PHYSICAL SCIENCE

There are 94 natural elements, and 24 synthetic elemeents in

FIRST SEMESTER the periodic table.

FORMATION OF HEAVY & LIGHT ELEMENTS

Bigbang- a theory that states the Earth is continuously THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
expanding or called as “inflation”.
ATOMIC THEORY
HIS THEORY:
ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS: All atoms are:
DEMOCRITUS 1. small, hard particles.
1. Bigbang or Primordial Nucleosynthesis
- Greek philosopher 2. made of a single material formed into
- the origin of the light elements. who proposed the different shapes and sizes.
existence of atom. 3. always moving, and form different
5 elements that formed materials by joining together.
during the Bigbang:
HIS THEORY:
a. Hydrogen ARISTOTLE
-He did not think 1. He thought all substances are made
b. Helium there was a limit to up of 4 elements:
the number of times
c. Lithium matter could be a. Earth c. Air
d. Beryllium divided. b. Water d. Fire

e. Deuterium HIS THEORY:

JOHN DALTON 1. All substances are made of atoms
-a British Chemist. that cannot be destroyed, created or
2. Stellar Nucleosynthesis divided.
Proposed the 2. Atoms join with other atoms to make
-the origin of the heavy elements, caused by a dying dead star. “SOLID SPHERE new substances.
MODEL” or 3. Atoms of the same element are exactly
2 elements that formed “BOWLING BALL alike, and atoms of different elements are
MODEL” different in mass and size.
during the Stellar:
HIS THEORY:
a. Iron
J.J. THOMSON 1. Atoms contain negatively charged
b. Silicon English Chemist and particles called electrons and positively
physicist; discovered charged matter
the first sub-atomic 2. He created a model to describe his
particle; electrons theory.
TERMS TO REMEMBER: which he called “PLUM PUDDING MODEL”
Nucleosynthesis- creation/ production of elements. “corpuscles”

Nuclear Fusion- proton and neutron are combined because HIS THEORY:
of high temperature (process of light elements). ERNEST 1. Small dense positively charged particle
RUTHERFORD present in nucleus is called a proton.
Nuclear Fission- pre-existing element + newly formed New Zealand 2. Electrons travel around the nucleus,
element are combined because of high temperature (process of physicist; discovered but their exact places cannot be
heavy elements). the nucleus. described.
“NUCLEAR MODEL”
Supernova- explosion of dying dead stars; happens when a
star meets its lifespan. HIS THEORY:
NIELS BOHR 1. Electrons travel around the nucleus in
Danish physicist; definite paths and fixed distances.
SYNTHESIS OF NEW ELEMENTS discovered the 2. Electrons can jump from one level to a
Periodic Table of Elements- shows the tabular arrangement energy levels. path in another level.
of elements. “PLANETARY MODEL”
HIS THEORY:
ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE ERWIN 1. The exact path of electrons cannot
 NUCLIDE- atomic species characterized by the specific SCHRODINGER be predicted.
Austrian physicist; 2. The region referred to as the electron
constitution of its nucleus.
developed the cloud, is an area where electrons are
 GROUP (FAMILY)- exhibit related physical and electron cloud likely be found.
chemical properties. model. “ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL”
 PERIOD- order of elements in increasing atomic number.
HIS THEORY:
SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS 1. Neutrons have no electrical charge.
JAMES CHADWICK 2. Neutrons have a mass nearly equal
- A chemical element that does not occur naturally on
English physicist; to the mass of a proton.
Earth.
discovered neutrons. 3. Unit of measurement for sub-atomic
CYCLOTRON- machine to make synthetic elements. particles is the atomic mass unit (amu).
ERNEST LAWRENCE- made the cyclotron.
DMITRI MENDELEEV- one who created the periodic table.
HENRY MOSELEY- He helped Mendeleev arrange the periodic
table.
X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY- used to detect and count the
protons in an element.
TRANSURANIUM- other term for synthetic elements.
POLARITY OF MOLECULES
 -sharing and transferring of electrons. SECOND SEMESTER
2 Types of Polarity: BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULE- intake of food converts into
energy.
1. Covalent Bond- sharing of electrons.
MACROMOLECULE- supermolecule
a. Polar Covalent Bond- unequal sharing of
electrons.
FOUR CLASSES OF
b. Non-polar Covalent Bond- equal sharing of
electrons. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULE:
Best example of NPCB- Diatomic Molecule CARBOHYDRATES- Sugar (“saccharides”, “saccharum”)

2. Ionic Bond- transfer of electrons. Monomers: GLUCOSE

TYPE OF BOND ELECTRONEGATIVITY SIMPLE SUGAR COMPLEX SUGAR

DIFFERENCE a. Monosaccharide a. Polysaccharide
NON-POLAR 0-0.4 b. Disaccharide
COVALENT BOND
POLAR COVALENT 0.5-1.9
BOND
IONIC BOND 2.0-4.0 SIMPLE SUGAR:
MONOSACCHARIDE DISACCHARIDE
OCTET RULE- elements should have 8 electrons; except for = 1 Sugar =2 Sugar
Hydrogen, which has to have 2 electrons. Combined with: Glycosidic Bond
1. GLUCOSE (Blood Sugar) 1. MALTOSE (Beer)
SOLUBILITY- refers to the ability of a solute to dissolve in a Source: Dextrose
certain amount of solvent. 2. GALACTOSE (Dairy 2. SUCROSE [Glucose+Fructose]
Products or Milk) (Table Sugar)
MISCIBILITY- ability of two liquids to mix in all proportions.
3. FRUCTOSE (Fruits and 3. LACTOSE [Fructose+Galactose]
BOILING POINT- a certain chemical that reached a Honey) (Dairy Products)
temperature; liquid becomes gas
MELTING POINT- solid to liquid state

MOLECULES AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Molecules- is formed when two or more atoms join together
chemically; made of two atoms of the same element.
Diatomic Molecules- made of two atoms of the same element
Examples:
 Hydrogen- H2
Intermolecular Forces- the attractive forces between
molecules, between ions, or between ions and molecules.
Intramolecular Forces- force that hold atoms together in a
molecule.
JOHANNES DIDERIK VAN DER WAALS
His thesis, “van der waals” noted the non-ideality of real gases
and attributed it to the existence of intermolecular forces.

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

1. Dipole-Dipole Forces- attractive forces between polar
molecules.
1.1 Hydrogen Bonding- a special case of dipole-dipole
forces, and only exists between hydrogen atoms bonded to F,
N, or O, and F, N, and O atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. It is
the strongest force.
2. Ion-Dipole Forces- attractive forces between ion and polar
molecules.
3. London/van der Waals Forces- also known as Dispersion
Forces. Interactions involving induced dipoles. It is also the
weakest intermolecular force.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE