The Glorious Revolution Wen Chale Idea in 1696, ne of 2 chidrenbenina oO TEETOES suey one of them would become king or een fe his ‘death, right? Wrong! Despite having lots of children, none * Discover why Charles I's brother of thom were with his wife, the queen, This meant that Dbocame king. they weren't allowod, by law, to inherit the throne. So who | © Recall the changes that new Catholic ‘became monarch after Charles I's death? What happened King James It made, ‘98 a result? And iow did it all ead to a revolution? * Examine how the monarchy changed back from Catholic to Protestant Anew king James makes waves ‘Afeer the death of Charles In 1685, his younger brother James became Soon ater James became king he ing James I Just before he became king James had decided to follow started to make some big changes the Catholic religion, However, most people in Britain weren't Catholics This really worried some of the = they were Protestants. There hadnt been a Catholic monarch since the leading politicians in Parlamene, time of ‘Bloody Mary’ over 100 years before. Some people worried that Look atthe cartoons and see if you James might make major religious changes that could lead to some sort can work out wy. of religious war. Other people weren't worried at all about the Catholic king James was quite old and his only children, Mary and Anne, were Protestants, Some though thar King James might dle ven and then his eldest daughter, Mary, would take over and everything would carry on as before. But chins did't go to plan, ere teas bowing ens einer Charis \ ‘Was history going to repeat itso? | Bre lots of the top obs a | he semy and in government + to Cats { i 687, ames decides to rule without Parianent | ames ed ipower (anes tts rae army even) King James is Saher cing | — ples Cold oe pam one |_ Baste | Spa Patamercnacit eter | Eekerdndcor neu ea [James said in speech in 1697 | dt both Catholes and Protestants | could Worship ae they wished However he hace spoken to | arlamene about tsa | were noc py HEI). cnaenr 6: x tn ars, eter tho GeortensIn 1687, the same year thae James I closed down. Parliament, scientist Iaac Newton published his important and influential books commonly known as Principia. These texts changed scientific understanding and helped scientists get 2 much better understanding of physics and the nacure of the universe, Anew arrival In 1688, James’ new Catholic wife gave birch to a baby boy. As the baby was male, he pushed past James's ddayghcers to be next in line to the throne. With a Catholic father and mother, it was clear thatthe baby would be brought up as Catholic too. And when the prince eventually became king after his father’s death, his sons would be Catholics, and so on. ‘hie was too much for Parliament. They fesred that the country would have Cacholic kings for ever more. And Parliament, made up mostly of Protestants, didnt want this ~ s0 they decided to do something about it. ee in 2013, anew UK law puc an end to the system ‘here male princes would ake priority over heir ‘older sisters (known as male primogenture). So male princes born after 28 October 2011 cannot overtake their older sisters inline ta the ehrone, The new rules also allow members of the Royal Family to marry 2 Roman Catholic and become king or queen, but a Roman Catholic sel eannot become the monarch Y SOUROE A A portrait of James I the fist Catholic monarch in over 100 years. This was painted in 1684 by Si Goatzey Knell, the leading portrait painter in England at this time. Coo 11 Why id none of Charles I's children become ing or queen after his death? 2 When James became king, why were some people: '2 worried about this? bb not worried about this? Which of James's actions might have worried Parliament the most? Copy the following sentences, placing them in the order you think would have caused most alarm. Write a conclusion explining your choice of order. He didn't consul Parlament over important matters He gave all the top jobs to Catholics He created his ovn army, His wife gave birth to a son. 2 ‘Ofall che actions taken by James, the one that worried Parliament most was the ‘new army! How far do you agree with this statement? Use your answers in step 1 2 help you. Hint Reread the story on this page. You will prabably disagree with the Revoltion, Industry and mp: Britain 1868-1902Gy The Glorious Revolution Dastardly danghter? Inthe summer of 1688, a plot was hatched by some leading Protestants to get rid of Catholic King James l, The plan was for Mary, the king's eldest daughter, and her Procestanc husband, Wiliam of Orange, to gather a foreign army and fight James — ‘Mary's own father. They would then become joint king and queen. Mary agreed, withthe full support of her husband, who was a ‘member ofthe rulg royal family ofthe Netherlands. Mary refused to be queen unless her husband was made king. Wiliam refused to accept any sort of position where his wife ‘was in a higher position. So they realy were joint rulers! ‘Mary and William's army landed in Devon, on the south coast of England, on 5 November 1688, having crossed the sea from the Netherlands. James got an army ready to fight, but John Churchil, fone of his key generals, swapped sides and joined Mary and Willam, James realised that he couldnt beat his daughter's army and fled to France with his wife and son, Infact, there wasn't any fighting at all ut a revolution had taken place, and the ruler had been replaced, Protestants called this the "Glorious Revolution. Y SOURGE B Hampton Court Palace, originally built during ‘the reign of Henry VI (who took all of his six wives ther), ‘was radically updated by Wiliam and Mary. They got Sir (Christopher Viren to build a beautiful new part to the palace BRET coer: rine sors, eter onrgiane Rules for Mary and William Parllamene then invited Mary and Willam to become joint monarchs, as king and queen, ‘They accepted the offer, buc first they had to agree to some conditions. For example, to stop them ruling without Partament (ike James Il had done), Mary and Willam had to agree to Invalve Parliament in running the country, and to consult Parliament feequently. They were also banned from ‘alsing taxes without Parliament's agreement ‘The Bill of Rights ‘One of the first things Parlament made the joine monarchs do was to officially agree to 3 series of new laws, This is known as the 1689 (cee C). YY SOURCE © An adapted extract ofthe ‘agreement known as te Bil of Rights, 1689, 1b was also agreed that Mary's sister (Anne) would become queen. after the deaths of Mary and Willa. i Ww We promise to allows Barfianent ro mae allie | + Parliament eo decide on | taxes + Parliament to share control of the army + Members of Pardiament to be free t0 say what they ‘want + all ria to go ahead | swiehiowe ans interference from the king or queen +/no Catllic kings or queens ever again, Signed William & Mary |A turning point CRE consciccion “The Bill of Rights was a turning point in British history Ie set up constitutional monarchy the type of monarchy that we still have today. This means that Bill of Rights the country has a monarch, whe is the ‘head of state but their powers are clearly defined by Parliament and limited by laws and rules. The laws and rules of a country are called a constitution. “Tis is why the British system of government is sometimes called 2 constitutional monarchy. 1 Put the following events inthe correct chronological order You might want to \Y INTERPRETATION D Adapted fiom anartcle day aaah ine publised in 2018,0n the History Channel website item iam lands in Devon wih 12,000 soiiers “The English Bal of Rights has had a longsting museca freee innpat on the role of government in England. Le oe aeneree fae also influenced laws, documents and ess in + Important Protestants invite Wiliam the United States, Canada, Australis, Irland, New Co ‘Zesiand and other counties nite the powse pia loader of envars aoe of the monardhy, but it ais boosted the rights ard eyed ea freedoms of individual citizens, Without the English Bill of Rights, the role of the monarchy might be very 2 a Why do you think Mary agreed to diferent from how ii today. There's no gucstion overthrow her father! thar this one act greatly affected how che English 'b Willam ordered that james should be ernment operates, ad served a a Stepping STONE allowed to escape to France and no ‘modemday democracis.” attempt should be made to eapeure him. Why do you think Wiliam didnt wane to eapture james? ‘© Suggest a reason why Mary and Wiliam chose 5 November as the date to land in England and remove the Catholic king “To reward John Churchil for changing sides, Willam made him Ear of Marlborough. John Churchill was the great, great, great, great, great, great grandfather of Sir Winston Churchil, Britains prime minster during the Second World War. Stic Goren Recker ——————— called the ‘Bloodless Revolution! YY SOURGE EA goidoin ‘Why éo you think ic was givan this ‘other name? 11 What was the Bil of Rights? 2. What impact did the Glorious | | ‘oom the time when Mary and Wiliam ruled together fn 1691 Revolution have in the late seventeenth century? 3 Read Interpretation D. What point is being made here about the importance of the Bil of Rights? 