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    MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINITY PART 1

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    11 views12 pages

    Measurement Uncertainity Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Tireeq Sutherland

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Frere, Delehay~ Measurement Uncertainty Measurement is quantitative description of the pupil’s behaviour. The process of obtaining a ‘numerical description of the degree to which an individual possesses a particular characteristic (measurement). Measurements made by scientists need to be precise and accurate. Although the terms are used interchangeably in non-scientific discussions, they have distincily different meanings in science (accuracy and precision) Precis n- describes the reproducibility of measuremenis- in other words, how closely multiple ‘measures come to each other that have been obtained in exactly the same way. The preciseness of a measurement is directly related to the actual physical measurement device used; that is, Precision is an inherent part of any measuring device. You would expect the reproducibility of ‘temperature readings obtained from a thermometer with a scale marked in tenths of a degree to be greater than readings obtained from a thermometer whose scale has only degree marks, {In contrast to precision, accuracy indicate the ctosertess of the measurement to the true and accepted value and is expressed by the error, Note that accuracy measures agreement b€én a result and the accepted value, Precision, on the other hand, describes the agreement among several results obtained in the same way. We can determine precision just measuring replicate samples. Accuracy is often more difficult to determine because the true value is usually unknown, An accepted value must be used instead, Accuracy is expressed in terms of either absolute error of a measurement is the difference between the measured value and the true value. In contrast to precision, accuracy depends not only on the measuring device used but also on the technical skill of the person making the measurement, How well can that person read the numerical scale of the instrument? Normally, high precision also results in high accuracy. However, high precision and low accuracy are also possible. Both accuracy and precision refers to the closeness of agreement between two or more ‘measurements, low precision high precision high acewacy high accunse low accuracy tow accuracy low precision high precisa The ability to interpret and manipulate numbers is a necessary skill for the effect use of the tool of measurement. Every measured number carries with ita degree of uncertainty ot error, even when claborate and expensive measuring devices are used, some degree of uncertainty in ‘measurement will always be present. The size of the error in a measurement depends upon the precision of the measuring device used and the skill of the person who uses the device. Precision is indicated by the number of significant figures. Significant figures are the digits in ‘any measurement that are known with certainty plus one digit that is uncertain. The difference between a measured quantity and what is considered o be the tre value is known as uncertainty. | Random errors are the existing fluctuation of any measuring apparatus usually resulting from the experimenter’s inability to take the same measurement in exactly the same way get the exact value, ‘These small and uncontrollable variables are: |. Visual judgement with respect to reading the marking on the glassware and the thermometer. 2. Temperature fluctuations which affect the volume of the glassware, viscosity of the liquid or performance of balance caused by drafts that cause variation in balance readings, Random errors affect precision of a measurement, precision is usually measured in terms of deviation of a set of results from the measurable value. Systemic error is a consistent difference between a measurement and its true value that is not due {o random chance. It affects all the data in a set in the same way cach tiine a ‘measurement is made, Thses include : © Instrument error © Method error In Titration Operations (Titrimetry) Accuracy can be affected by : (i) Systemic errors (ii) Poorly calibrated burette (iii) Impurity in the reagents (iv) Side reactions in a titration Precision can be affected by : {i) Random errors (ii) Incorrect readings of burette at eye level (ii) Incorrect weighings on analytical balance in preparing standard solutions, Measures of central Tendency ‘The mean, X, is the sum of all the scores in a measurement divided, by the total nuniber of's¢ores. Eee 7 Sometimes called the average. Mean =,» S'= sum of i limits of + 0.10, \ | Standacd.Ddeviation 6 rae a n-t 2 individual score 2 mean value 3 RK > Sample size “The best method to calculate the standard deviation by hand is to create an organized chart to perform necessary equations. It is necessary to compute the mean. For example; find the standard deviation of the numbers 2,4,7,8 and 9. Kz Qteueweet+qd = BQ = GO 2 x & &-X M-¥) pee -4 re 4 Fb 22, 4 te \ \ : 7 2 we i 3 4 + (se =t a9 “Be The store minus the mean grand total should always be ZERO. ‘The purpose of squaring the deviations isto eliminate the negative values so that their grand total does not equal to zero. ‘The reason for the denomination being n-1 is that the standard deviation is being calculated for a sample. Should the standard deviation be calculated for population , then the denominator would simply be n. 4 -2 «1 oO 4 2 6 ero deviation from meow Standard deviation tells how the values bunch together from the mean in a set of data, When the values are tightly bunched together and the Bell-Shaped curve is steep, the standard deviation is small and the uncertainty in measurement is small. Standaed deviation is typically called the uncertainty in measurement, Calibration , Sensitivity and Detection Limit Calibration is the checking of the scale of an instrument against an accepted standard to ensure accuracy of its readings . Taking measurements using any laboratory instrument requires that the instrument be calibrated periodically (at an accredited monitoring institution such as Jamaica Bureau of Standards) to ensure accuracy of the measurements and the measuring device. T he benefits of maintaining properly calibrated equipment include: (1) Reduced measurement errors (2) Increased reliable readings (precision) (3) Increased accuracy of results. Steps in calibrating an instrument : ~ take replicate sample readings use identical samples for taking readings calculate the mean value of readings (scores) calculate the standard deviation of the scores Calibration curves nship between the input and the output of a ‘measuring device. It is generally used to determine the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standardized samples ( known concentrations). The standardized samples would be the input while the response of the measuring device is the output. The measured output (y) can be plotted as a function of the known input values (x) to develop a calibration curve for the measuring instrument. Steps in making calibration curve : ~ prepare a number of standard solutions ~ place a sample of each solution in a spectrophotometer to obtain absorbance reading ~ plot a graph of absorbance against concentration interpolate from graph to obtain concentration of unknown sample having taken the absorbance reading, Sensitivity of an instrument is the ability of that instrument to distinguish between TWO concentrations that.are very close OR the change in response signal per unit change in analyte concentration . For example, a thermometer that can read to 0.1 °C is more sensitive than one that can only read to 1°C, since a change of 0.2 °C in the environment will be very noticeable on one thermometer and not on the other. Detection Limit or Lower limit of Detection of an instrument is the lowest concentration (ppm) of a substance which can be detected by visual inspection with a specified precision or reproducibility. Factors affecting detection limit and sensitivity are: 2) Accuracy of instrument used 2) Skill of experimenter 3) impurities In Titratron Operations ¢ Titrimetry ) Accuracy

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