Hot and cold water supplies Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide the use of the appliances are diffrent in varying locations, both within a building, land within citferent buildings. Frequency of use “This isthe time between each use ofthe appliance, Refer to Tales 14 and 15. Low use is deemed to have 1200 seconds (20 minutes) between each use, ands appropiate for dvelings, and in ther buldings where appliances are Sedicated for use bya single person, oF a small group of people 8 a private feet Medium use is deemed to have 600 seconds (10 minutes) between use, being anpiances that are avaiable to be Lsed by larger group of people, as and ‘when they requte on a random basis Wh noset tie conetalt. typically associatd with pubic use' ots igh use is deemed o have 300 seconds (5 Minutes) between each use for appliances to be used by large numbers of persons over 2 hort period, 28 wauld be the case win buildings Such as theatres, concert halls and fed Period sports events Loading units ‘To account for hese variations, a Yoading unit system has been devised which takes account ofthe appliance type, its ‘capacity, flow rate, period of use, and trequency of use characteristics, ‘establish a calculation mothod which satisfactorily reflects a maximum simultaneous design fow rate in lites for any part of a pipework distribution system, ‘This method of calculation should be Table 15 Loading units ies SSSSY appliance ‘Basin, 1mm sep Taps Basin, 2 8mm mi tap ‘Sink, Tron sepyne tap ‘Sink, 20mm sepyme tap ‘ain 15mm sepimintap | 48 16 ‘Bat, Zomm sepimix WOSute, 6ive astern [12 5 ‘Shower, 1Smm hese Unnal, sngie bows ‘Bide, 1m mix tap Hang Spay, 15mm Burka ink 15mm taps ‘Slop Hoppe, clstern ont ‘Slop Hopper. cistortaps | = Clothes washing me, dom considered as representative of flow rates, which have not given rise to ‘complaints of inadequacy. Care is required with the Yoading unit ‘method of calculation where usage may be intensive. This is particularly applicable o field sports showers, theatre toilets, and factory wash rooms, ‘tc, where itis necessary to establish the lixely period of constant Usage and provide the flow rate to sul Flow rates ‘Te dotormine the design maximum simultaneous flow rata fora specific water distribution system the folowing process is necessary: a Identity the type and position of all the appliances and equipment requiring a water supply. Determine the pipe routes and location for the incoming mains, cold {& hot water istribution, and the locations of storage cisternstanks and hot water generators, ‘Sketch a scaled plan and a Schematic or an isometric of the pipework astiouton and plant layout Identity type, positon of al tings, |e. couplings, elbows, tees; all valves, (isolation, service, check, double check, pressure reducing) all cisternsitanks and vessel entry and exit arrangements Identity all types of draw-off iting attached to appliances and equipment. Establish the mains pressure avaliaba, in metres, and the Cstorrank head available in metres. Identity the index run e. the furthest andlor highest outlet, and greatest ‘raw-off volume. Having establiched items a-g, proceed to ‘add the sanitary and appliance loading leading each section of pipe with ‘the number of loading units that its required to carry. ‘This is best achioved on either a plan or Isometric ofthe systom. A useful technique isto use a four-quarter frame. See Figure 14 ‘Tho pipe size at this intial stage is provisional in order to enabie the Calculation fo proceed. The provisional pipe size can be established by Calculating the avaliable head or pressure, in motres head and dividing it by the overall lenath ofthe index circuit, Lethe longest pipe route with the ‘greatest duty and least head or pressure, Dlus a 30% factor for, at this stage an assumed loss through fitings. The result osc | flow te ath | ts ‘ofthe provisional calculation isa ‘head loss in metres, per metre run of pipe. This figure can be used with the pipe sizing chars to establish he assumed of provisional pipe size. As the loading unit for each pipe section is established enter the figures into the calculation sheet. See Figure 15. Pipe sizing chart definitions Pipe referene Numbered or lttered sections of the system identiying the start an finish Loading wits Simultaneous maximum demand figure being carted by that section of pipe Flow rate (1 Lives per second derived from the toading unit figure Assumed pipe iometer (mm) Nominal internal diameter establishes from the avalabie Read divided by the index circuit length plus 30% for loss through fitings Length (m) Length of pipe, in metres ofthe pipe section being sized, measuring Its total route length Pipe losses (nh/m) In metros head por mato of pipe, taken from the pipe sizing charts, Veloty(m/3 Velocity, in metres por second of the water flowing through the pipe being ‘sized, taken from the pipe sizing chars. Pipe loss (mh) In metres head, being the mutipication ‘ofthe pipe length and the metres head Toss por metre run cf pipe lengthHot and cold water supplies Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide Graph 3 Pipe sizing chart 200 3 +00} a al 4 a 8000 2a} 00 | 4 x0 | so i 0 i § 200 ; a4 nt Bs { t. oo dy o9| a5 i) 1 0g} 05 ‘oot onne ‘00s ‘01 om 008 Os on 020 030050 Head loss in metres per metre run 2