4 Explain che significance of the Bill of Rights, Revolution, aust and Empire: Bain 1568-1902From Stuarts to Georgians ‘Mary and William became joint rulers in 1689. But they didn’t enjoy an easy reign. There were rebellions in both Ireland ‘and Scotland, which were eventually stopped with great force by William's army. So what exactly happened in Ireland and Scotland? What became of Mary and Wiliam? And who ruled after their deaths?, Invading Ireland Many English monarchs had tried to control Ireland English armies had invaded many times, but the Irish remained deeermined to keep the English out. Aer James I had fled to France in 1688, the fellowing year he landed in Ireland and gathered a Catholic army to fight back against his daughter Mary and her husband Wiliam. n response, Willam sent troops to Ireland, and atthe Battle of the Boyne in 1690, James's ferces were crushed. Willam took away lots of land from Inih Catholics and gave it to English Protestants. Strict laws were introduced, banning Irish Catholis from teaching, voting or carzying a sword, Rebellion in Scotland ‘There wat rebellion in Scotland too. Many Scots supported the former king (James I), especialy In the mountainous areas called the Highlands. In 1692, nan attempt to sec things, Wiliam asked all the important Scottish families (known as clans) to ‘wear an oath of loyalty to him. But one clan ~ the MacDonalds of Glencoe — missed the deadline for the oath, So William ordered thae they all be kale, In total, 38 members of the MacDonald clan ‘wore massacred, ‘William all alone In 1694, Mary died of smallpox, leaving William to rule alone, Wiliam knew that Mary's sister, Anne, ‘would become queen after his death. She was 2 Protestant, and to ensure that the monarchy would remain i Protestant hands, a naw law was passed in 1701 (called the Act of Settlement. Ths staved that the king or queen should always be 2 Protestant — ‘and this fs stl the ease today. Willam died in 1702, and Anne became queen. BREED captain eos, enter ne Georgians Cy seeces ‘© Describe the consequences of the Glorious Revolution. ‘© Explain the officiel establishment of the ‘United Kingdom’ \Y INTERPRETATION A An sighteonth-contury nage of the Massacre of Gioncoe which oocurted on 13 February 1692, when 38 mombers of the | MacDonald clan ware lied Ris though that ‘around another 40 women and children later died of cold and hunger, since their homes had been Dburmed during the massacre Willian was devastated by Mary's death. After she died, he ware her wedding ring and & locket containing some of her hair—_— Queen Anne [Anne was the sister of Queen Mary, the daughter of James Il ehe niece of Charles Il and the granddaughter (of Charles I~ all members of the Stuart family. She gave birth to 17 children, but tragically ll of them died before she became queen. However, Parliament knew that the throne would pass to her nearest Protestant relative after har death, ather than her younger brother, who was a Catholic, This was because ofthe Act of Settlement. United Kingdom in order to make the country even more secure, Parlament passed the Act of Union in 1707. This meant that England, Wales, and now Scotland were united, with one Parliament based in London Ireland was also largely under English control by then. So Queen Anne was the first monarch to cofialy ell herself Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. German George (Queen Anne died in I714. Her closest Protestant relative was a man called George Louis from Hanover, which is now an area of Germany. Although he didnt speak any English, he became King George | of Great Britain on | August I7I4, The Stuarefariy’s reign was over, and @ new family ~ the ‘Hanoverians’ ~ now ruled. This family (cue 0 the face that the next chree kings after George | ‘were also named ‘George’ are alo ealed the ‘Georgian ‘Construct a timeline withthe title “Uniting the United Kingdom. Mark the following dates on your timeline. Then adda few sentences to explain the importance of each date 1689 1690 1692 1694 1701 702 707 ima Complete the sentences below with an accurate CCharles II was James I's (unceffather/brother). James Il was Queen Mary's (uncle/father/brother). James Il was Queen Anne's (unclelfatherfbrother) ‘Queen Anne was Queen Mary's (sister! motheriniece) What methods were used to make sure Ireland and Scotland came under English control? In your own words, explain why a German man became King of Great Britain, Act of Settlement ‘Act of Union YY SOURCE A 1705 portait of Queen Anne, ‘the last Stuart monarch, painted by Michael Dab, Swedish portrait painter who lived. and worked in England, Define: the Act of Seetlement the Act of Union. Explain why Parllament introduced the Act cof Settlement in 1701 Revolution, Industry and mpi: Batain 15‘1746 ‘What do you think of when you hear the word ‘Jacobite"? {sta unit of computer momory, like a megabyte or a ‘Gigabyte? In fact, Jacobite was the name given to a group of people who rebelled against the new monarch, King George 1 Why dia they rebel? How mich of a threat were they? Andi where did the name ‘Jacobite’ come from? After Anne In 1714, Queen Anne died. She was replaced as monarch by her closest Protestant relative. He was @ German named George, who became King George But many people weren't happy with this. They wanted ‘Anne's younger half-brother (James Francis) to be king instead. The people who supported james Francis {hho was living in France) and che Stuares were called ‘Jacobite’ because the Latin for James is Jacobus. ‘The first Jacobite Rebellion, 1715 “The reason why James Francis wasrit king inthe fist place was because he was a Catholic... and the Act of Settlement I701 banned Catholics from being King or ‘Queen of Great Britain. Ths was why James Francis’ father, James Il, was removed from the throne in 1688 and replaced by Protestant rulers, William and Mary ‘Queen Anne, who followed Wiliam and Mary was 3 Protestant... and so was King George | But James Francis had strong support, particularly in Scotland, and decided to rebel against King George. In 1715, James Francis landed in Peterhead, Scotland and gathered an army. But his army was soon defeated and he fled to Rome, never to return to Britain ‘The second Jacohite Rebellion, 1745 “Thiry years lator, James Francis’s son, Charles, tried to take the British throne, By now, George Il (only son cof George 1) was the British king. Charles, known as ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’, had been brought up in Rome and had never been to Britain, Buc when he landed In Seotland in July 1745, on the island of Eriskay, he claimed, ‘Iam home! BITTY) chapter Hite Sars, oer he Goris ) The Battle of Culloden, Oy crated ‘© Define the word ‘Jacobite’ ‘© Examine the Jacobite Rebelions of 1716 and 1745, ‘* Explain why ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie was a threat to the Georgians. Bonnie Prince Charlie soon won control of Scotland and headed into England. He reached Derby, 130 miles north ‘of London, but failed to get the support that he had hoped for. Asa result, he and his men were forced to march back to Seotland — chased by George I's soldiers, Y MAP A Tho Jacobites got as far south as Derby | Dut then had to rtveat and fought thei last battle against the king's army at Culloden.‘The Battle of Culloden,1746 v Eventually, in April 1746, King George’ army caught up with Charlie and the Jacobles at Culloden, near Inverness. The Jacobites were outnumbered ewo to one, poorly armed and hal-starving.. and were Soon beaten by the king's forces. Charlie texcaped from the battlefield, but was hunted all over Scouland. Eventually, he escaped to France, dfessed as a woman, and never again ceturned to Britain. He spent another 42 years living unhappily abroad and once said, should have died with my men at Culloden (Charles defeat at Culloden marked the tend of any serious attempt by the Jacobites to restore the Sturt fly ¢o the British throne, The era of the Georgians was now ficmly established, Y INTERPRETATION B Charlie was hunted ‘around Sootland for fve months. He was ‘eventually rowed in a small boat tothe Isle of ‘Skye by a woman called Flora MacDonald, Then he was taken to France. Ths song, written in the late 19008, commemorates these events. A ‘dlaymore' isa sword. “Speed, bonnie boa, ikea bid on the wing, Onward! the sailors ry Carry the ld that's born to be king ‘Over the sea to Sky. [Loud the winds howl, loud the waves roar, ‘Thunderelouds rend the ats Baffled our foes stand by the shore, Follow they will not dare. “Though the waves leap, soft shall ye sleep, Ocean's. royal bed. Rocked in the'deep, Flora will keep ‘Watch by your weary head. ‘Many/s the lad fought om that day, ‘Wel thé claymore did wiel, When the night eame, sient nin Dead on Callen’ field Burned are theis homes, exile and death Seatter the loyal: men: Yet ere the sword cool inthe sheath Charlie will come again.” SOURCE C An cightoenth-contury image ofthe Batle of (Culloden. The bette was th last major bale fought on British soi ‘Many people think of Culloden as a battle between ‘Scotland and England. Bue mare Scots fought on the kings side chan on Bonnie Prince Charlie's. Charlie ‘was helped by Catholic French soldiers sene by his ally, the King of France oak ‘What was a Jacobite? 2 Whae were the similarities and differences between the first and second Jacobite Rebellions! 3 Write a summary of the Batle of Culloden in no more chan 100 words. You must explain who fought — and why. Also include why itis viewed san important batele in British history. See 1 Look at Interpretation B, What does the song commemorate! 