ner Inrush Currents on Sensitive Protection Fun: Imp 3. GROUND OVERCURRENT PROTECTION Neutral and negative-sequence overcurrent elements are used for their good sensitivity When directional, these functions ore excellent additions to pilot-ossisted schemes enhancing both sensitivity and speed of line protection. CT saturation during transformer inrush conditions could produce spurious zero- and negative-sequence currents. Lasting long, these spurious signals could cause misoperations. Particular care must be taken in application cases based on “hard facts’, such as no-zero sequence current supplied the delta-connected windings. While true for the primary currents, the principle fails for the secondary currents under CT saturation (Figure 16} Figure 16. Transformer is energized from its delta winding, Spurious zero-sequence current as high os 3096 of the inrush current Desensitizing the function as a way of coping with spurious operating signals defeats the purpose of sensitive ground overcurrent protection. One solution {] uses an adaptive threshold - a small portion of the positive-sequence current is subtracted from the operating signal prior to comparing with the constant, potentially sensitive, user setting, In this way, the amount of extra security increases automatically as the danger of saturation increases {current magnitude). With reference to Figure 17 this approach uses positive-sequence restraint to cope with spurious symmetrical components, and on energy-based directional comparison in the di- rectional part to cope with angle uncertainty during transients.