aristotle taught that a speaker’s ability to persuade an audience is based on how
well the speaker appeals to that audience in three different areas: logos, ethos, and
pathos. Considered together, these appeals form what later rhetoricians have called
the rhetorical triangle.
Logos:
Logos appeal to reason. Logos can also be thought of as the text of the argument, as
well as how well a writer has argued his/her point.
Ethos:
Ethos appeals to the writer’s character. Ethos can also be thought of as the role of
the writer in the argument, and how credible his/her argument is.
Pathos:
Pathos appeals to the emotions and the sympathetic imagination, as well as to
beliefs and values. Pathos can also be thought of as the role of the audience in the
argument.

The Rhetorical triangle is typically represented by an equilateral triangle, suggesting

that logos, ethos, and pathos should be balanced within a text. However, which
aspect(s) of the rhetorical triangle you favor in your writing depends on both the
audience and the purpose of that writing. Yet, if you are in doubt, seek a balance
among all three elements.

# Control
The controlling process in business management is when managers set, measure
and refine their business operations and manage cost control. By using a controlling
process, a company can navigate changes to the supply chain, customer demand and
other variables that impact a company’s livelihood. It’s a critical task in keeping any
business solvent.
Controlling consists of the following steps, which include:
● Establishing performance standards
● Measure Performance
● Comparing actual performance against standards
● Analyze Deviations
● Taking corrective action when necessary