2 Do you thin this interpretation was written by 2 supporter of Charlie or King George I? Give reasons for your answer. Revolution, Industry ana Empiey From Tudor to Georgian ‘times: what changed? So far, this book has covered around 200 years of British history. We started in Tudor times, and then progressed ‘through the Stuart era. Now we've arrived in Georgian ‘Britain. During the time covered so far, some amazing and lasting changes took place, and altered how people looked at the world. ‘© Examine the difference between the ‘Age of Faith and the Age of Reason. '* Discover some of the key discoveries and inventions of the sixteenth to carly eighteenth centuries. fee stats eo, eee ee Pca cre eer ssoe 1506 Flushing ole iveted by SJ Harngton~ but ‘4 not become popular for anther 200 yeas! 1609 ‘Ana, Gallo Gals, rade he feat pret telescope nd Saw planes such as Mars for ese ine ape eel ace ear Each moved round the Sun the Church recedes ied nd a dn ater. Hi opie Brit slant such at Neweon and aly 1628 Englsh doctor Wiliam Harvey proved thatthe heres pump and crests ood rund te oy. Th ducovery was Rot ned well bur was val sagen the developmen of surgery ad trentmen of let, Medal eaemert Ie Blood ansfusons and hear srgery woul not ‘work witheve th understanding 1620 Til polhican are sits Francs Bacon dered nen way of carrying ot seat xpermen Instead of simply Ssusing a problem nti ‘reryone aged, acon Said that fa person ‘ranted te know abo the word they had co study ieand experiment aloe Bacons "dese eped many remit, ng, Tee Neweon and Robert Boye 1657 1657 CChrisopher Wren (who later designed Se Pauls ‘Catedral Landon wat ppoite Profertor of ‘Azronomy at Gresham Calg, London, He ad ‘irk a weather Cock anda new language for the deat He met regu with oer cents and madematcns. Ths roup woul every become the Ry Soci e165 BERET cneee 6: ne Sores, ote Gores1686 Irae Newton dicoered that force avin) pls br bjee towards the round He releed| that gray what eps th naen moving round the Earth He 0 Inprovedwlescopes, used ‘alour of te specu rd 1686 wrote Pci, beck that heped sees lederstand the uniore 1690 tveryone. an ifthey ‘ete people Should get rao hem “Tae Royal Socy wa formed, backed by King (Care I. Ti rp of acinar egy to dscss tor eas an experimen. Ths ‘wes the est group fs Kind inthe world and Tes ments regu oan. embers nie Raber yi, Samual Pops ese Newton and hriscopher Wren 1661 Irahorn Rabere Boye proved haar essential ferbeth brethng we! burning He showed aca substances are made vp of elements ~ and not 2 Irscare of earth a fread water which’ what peoplhad beloved sine ancient tner Bola ‘fen eld the father of modern chemistry Ee “The 1600s and 1700s was atime when people ‘observed and explored the world around them and tried new theories and experiments. Some historians said that during this time many became better informed, aware of the world and enlightened, s0 ths period is often called the Enlightenment. Philosopher J Lake wrote many book sd ety about te human mind He id tata persons experiences ne made hem wh they were and thats good education Very mporar. Heal sad ha he lars ‘fan couery shold work forthe benef of CT nighcenmont 1702 ‘Words frstaly ewspapa, Te Dey Courant was published in London a7 | 1a ay Were | oer ereeeetas sup ncaa wy et prsntings pen tng ‘hen ter the se other xprmantKng Gooner ads ome pentikienbecioet | aan » Seteeowtericedetomacer’ | i aperecee eal ee ecey 11 Write down three things that a person living in 1558 (during Tudor times) might think about the Universe, science and medicine. 2 For each thing, say whether someone living 200 years later would stil think the same or whether they think differently. Weie In full sencences and explain yourself clearly. 3. Explain two ways in which knowledge and Understanding ofthe world in 1558 and knowledge and understanding of the world in the 1700s were diferent. Revohiten, industry and Epis: Brain 1858-2901,“The previous ewo pages took us fon ajourney fram the time when Elizabeth was queen (in the sixteenth century) through the Stuart period (the seventeenth century) and up to the Georgian era. So what was Georgian Britain lke? ‘Society Luce Tudor an Sunresines, te eure st very ‘ide. Rien pple ‘The relationship between the monarch and Parliament In Georgian Briain Ie Tueor and Sesnre timeshare testi smonara where rents the fe the couery (are main typesof How united Is the United Kingdom? yet (One monarch | fone Param for England, Seatana ana Wiis reands 2] ron »\( How do people get around? ich mes ed ‘women sl eve “The very ich ea books nth om lane 9 walcn ther anes ade. They tl unt ar hb they Tow to goto coners inde eae, spy iiss anace. Poorer people oto he Tec pub were ey ay ‘hides and cards Dung hla tines hey = falas ee poe pes (reed ea fre sedan chairs, SS Le know abouer Boor, wine. chete, mat bread ore ‘egetaies, pours, lions. rele Sprite, onan se spars ‘pee, tabseco, kre, rks an pons Newer foods nce tes, coos ding holt, pneappes i eoconst. ‘otal 1375 milion eg 3 illo ig abroad) Science and medicine People know more about scence ad the {use deene Ste medal abances ae the prerndon of apo, but asc persons cule renin doth teen ere are nope ernie epertng rooms Univers bu they il donno hat gems ‘Law and order ‘Teal by ry conenue, Sell snag punches and many exeestons prisons ued for isnt Sl no poleeforee BRET) caver 0: uns emer te Gsorgane££ (How many large towns and cities? a ‘What about religion? exes “There are ove 70 gowns with popuion of ‘re 2500 peopl Some owns wl goon to (ore andoubie ims in the 7s, Mos people are Church | England Protestant) ‘The Georgians “The Georgan era is named after four ofthe five kings who ruled after Queen Anne (the lst of che Stuarts). + George I: I7I4-1727) ~ spoke no English, and left Parliament alone to rule the country. His sn (another George) took over asking + George Il (1727-1760) ~Parkisment continued to make hws and hold elections. The king stil had to agree with al cheir proposals before chey became law, bt Parlament controlled most of the king’ money, so they had little trouble geting his support! + George Ill 1760-1820) ~ Grandson of George I Suffered {rom periods of mental ilness and his sn (who later became ‘George IV) took over many of his official duties during the lst few years of his ite + George IV (1820-1830) ~ Died without an heir, so the throne jasced to the third kon of George Il, who ruled as Willam IV He ruled for seven years uni his death, and was succeeded by his young niece (and daughter of the fourth son of George Il) — ‘Queen Victoria Britain's place in the world Dring the Georgian era, Britains power and influence in the world began to grow: + The Bish controled areas of lind in many other councres. Parts ‘ef North America, the West Indies, Africa and Inda were under British contro. + Britain imported sik, jewels, pottery, ivory and tea from India, and coffe, sugar, tobacco and cod from the Americas. ‘Companies Sod these around Britain or they were exported to ‘other customers abroad ‘+ The goods made in Briain, ke cloth, pottery and iron, were sold abroad in huge quantes ‘How ‘arty’ was Britain? “The eighteenth century was a great age forthe arts, The Georgan ‘monarchs were lovers of culture, particularly of musi and architecture ‘Ac the same time, there was a growing middleclass who enjoyed more wealth, was more educated and looked for cultured hobbies. Danie Defoe and Jonathan Swit wrote adventure novels, ne Austen wrote about the middle and upper classes and sociery, and Samuel Johnson CE etter spent eight years writing the ist grest dictionary of the English language. There ‘were many great painters suchas Thomas Gainsborough and Wiliam Hogarth, as ‘well as world renowned composers, such «as George Frideric Handel, who came to liven England (rom Germany) in 1712 In 1735, George Il gave the house 10 Downing Street to Sir Robert ‘Walpole, 2 politician who worked cdosely with the king. Other politicians teased Walpole for this and called firm prime minister as an insult (rime! means fst or favourite), The nickname stuck and Walpole remained prime minister for many years. 10 Downing Street is still home to Britain's prime minister today. 1 Prepare a shore fact fe (100 words ‘oF less) on Britain in 1750, Use headings such as “The population, "The people in charge, ‘Lesure ‘ime’ and so on. 2 Why dd Britain wane to ake control ‘of land in ther parts of the world? Cees 11 Create two spider diagrams — one called ‘Elzabethan Britain’ and another called ‘Georgian Britain. Make brief notes on what you thine stayed the same and what changed between the two periods, based fon the categories on these pages. Hint Read the categories carefully =f something is ‘sl happening ie ‘means that it stayed the same. You could also review pages 8-8. 2 Explain two ways in which the Elizabethan era and the Georgian cera were similar. Revolution, ndusny and Epis: Britain 1888-1901@ Quick Knowledge Quiz ‘Choose the corract answer from the three options: 1. Inwhat year did King Charles Il die? a 1665, b 167s ce 1685 2 James Il replaced Charles Is king. What was the relationship between the two? 1a They were cousins They were brothers © Father and son 3 Willa and Mary's defeat of James In 1688-89 is also known by what name? @ The Summer Revolt 1b The Jacobite Rebellion © The Glorious Revolution 4. Which of the following was not part of the Bil of Rights? ‘2 Parllamene is responsible for raising taxes 1b Alltrials should be free from any interference from the king ar queen {© Only Catholics can be the king or queen 5 What isthe name of type of government in Which the country sul asa king or queen, but their pawers are clearly defined by Parliament and limited bylaws and rules? 8 constitutional monarchy communist sate © divine right 6 Atwhich batle in ireland was James Il defeated by the forces of Wiliam and Mary? a Battle of Naseby b Battle of the Bulge © Battle of the Boyne 10 What was the name of the act that stated that after Queen Anne's death, the throne would pass to the nearest Protestant relative? a Actof Union b_ Actof Settlement © Actofjacobus ‘Queen Anne died in I714. Her closest Protestant relative was a man called George — but where was he from? fa. Flanders, in modern-day Belgium 1, Hanover, in modern-day Germany Saxony, in modern-day Germany ‘The fire Jacobite Rebellion took place in which year? a ims b ms © 1760 Whe led the second Jacobite Rebellion? a Pretty Prince James Happy Prince Henry © Bonnie Prince Charlie =e =IPca td ©) Literacy Focus Applying key words Sez, Es a’ resin cba 1 an ‘The following words areal related to the family tree, Define each word and explain how it relates to the family ree, The frst one has been done for you: a execution Execution means to cany aut a death sentence on a condemned ‘person The execution of King Chales | took place in January 1649 after he was found guity of being a trator murderer and «a public enemy’ by a court assembled by Pankament Incerregrum revolution Restoration constitutional monarchy Se anHistory skill: Change and continuity In history, sometimes there can be dramatic changes in one area of lie {such as new scientific discoveries) but very litle change in another. When something stays the same, historians cal this eontinuly. Historians have to study change and continuity not just over a shore period ‘of time, but also aver many years or even centuries. Change and continuity ‘an also happen at the same time, indifferent areas of society. Change can also happan at different speeds. Analysing change and continuity ‘There are many ways to analyse change and continuity. One way to approach this might be: 6 “Think about change: What do you know about the period of ' time you are being asked to assess! Identify examples of change in this period, ‘Think about continuity: Identify some examples of continuity in this perio, © verter mcr owes tee snsnencingarase | ‘etmnanmrs Mine pote ota Gri or aria Sates np I rons ge Sata eo npae siete der eusde antes Antone alain stay the same? Put your examples inorder, from the changes that {yu think made most impact to the leas. 36 ‘Answer and explain: Use your top choices from step 3 10 answer the question you have been asked. Make sure you include strong and clear supporting detalsn your answer. "Now that you have worked through the Tudor and Stuart periods and arrived in the Georgian era, you can consider change and continuity from ‘the mid-1500s to the early 1700s, ee ‘An exe of cons Todor tens might be the ble hat eae ad ines wa punisimet rom CCadfor an Tis bea bed ayed he Same for andre fy © MieFor ean yes were an ecto wera wt {ines you would have ha very le owes anda yin how the our as fa Howeret yu wee rch hve ben puref arlamene tse Tor es whan tha moron wae in cenwoland elon we Prmentfr ‘viendo clue ans) © Ler nar comaeregde | ingac a smeting mest jou shoul tink about he eto supporting fomaten For ape few’ snp sn ‘the popltion ge = Yourstck your uatement up wthIe cscs rosnswer que soe eee Sie @ 272s eal In what ways did the lives of British people change, and in what ways did i stay the same between the late Tudor period and the beginning of the Georgian period (¢1550s-<.17005)! (20) The steps below will help you structure your answer. 1. Think about change: review what you know: What do you already know about the lives of British people from around the 1550s to early 1700s. Ideneify examples of change between the late Tudor period and ‘the beginning f the Georgian period. G Th Dos esook ate | ore ed othe eck ‘Think about continuity: dently some examples of continuity between the late Tudor period and the beginning of the Georgian period. [dielaetebto ty \eal Fora Oe eee et per doar rch me Judge: Look at your list forthe bullets in steps | and 2. Which areas of lfe do you think changed the most? And which areas changed the least) ‘Answer and explain: Now write your answer and be sure to include Clear detalls and supporting knowledge to back your answer up. The © tere you deni ar Parape crete on he sunlen es evade ‘harem he ad cages the “There were several areas where the ies of Bish people changed ey 00s between the Tudor and Georgian periods. For example 6 Prt aya of ages oly One Somat Thy ee ae ne he ek Ses | arcane SeFrom homeworkers ‘to factory workers ‘Most of the goods we buy today are made in factories. But in ‘the 1700s, most goods were hand-made in people's homes, cr in small workshops noxt to their homes. This was mown, ‘as the domestic systam (‘domestie’ describes the home or family), However, inthe late 1700s and early 1800s a change ‘ook place that would transform the way many goods were ‘made and introduce the world to the idea of ‘factories’. How id this happen? ‘© Explain how products were ‘manufactured in Britain before the mid-17008. ‘© Examine how and why machines changed the way goods were made in Britain, It's a family affair! “The domestic system involved the whole family: Doe | Fewasn't juse woo! chat was turned into cloth. grandparents, parents and children, The goods that were ‘made included shoes, socks, buttons, lace, hats gloves, nals, chains and clay pots. One ofthe most popular ‘goods made in people's homes was woollen cloth. This ‘The soft fibres of the cotton plant were brought +0 Britain from warmar places such as India and ‘America, Skilled British spinners would curn this Inco thread and then expert weavers would weave itinto alight and comfortable cloth quality material became famous around the world and, 38 the population increased, was in great demand in Briain, too. From sheep to shop Inthe domestic system a clothier (cloth merchant), for example, bought woo! from farmers who had sheared thelr sheep. The clothier then took the woo! 12 vilagers in their houses, who spun i nto threads to ‘weave into cloth The family could work the hours they ‘wanted, as long 3s they finished the cloth in time. Then the clothier would collect the cloth, pay the family, and take the cloth toa different house to be dyed and made ready forsale, ‘Money-mad merchants and cash- crazy clothiers Many cloth merchants made afrtune from the loth ‘rade. Their profs were made larger by clever inventors ‘who bul brillant machines to speed up the cloth making process. For example, in 1733, a machine called the yng Shuttle’ helped weavers make cloth much more qicty. In 1764, the ‘Spinning Jenny’ made the production of thread quicker. If more cloth could be ‘ade quick, then more cloth could be sold ~ which ‘meant more profits! Flying Shuttle Spinning Jenny BERET) cooper 7: ents Rooaion: om teing oatg Arkwright and the first factory zx Both the ‘Flying Shuttle’ and ‘Spinning Jenny’ were small and sil domestic system factory system allowed the cloth to be produced in homes. However, the next — — Invention changed all that and the lives of millions of British workers. ‘The man most responsible for the ending ofthe domestic system was a former wig maker called Richard Arkwright. In 1769, he invented 2 Arkwright inspired others to invent machines tat produced cloth even ' machine called the ‘Spinning Frame! It could produce good, strong more uly and espn 779, thread very quickly ~ but it was so big it couldnt fic in people's homes. Stmaal Crompton mane the ‘Also, the moving parts were so heavy that it couldnt be operated by Spinning Mule’ which produced eread fa higier quay han Arkewrihe's hhand and had to be powered by a waterwheel. Arkwright’ solution ee ee | was to put his huge spinning machines in specially created buildings — the ‘Power Loom which ped up the known as factories’ or ‘mil His frst factory opened in 1771 at weaving process | Cromford in Derbyshire and it was a great success. Look at the a diagram below to find out more, 4 When working thom, people 2 Ione week, amachne 7 5 ‘worked whenever ‘operat auld produce fi i they chose Now ver 60 mes mare a ‘workers had Soh ehans wae fly m ‘rorkwhen te working ahome for 2 Faetory owner tld {teen of te wager Thi ! them to meant Arkrghe ould sel Is cloth fora mich lower price and make a Bi profit. ‘Ache machines in ‘Aorigh tory ‘wereponeresy” AR ne water ; i 5 Thetactory ‘The wheal ured Al ‘ovmers mae huge i day an ge, profes, Arcot Sethe machines k z pened lot of fend worker) \ ‘etones and made ‘ull work we ‘forune over hours aay OX 0 mito ‘iy money) ‘The death of the domestic system ‘As more factories were built, millions of people lee their vilages and went to work in them. Factories guaranteed year-round work and a steady ‘wage. The workers rented rooms and homes, near tothe factories, thatthe owners had bil. By the 1820s, ie was clear the domestic system was dying ‘out ~ and was being replaced by the factory system. 1 Define: 2 the domestic system the factory system 2 Write list of advantages and disadvantages of the domestic system for a family of workers 3. Richard Arkwright ie often called ‘the father of the factory’ Do you ‘think this isa suitable nickname? Explain your answer. 4 @@y Imagine you are a visitor to Cromford, and you have to write 3 =) report for someone considering opening a factory. Describe how the factory operates, what i inside it, and who works there. Perhaps include a picture oF diagram. Write no more than 150 words, Revolution, industry and impr: Brain 1858-1901How did factories ‘create towns? ‘ Bight out of ten people lived in the countryside inthe yee 1750s, Most towns were very small and thei biggest | Dulings woud proba here been the church cathedral |* Euan now faunas usd ihe | ‘or castle. But the new factories changed allthis. So how ‘population of towns to increase. did factories create towns? How were these factories ‘© Evaluate the impact of steam power | | new towns: ? on factories and towns. | owerod? And whét dd these new owns ook Hk ‘The countryside empties YB The bith ofa town, The new factories pulled people into towns from the countryside — with the promise of regular work for all the family and good wages. Factory owners built houses for thelr workers to rent, and people Bogan to set up shops and inns so the workers could buy food and drink. Soon, roads were being bull, along with churches, schools and places of entertainment. ‘These places needed shopworkers, teachers and nurses, for example — as wall 2s the builders, carpenters and labourers to build them. And ll ofthese people needed ‘more houses, Before long, places that were ‘once tiny villages had grown into large ‘owns ~ and small owns became huge, ‘overcrowded cities. Diagram B shows how the building ofa factory could lead to the creation ofa large town. Chart A shows how some of Britain’ towns and cities grew at this time. YA This chart shows the approximate {increase in population of some towns ‘over 100 years. wei_| tao | 1851 Liverpool | $5,000 | 32,000 | 376,000, ‘Manchester | 45,000 | 76,000 | 209,000] (Mere hous) Leeds | 14,000 172,000 = Braatora | 7,000 105,000 ‘Birmingham | 30,000 | 73,000 | 238,000 < are: cole BME) cooper 7 Te ndutta Revottn: om tarming tees= Y MAP © These maps show how one town, Bradford, cgrevr in size from 1800 101673 ‘The Bradord branch of the Leeds and Lverpal Carl ‘pened in 1774 making oe for goods made Bradlord co travel o there oe (ay) ‘At the time of the Great | Plague (1655), there ‘were ony four places in Bricain with more than 20,000 people living there London, Edinburzh, Norwich and Bristol By | 1821, there were over 100 places with 3 population of 20,000 or more. 1 Explain how che building ofa factory might lead tothe growth of cow, Look at Chart A containing figures forthe groweh cof tows between I751 and 185 18 Turn the figures in Chare A inca a bar chart that represents the growth of each town bb What does this cart tellus about the growth of towns? {fatten rar ter {aio ees were But rom 1a YY MAP D Some of Britain's major ‘industrial towns, 3. In your own words, explain how Bradford expanded between 1800 and 1873. Use Map C and some of the Information inthe population chart in your explanation. 1 Complete the sentences below with an accurate term: Factories promised regular work and wages, 50 ‘many people left theie homes in the ‘to work in them Between 1751 and 185! che population of Bradford increased from 7000 to The Canal liked Bradford to these two fast-growing cies. By the 1870s, Bradford was further linked to other towne by Revolution Indusuy and Empive: Britain 1658-1001,Ive got the power! By 1800, factories were producing all sorts of items and making their owners rich. But factory owners faced a problem. They wanted their machines to run 24 hours a day, 365 days ayearin order to maximise ther profits. Most of the eary factories used water power as an energy source to drive the machines. This power was created by a huge waterwheel that was turned by the fast flow of nearby river. Ths type of energy was free and clean, bbe water power had several key problems (se E) Y SOURCE E Basod on oxtracts from tho diary of Jot Ward, a Lancashize cotton worker between 1860 and 1064 +29 May 1961: Another very warm dy, and this hy weather s much agains us a the River Ribble ‘very low, and inthe afernoons our looms go vay slow for want of water, 26 Nover 6: It yas very wea tory Al ng an he RB ws gh wee od ht ould not sat wo el the ‘emo, 26 Aga 164; Thee we shy le ep in Brn lat worl we ilo satan unl wt weer se Full steam ahead! Water power was just not relable enaugh. So factory owners turned to 2 new form of power that scientists had been developing ~ steam engines. ‘There had frst been used to pump water out of Underground mines but they were slow, expensive and kept breaking down. Then, in 1768, a Scottish Inventor named James Wart met businessman called Matthew Boulton at a scence cub ealed the Lunar Society in Birmingham. Together they developed a new kind of steam engine that Watt had been working on. Ieineluded a new (sun-and-planet’) _gear system that turned a wheel just 28a river would (Gee G). This new type of steam engine became very popular as soon as factory owners realised they ould power the machines in their factories by ‘steam ower’ rather than water power. Lunar Society members included scientists, inventors, astronomers, mathematicians, engineers and manufacturers. They met to discuss interesting issues ané ‘were committed ta using new idess or development to improve people lines. One famous member was US politician and inventor Benjamin Franklin, who attended meetings when he vised Briain, | Y SOURCE F-A water wheel in action. This water ‘wheel powered a mill on the River Eye in Gloucester. Factory fever “The eflact on Britain was incredible, Nat only was steam power faster and more relable than water power, it also ‘meant that factories no longer had ea be bult next 0 fastflowing rivers — they could be built anywhere. By 1871, ‘only 3 per cent of factories were using waterwheels, Steam-powered factories started to spring up allover Briain and even more people lef che countryside to work in them. Factory towns lke Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Bolton and Bradford started to grow and grove By 1850, Britain’ factories produced cwo-thirds of the worlds cotton cloth — even though cotton didnt grow in Britain! Nesriy hall fof the world’s hardware (tools, pots, pans and so on) also ‘came from Briain. Industry had become mechanised and Britain was now known as ‘the workshop of the world. For the frst time in Bish history, more people were now living in towns and cities than inthe countryside, HET) cheer? Th india Rove: om fing oats= YY @A steam engine tums a wee. To do this, coal is burned to turn the water inthe boiler into steam ‘This steam escapes into the cylinder and pushes, ‘up the piston — which in tur pushes up one end. ‘ofthe beam. When the piston resches the top of ‘the cylinder, the steam escapes and th piston and ‘beam ar allowed to fall back down, The whole process begins again and the see-saw action ofthe ‘beam is used to tum the wheel trough the and-planot gears. Bean 3 Steam removed her, ‘whieh tees ton crop down, 4 Sunane- plana gears range the 2Steam pushes piston Sp imepindr roar one ( Weel attached to bats thar drive factory machin. Y SOURCE Ht Written by George Weerth, a ‘German writer, living in Bradfora in 1840, “We loan atnihmen sour oad dees The far eg, the mrs hee ae cate along tbe ros All ound ye eames, ig snd tating The windows of fasons sling web by. The sun dark fl hs bled suslely icing ight day! As our rs sop, we oe sh sa diny, casein comm” atic eas [ey Words ‘mine steam engine ¥ SOURCE A pictur of factories in Sheela in the 1800s. The chimneys (sometimes called smokestacks’) take away the dirty, toxio smoke produced when coal is burned, Road Source & ‘What type of power is used in this factory? [Name two problems chat this type of power ‘caused the factory owner. Lookeat G. Write a sentence to explain the role of the following coal piston + sun-and:planet gears beam « boiler + wheel Read Source H. Do you think thie source was written before or after Britain's industry had become mechanised? Give reasons for your answer. Lookat Source I How do you think the mill and factories of Sheffield were powered? Explain your answer. What negative effects does this form of, ower cause? Cees 1 Explain why many factory owners introduced steam power. Revolution, Industry and Ripe: Ban 1558-1901Baa early factories were dangerous, harsh laces to wok, Mos. factory ovmers only ced about making a prot, not, haut providing eat loc to work. Thre were also no strict Government guidelines or laws o control what vent on nthe iy ee args dle er te uta cal chore FAN pen eave us okey, ty foros ance ay people deat ond sik. Many factories employed chiren, What, yeaa ‘© Examine why so many ‘children worked in factories, ‘© Describe working conditions im some factories, ‘was life like for them? Child labour Poor children didnt goto school 0 they would goto work with their parents ~ even 2s young 35. five. Orphans children without parents ~ were often sent co work In factories by local authorities “They were known as pauper apprentices, and were given food, clothing and 3 bed in an “apprentice house’ In return they had to work very hard for the factory owners Read the story of gay, a pauper apprentice in one of Britain's mils, Would you have been tough ‘enough to survive her life? ‘Wark sarved a 303m, Honasy to Seardhy Sunday wanton thy (4-8 houre of czaning Some thre spent years iting heay bases, deforming thei bodes Yn fined if Yn late My bist lead, unload and cary around thore meow barker all day. ef exhausting! Dato cles wore very sect. 6d wi hove fal day’ psy fora woman Factory rules | ae ryt Na inthe fey nl elt 2 Leming om without permis te 2: Altrolen tities ol a Mindanao pld for the worker 4 Tkingio another whiting, Eee 5 worker who fis tafind semncone to dohei pb 6 in. 3 Workers were’ just fined or sacked for breaking rules = cy ‘were sometimes baten with sks Sevwhiped none fctory in eke Frings» consmon pinahment was teallanearintos wooden bench % “4 There was a short break at 8.00am and | $A I2-hour working day was common, ] tbc a busy cmes ft could be as longer Hor Sura On wera, pauper appreneces ike Peggy were Emaler ane ger ean boys and gris fa simiar age who aint workin tones nother beek at nce Theory fel ike eating becoute the dt hea Tivell wake me fee ick BET) ere 7 To can een: tom rng war1 The children who ved wih their parents cared abou af he amount ‘hac women dd soit as cheaper for {actor owners to employ women and ‘ildron than men 7 Pauper apprensices worked in shifts sore in ‘theday, tleothersnehe nighe ‘pauper apprentice When one group get ina the endef ashi the others crate cute the fomefithy beds thot tte thare: We have ne spore time Fo play and meetup vith friend |, adult tit factory. Us pauper apprentices work for ne wages bu ae given food, clothing and sheer: Only the | “ordinary workers get paid | In some factories, wages were paid In tokens, which could only be spent atthe owner's shop, The ‘quality of goods a the owners shop might be very oor ~ but the workers would have no choice but In 1833, wo our of every five accident cases received at Manchester Infirmary (a hospital) were caused by factory machinery ‘Were all factories the same? ‘Some employers believed chat happy workers were good workers, so they tried to provide decent living and working conditions for cheir workers. Robert ‘Owen, for example, built good quality houses, schools, shops and parks for his workers in New Lanark, Scotland, He also reduced working hours. Elsewhere, factory owners built good quality vilags for their workers at Saltaire (Yorkshire) and Bromborough Pool (Cheshire). But these vilages and towns were ‘exceptions, and the vast majority of factories and the towns that surrounded them were dangerous and Lnhealthy places to live and work one tedid not take long for factories to appear in other counties. The first tory nthe USA was bulk in 1750 by Sarl later, an English-born businessman io ook os of Brth dentro Amerie when he magrted there He refered to a8 Sater he | “ator by some people inthe UK becaue they think he stole British ideas on machinery design and | Used them fr hit own factories in he USAT to buy them, ‘Knowledge and Understanding Yh 1 Describe two features of factory life. 18 Write a list of ways in which pauper apprentices like Peggy were treated harshly. 'b Suggest reasons why dangerous, unhealthy and harsh conditions were so common in, factories at this time In what ways did Robert Owen treat his workers differently? {2 Make a 24-hour timeline fora typical day of, your week. Include: © your sleep time ‘times for food, travel, breaks and spare time + what work you do (a paper round, for example) + something that a factory boy or gle! ‘wouldn't have done ~ school! 1b Write at least five sentences, each one stating how your day i different from a chil’ in the early 1800s, ‘Revolution, Industry and Empire: Britain 1658-1901,|) How were factory wor Ge conditions improved? (On 4 June 1892, 23-year-old Leos factory worker Elizabeth Bontley was interviewed by Michael Sadler, a politician who was investigating working conditions, Part of the interview is given below. Sadler's report, published in 1883, shocked the public. ‘Soon other investigations and reports followed and working conditions slowly Began to change. So what did Hiizabeth say? ‘Who else, as well as Sadler, tried to change things? And how did the changes benefit people like Elizabeth Bentley? © Identity why some factory owners were unwilling to improve working conditions. © Bxamine key reforms that ‘eventually improved life for Britain's workers, 3 {Y SoURGE AFromthe Satter Report. published _—-Y SOUROE Adapted rom an investigation 12100, or which 8 people were interviewed into mine conditions in 1842 Sarah Gooder was This is adapod tom Baboth Beni’ od to deserbe her working eondons interior se was born in 809, “Thave ota without igh an Um 5 Citina iste aayen paged) | wena sucona see Lee ee, Answer: When Iwas a. YF Sometimes Ising when ae six years ol times I sing. ‘have light, but not in the Q What were your hours of work? Alar dare not sing then I dons lieben i the ‘A Asa child worked from San lpn Blt am very aly when Igo sometines wuld & Whatifou goed, orwere ate woud HE eat re han te 2 Hitus it asap Whats the fata ‘A: Dusty. You cannot see each other for dust. -¥ SOURCE © An image from tne 142 mines ‘Q Did this affect your health? report "reppers’ would open and close wooden doors to allow fresh arto low through the min. A Yes iewasso dusty, che dust got lusty the dust got up my lang, "The ehleren pushing the coe carts were known andthe work va ar gots a in Hea, that when woke, I pulled my bone out their places, es s @¢Vouareconsidenbly deformed bec of his? At Yes, Lam. es How old were yon when this happen? ‘8: Tyas about 13 year old when began com and it has got worse since. fs ee ‘Were conditions in mines any better? Elzabeth Bentley worked ina factory —but mines ‘weren't much better. One eight-year-old girl who ‘opened and closed wooden doors (known as traps!) describes her job in Source B. BRED) coer 7: mo mane Foot: Hom ming taserJ Time for change Inthe 1800s, many people thought that the government should not interfere with the way factories and mines were run. They believed that ‘vas up to the owners to decide how to run them, and that introducing laws to force owners to spend money on improvements could harm profits. They also argued thet reducing the hours that children and women worked might cause money problems for the family. However, a growing number of people were very concerned about working conditions, especially for children, Reformers lke Lord Shafeesbury, Richard Oaster, John Fielden and Michael Sadler began to campaign for laws to protect factory and mine workers. Some ofthese people were motivated by their religous belies, while others thoughe that people might work harder if they were treated better! Some (such as Saler) collected evidence to prave how bad things were, Change is coming ‘Ator reading the reports Patiament accepted that it had a duty to look after the more valnerable people in society. From 1833, new laws (or Acts) made changes to the working ves of, women and children. Men, it was believed, could look after themselves, Some factory owners hated the changes. Tey fle politicians had no right to interfere in their business. Bu new laws kept being passed and, gracualy, ‘thay began to protect more and more workers. Inspectors were appointed to enforce the laws and by 1900 factories and mines had become safer ‘nd more bearable, They still werent particularly pleasant places to work, however, Serko 1 & Why did reformers want to change working conditions in factories and mines? b Why were some factory owners reluctant to change tings? 2 Look ae D. 12 Write down what you think are three of the most important changes to working conditions between 1833 and 1895, 'b Next to each one, explain why you think le was an important change Y Now acts to f 4X + Noctildren under ten ‘would shock people into supporting his campaign. [cy Words public reformer te onion Protec worker 1899 FACTORY ACT No dilren undermine workin fc Seer work pr dy force genie 1. won sh pr. Fympec apne (ut here were on for 1842 MINES ACT + Nowomen or eildien under ten towork down, «+ Mine inspectors appointed 1844 FACTORY ACT + Nowomen to work more than 12 hours per day + Machines to be made safe | JST. TRADE UNION ACT TaTamoumacr) | nee eo day forall women and | woven ue 8 Werke al doing these 4b (wae) “then wonkersor doce ccample~wereallowed to | jan ogee rm nie) | to negate ith employers for impronemens ‘opayand worn Cains fos, allusion mente oad go onstite ey 105 FACTORVACT + Gilten ner 1316 conta maximum of Soho per week 1878 FACTORY AND WORKSHOPS ACT [No women to work more than 60 hours per week. | | Sar _ Tews on sfey, venation and wacalties. ‘Atthe time, some people argued that Sadler exaggerated ‘when writing up his investigations, They said he wanted conditions to appear worse than they were, because that Read Source A, 11 Write down three words or phrases that a reader of this report might feel. 2 Michael Sadler was accused of exaggerating some of the interviews. Does that mean the interviews are not Useful co a historian? 3 How could you follow up Source A co find out more about factory life in the 1800s? ‘Revolution Industry and Bmpice: Bis 1559-1901‘Black ‘The way people lived and worked changed dramatically from the late 1700s, New machines changed the way ‘goods were made, and a large proportion of the population ‘moved from the countryside into the growing towns and cities. ‘Black gold’ and the iron industry were responsible for many of thesé changes. But what was ‘black gold’? ‘Why was iton so important? ‘What is coal? Coal isa hard, black rock that is buried underground. Specialist workers, called miners, ge coal out of the ground from mines. Once is lit, coal Burns fora long, time — much longer than wood. In the late 1700s, coal was very cheap and used mainly to cook with and heat houses, As the population increased, more coal ‘was needed, and ic began to be used to power steam ‘engines inthe new factories that were springing up all ‘over the country. Coal was also used in the making of bricks, pottery, glass, beer, sugar, soap and iren. ‘Black gold By the 1800s, cal was also required to power steam trains and steam ships. The need for more coal meant more money for mine owners. Some mine owners were making so much money from their coal that they began to refer to it as“black gold ‘Y MAP A The coalfelds of Britain in 1800, BE) coerter Te rtustin nevotion: om farming tacos gold’ and ‘ 3 . ‘the new Age of Iron entaning iron —is fig from he groans 2) Redo, ion 's poured it cass shaped ihe pos, ns pes, cannons beams and 0 on scene ray ets £ and 50 on. seerebe Wiser tata yeaa ‘© Examine why there was an increase {in the demand for coal ‘© Outline how iron was produced, ‘© Deseribe how iron-making became such an important business, Anew Iron Age “The eighteenth century saw major advances in the iron industry. Iron had been produced in Britain since Roman times but in the 1700s ic began to be used in all areas of fe. The army used it for cannons, the navy for ‘iron-clad’ ships, and che new factories were held up wih iron beams and used iron machines that were powered by iron steam engine. Iron was used to make tools, trains and rallway tracks, and at home people had fireplaces with iron grates and cooked on iron stoves using iron pans. ‘How was iron actually made? togethar with restore remove pure) nd cares (bo rood in a furnace Theron get19 8 hoeitmae ae pours ove ofthe tetom ofthe force 4 When ation rhea nd aneered th pckats ofr treed nd ibecomes verough ron, Th purer and Stronger atd can be bee int Shape make caine, me teal frre,—_— The kings of Coalbrookdale! ‘As the population and the number of factories {row 0 did the demand for Iron, But the producers of ron faced a problem —Bricain was running out of forests. Charcoal ~ made from wood = was needed to make iron. Ie was possible to use ‘oa, instead of charcoal, but coal contains too ‘much sulphur (2 chemical) and makes poor quality iron. Luckily fr Britain, a family called the Darbys pt involved inthe iro industry! ‘Abraham Darby (1678-i717} a 1708, dicovered 2 iy fusing eal to make on Fst he hen 0 ‘emove te spur The makes someting ated coke (rat he dein). Carron made with okie ch ete cuslty than ea ron me wth coal- on production ‘Abraham Darby Il (171-1763: He improved ha process averted by Ms tar, removing even more impure and lowing wrought on tobe mae rom coke red co ‘Abraham Daryl (1750-1789): He decided to sow the posites of te use of ron by bud a magica ron bre He mae he roar ot Coslronle amas ‘roughou the word YY SOURCE'B Tho iron bridge over the River Severn at Goalbroolial, Shropshire was ‘opened on New Years Day 1781. The word's ‘ist major bridge to be made entirely of cast ‘non caused a sensation, We new know dt oul proetn and se rovers conte cage Sou Uk tied more decry fom reveal sores || (wind and solar energy, for example) than from | Storie arcane ns haan miner significance wrought iron Ironbridge - one of the wonders of the world ‘Writers, artists and rich tourists eame from all over the ‘world to see this modern miracle ~ and Darby charged leery one of them to walk across i! le was a fantastic advertisement for what could be achieved with iron, and iron production became one of Britain's most important industries (see C). No wonder people began to call the period the ‘Age of Iron ¥ clon produced in Britain 1750-1900. After 1856, steel (mado from iron ore) started toe produced in Britain too. The Sgures in the table are in ‘thousands of tons 11760 | 1000 | 1380 | 1900 Goal production | 6000 | 11,000 | 60,000 | 225,000 [ron production [30 [ 250 | 2000 | #000 ‘Steel production | 300 | 4260 | 3500 | 5000 Ck a 1 Inno more than three sentences, explain how iron |s produced Explain why the demand for coal and iron increased inthe 1700s, Look at Chart C. Draw a bar chart to show how Britain’ iron and coal production increased, b Write a description to accompany the chart, explaining the increase ‘Why do you think people were so imprassed by the iron bridge at Coalbrookdale? To decide fan event or development is historically | significant or no, you have to astessa) whether fe | ‘was important atthe time ehappened:b) whether ies | also important over along time, perhaps even until | | now, Let's practise just par a for now. | 1 How significant was the coal mining industry forthe | |__ population of Britain? ) Revolution, Industry and Empite: Britain 1658-1801,‘The distance between London and Edinburgh is about {650kem. If you travelled from one city to the other in the early 117008, it would have taken you a week by boat or about two ‘weeks by road, By 1900, you could make the same journey in juust nine hours, So what changed? How did this shortened jourey time become possible? ‘Why wore transport improvements needed? A fas, reliable transport system was vial for business and industry from the mid-1700, Coa had tobe taken from mines to factories and towns, cotton had to be moved from ports to factories, and finished goods had to be moved to markets. A fast and reable postal service was needed too. Many industries Used sea- or river-based transport, especially ‘when moving heavy goods lke iron or coal ~ but dozens of tovins were miles from the resrest river In the 1700s and 1800s, a series (of developments and inventions completely changed Britain's transport system. ‘Time for the turnpikes! In the early 17008, Britain's roads ware in a terrible state and businesses were suffering The government decided to divide the main road network into sections, and each section was rented out to a group of businesspeople “The group was called a ‘curnpike trust’ and the first one was set up in 1706. Turnpike crusts promised to improve and maintain heir section ‘of road, In return, the trusts were allowed to charge 2 toll 0 every person who used their section of road. Much of the cash was used to improve the roads, and specialist engineers ‘went on to create the finest roads Britain hag By 1830, there were nearly 1000 turnpike trusts improving over 32,000kn of roads, to dramatic effet. le mighe have taken you ‘wo weeks to travel by road from London to Edinburgh in 1745 — but by 1830 you could get there in about 48 hours! ‘Turnpike roads ad gues athe Gnd ofeach srecch ‘hese tll keepers ‘olcted the money. BERET) chapter? ho nds Reveuton: tom farming acon Cutline how ot led to changes in Britain's transport networks. Describe what these changes ‘were and how they came about. From roads to canals ‘to railways In 1895, he Stockeon an Darlington Ray boca the eee public transporcsystem i he word couse Steam locomotives (a steam engine the moved eel alongs se frais br trace~ often called rans) Ths vies led in 130 by the Liverpool { tnd Manchester Rata 1ges in industrysg Canal mania! ‘The turnpike trusts had given Briain some excellent roads — but they were still too bumpy for fragile goods like pottery, and too slow for heavy goods like coal and iron ore. So, a new type of transport was developed ~ canals. These were long, narrow, man-made channels of sell water, which were ideal for moving heavy and fragile goods, so they soon caught on, By 1830, 6400km of canals had been built and it was possible to travel to avery major town and city in England by barge. Train travel ‘When steam engines first appeared in the 1700s, inventors soon ‘worked out ways to make them turn wheels. The man credited with building the world’ first railway locomotives was a Cornishman called Richard Trevthick. In 1804, to win a bet, his engine pulled ten tons of iron and 70 passengers for l4.5km in Merthyr Tydfil, South ‘Wales. After this, there was a flurry of activity as engineers crested lots of diferent locomotives. By 1900, there were over 32,000km of train track chat carried millions of passengers every year. Ill had an amazing effect on journey time. The journey between London and Edinburgh tha had taken twa weeks by road ln I750 now took only rine hours by train, The rst canal whic wae Ike ong vine completed nI76 fear ble Byte Dake of Bridgewater in 1739 they of Manchesee car Imani provided wort fr thourinds of, . heya tata be dg out and ex canal locomotive suburb toll turnpike road oe From the 1860s, London even had its own underground ralway - or “Tube’ ~ that took workers from the growing suburbs into the city. (Other cites around the world soon followed ~ Budapest, Hungary (opened in 1896), Boston, USA 1 (1897) and Paris, France (1900). Write a sentence to explain each (ofthe folowing | turnpike trust canal | locomotive Each of che folowing dates is lmportane in transport history es 1804-1706 761 = 1830 ut the dates in chronological forder on separate lines in your book. Beside each date, write ‘what happened in chat year ~ and ‘explain why it was importane in transport history C+ 11 Describe how the speed of travel between London and Edinburgh changed between 1750 and 1900 Write a clear and organised summary that analyses the changes in transport between the early 1700s and 1900. Support your summary with examples. Revoltion, Industry and Epi: stain 668-1901An age of invention © ; : i Inthe eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Cee thee British were very inventive! Some of Britain's greatest inventors and designers created new machines that dia | * Identify some ofthe achievements of ‘things etter, faster and for longer. Britain's technology Buitain's great inventors, designers and ‘became the envy of the world and Britain was known, sclentists, ‘asthe workshop ofthe world’. ‘© Judge who you think deserves the title a “Greatest Inventor and/or Designer’ ian + * ‘Matthew Boulton (lett) appeared on a £50 note, ‘The famous steam ongine Watt designed and a factory appeared on tho note too. “The next four pages look at seven influential Betis inventors, designers and scientists, You wl decide which of these was the most significant figure during this time. Think about: © Why were they important a the time? + How did they change things? Are they sil importane now? ‘Are they more important than any ofthe | other people? £50 (No. I: James Watt + Born in Greenock, Scouand i 1736, and worked san instrument maker atthe Unvesty of Glasgow. “tn 764, Wat epired an ald seam engine, Thee engines were vod mainly in ines to pump ou water, but were slow and kept breaking down. He gent Improved the eng, making taser and more reliable cused less col to, + la 7B, Wace designe new steam engine chat could tm 3 wash Now stern power could be used to drive machinery. oe + By 1800, Warcand is business partner Matthew Boulton factory in Birmingham || 1 was producing some of ce works ies steam engines. These sttam engines The inventors featured on | heed develop Brians industry so Briain became 2 weld power. these pages are British ~ but | ‘other important inventors Y INTERPRETATION B Adapted from an aticle on a history and designers from around | website, written by Daniel Rennie (2019) ‘the world at this time include | Alfred Nobel (rom Sweden) who invented dynamite, ‘Thomas Edison (from the USA) ‘who invented a long-lasting, practical electri ight bulb, and Jeanne Villepreux-Power (from France) who invented the aquarium so she could study marine life “umes Wasteam engine not only seating wel and ‘enctarng, tao a defining development fr de Insti even, ano Wat th eolton may not have been possible. Fiery ume was honoured asthe for which we mene dhe sec pone wets eat Hiconrintion De Capel seam enn, brought the world rom frig See cnn aren eel an met Indeed, Jane Wate ceatr ofthe modem word of manufacturing” BREET) copter oe indus Revcaon om ming acaries> souRcEC Goose + forninWylim, Northomberandin Stephenson. with images TBI, his fsejobae was werkng of his most famous sth local col mine with iether. tran the Rockit and @ In 1814, be eg is first Drddge aver the Soekton steam locomotine the Blcher ‘ana Davington Rava, + In 1815, he produced safety lamp ‘appeared on British £5, for miners, which could be used sally in areas where methane gas hd collected + In 182, he was gen the job | notes between 190 | desing he Sotto and | and 2003, \Y INTERPRETATION D Written by modem historian Bob Fowke, in ee Who? What? When? Victarians (2003). 25 and used Ne locomodves. Ease “Before he coming ofthe rays te Fas anyone ell tel eat Vdegatendrade the pent af galing hore By eee Gaon Sesh Sate thee reall tl fom Landon © Nowa by tn or, Sees ean eva ped of aprornatly st mil oes er leon feoues peste Ke wus Seplcnon she on of mits ate Noche ieeneeiay — maratarmran ee te ecb a srerershpmgBtat © ried nah rd dese et of the ay Hh ee major cities oF the North of England.” vse fetn—— gone + Bon in Newington in 173, ‘ABBitsh stamp from 1 Hewortadinboothop {oot showing Faraday, 1 Complece the following sentences with ‘wre became ced te correc term scence 4 In ITB, anew steam engine that + Heat most arsed in could turn a wheel was designed by ‘erty and magnets an —— te bb James Wate and Matthew Boultons eee ae seam engine factory was in | samebasc prince dat electric — poner ne werk on ty George Stephenson designed and ——S—er made locomotives forthe fis city-0- from the Royl Society of Chemisty city ine ~ the —____Ralway. ‘website (2019), an organisation set up n 1648 to As well as ralway engineering, fdvance excellence inthe chemical sciences Seephenson also designed asafey | lamp for “Faraday was] perhaps one of dhe most influential scientists SEL und ing road in Testor betwen electricity and magne leisy fod to the invention of the electric motor. || @ Michael Faraday discovered a way to generate electricity in 4 Faraday’s basic idea of generating clecricty one tat stil used today One of hs most welLinow cations dhe Faraay gs is e {he bast of BARK machines ahi in hospital dct ——— medical problems] He also discovered bese [a chemical 2 Look through the great inventors and Ta ad many ses bores ind to bah i seas ein ra Bre vals fhumans) pioneered earch ingo nanotechnology Llooking meenon | ae hings on 2 very stall sale] and gave his mame to the whi hey wore FrpSTRanE | Faraday Efe and Faraday's Law.” © how they changed things. Revolution, Industry and imps: Brian 1568-1902No.4: Ads Levelics Y INTERPRETATION 1 + Born 1815, she sued mathematics and scence from th gp of fur ‘Adapted from an artic by Teny + Aged 17, she mec inenor and mathematica Charles Babbage, whe had MacBwen for wwwehistorio-uk oom. | esened sn norms material eleulig machine He refers to Alan Turing (te famous Socona World War code | + She worked out how the machine could be programmed with a code to ‘alate numbers. 2a) who used Lovelace's ‘notes wen he was thinking about + Some consider Lovelace plans fora machine to carry outan instruction Goce ta tie ieteimapciee tarbe the world's first ever compar program. > sonore Anode of “Loveac'sinfuencehat Babbage’ ‘clulting Continued after her death and is machine’ eonstrcted i Sf fein the world of tehmology the 1860s. Teas for this tay. She was sch briliant machine (eometimes mathematician and programmer called te st, that her notes were actly wed computer that Lovelace tpeodebreakesin World War Too || | ‘Gericped hor resapern. and in future computer design. It ‘Only part of the machine is clear that her legacy lives on even Sek Dee a De Sa ‘today. She bas become such an teeth etens iconic woman in technology: nen = i J "No. S:lambard Kingdom Bre! Y i. } + Born in orth in 1606 commemorating the birth of Bronel in 1806, + In 1829, aged 23, he designed the Cifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol + tn 1833 he designed and bul the Great Western Rasy sid by some to be the best ralnay evr bull He als ble we grand ston ~ Paaington (London and Temple Meaes (rst), + Asa shipbuilder, Brunel designed thre huge record-breaking ron ships — Grea Wester (1837), Great Brain (1843) and Greet Ease (858). Great Ensen was by fr the largest ship ever ui x the time lo lid the frst Underwater communion cable beoween America and Bren + In 2002, BBC TY asked people to vote forthe Greatest Briton Ingheend, Winston Chirhil eae fre. but Brel came second Y INTERPRETATION 1From a website setup by Bstel Cty Counc in 2006 to celebrate Brune!s achievements. “Brunel's significance today s twofold. First, there is his Jasting engineering legacy, visible in the bridges, tunnel, ‘viaduets, bulldings and rall routes he lefbehind, Second, {s the example he has sot for the engineers and innovators ‘ho followed him and who are inspired to translate their reative thought into action." BRET) cispier 7, re ndueia Rovcluton om ming oaoriesNo.6: Henry Bessemer Y SOURCE An ilustration + Born near Hitchin, Hertfordshire, 1813, lof workers using a Bessomer {He designed machine for putting perforations an postage stimpsandanew Converter. The huge ontainer is ‘method of producing gs. + He tented zonvertera machine for rig tonic tel ~stel is stronger aed more durable han rn (Se K). Soon many of the pss, pans away nes, ‘nd machine tht had been made Fem ron were made ram steel insteaa. + Im I8S0, Brin produced 60,000 tone of tea. By 1860, 125 millon cone wore produced each yor | + ImAmeria, wheres ideas were copiod at least ight ces and cowns are | named afer han. ‘Aled with liquid iron, It removes Impurities and adds chemicals to make se Y INTERPRETATION X Adaptod from a 2013 lecture given tw the Royal Society (an organisation sot up in 1660 to promote sciontific understanding) by a Tata Steel representative. Tata Steels a large European stoel producer. 4 ain! begining Si Hey Bese st Degen FS 1 a is poneng d vey emebe ome ih a i nats For bs ao swe mr upg oo ale No, 7 Alexander Graham Bell FRE eretoer ah | + lormin Edinburgh Scot in 1@47. Adapted from an article He worked al iio on maine (2001) by John H. | 7 electra nearing sis for deaf people Lennar autor and aes ne ae 1 Look through the great inventors and designers on these pages and camer pon nan cre eral | | Sputaatonc an swienc ae then turned back into sound—came to “The relephone is such 2 huge | him ile working on dens co he ae ‘to Bell’ inventive. (_*_how they changed things eee ius, But be also dee | Hoot elponen om Sal Ba oe == Us otpop aren mata | clpbnererr tea Betws gn ha eps Sees csitdnwst tie deame prope breed Helena | To decdeif person istry Stor ent Themncetor ofthe fx mace | sf you hve wo assess ‘La machine that sends instant whether they were important at the Y Soumenam An 1e7/staton [eal Hepler det tne hye ard wheter hey oman Eng newespe Ft ada pia areal mportant oer ong ine, ae fossil Fuels, perhaps even until now. Hea iment he rod” Choose your favour inventor Lee eeetineee designer rm pages 36—14 the water on narrow ‘fet, For Write a persuasive speech tout you choke w ence Gee leiea! thar he Uy we pear of een ta eed ft = Mention how important their ae contribution was at the time. acta + Include information about wy they are sil important now. years i was he Fastest thing Revolution, Industry and Emits: Ban 1556-1901