REPORT 1

Mahetab Ali 18P8231

Table of Contents
1. Hydroelectric Power Generation.........................................................................................................2
1.1. Impoundment Technology.......................................................................................................2
1.1.1. Implementation...................................................................................................................2
1.1.2. Applicability in Egypt............................................................................................................2
1.2. Diversion Technology...................................................................................................................3
1.2.1. Implementation...................................................................................................................3
1.2.2. Applicability in Egypt............................................................................................................3
1.3. Pump and Storage Technology....................................................................................................3
1.3.1. Implementation...................................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Applicability in Egypt............................................................................................................4
1.4. Percentage of Hydroelectric Generation Installed Capacity Worldwide......................................4
1.5. Percentage of Hydroelectric Generation Installed Capacity in Egypt...........................................4
2. Nuclear Generation Technology..........................................................................................................5
2.1. Implementations.........................................................................................................................5
2.2. Applicability in Egypt...................................................................................................................6
2.3. Percentage of Nuclear Generation Installed Capacity Worldwide...............................................7
References...................................................................................................................................................7

Table of Figures
Figure 1 Three Gorges Dam Hydro Electric Power Plant..............................................................................2
Figure 2 Diagram of TGD, showing hydroelectric generators and ship locks...............................................2
Figure 3 Eglisau Hydro Electric Power Plant................................................................................................3
Figure 4 Ludington Pumped Storage Plant..................................................................................................3
Figure 5 Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant aerial view.....................................................................................5
Figure 6 Blayais nuclear power plant...........................................................................................................5
Figure 7 Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant...........................................................................................................6
Figure 8 Unit-level capacity details for Hanbit nuclear power plant............................................................6
1. Hydroelectric Power Generation
1.1. Impoundment Technology
1.1.1. Implementation

Three Gorges Dam Hydro Electric Power Plant

The Three Gorges Dam Project (TGP) is one of the world’s

biggest hydropower complex projects, located in the
Xilingxia Gorge, one of the three gorges of the Yangtze River,
in Hubei province, China. The gorge controls approximately
one million square kilometres of drainage area and averages
a runoff of 451 billion cubic metres annually. The dam stands
185m tall and 2,309m wide.

The project was set to develop in four phases following the

preparatory phase. Construction of the dam officially began
in 1994, and then, in 2006, the construction of the main wall
of the dam was completed. Finally in 2012, all the Figure 1 Three Gorges Dam Hydro Electric Power Plant
generators were installed, and the dam was fully
operational.

The TGD has a total of 34 generators: 32 main generators,

each with a capacity of 700 MW, and two plant power
generators, each with capacity of 50 MW, for a total
capacity of 22.5 GW. Of those 32 main generators, 14 are
installed in the north side of the dam, 12 in the south side,
and the remaining six in the underground power plant in a
mountain south of the dam.

The dam generates prodigious amounts of electricity with

an output of 85TW/h a year, which is close to one-tenth of
current Chinese requirements.
Figure 2 Diagram of TGD, showing hydroelectric generators and
ship locks.

1.1.2. Applicability in Egypt

Impoundment technology is applicable in Egypt. It actually is already implemented; for example, there’s
the Aswan High Dam. But future implementations is hard, nearly impossible because we already used up
all the available spaces we had for building dams, so we cant build any more dams.
 1.2. Diversion Technology
1.2.1. Implementation

Eglisau Hydro Electric Power Plant

The facility is a run-of-river power plant on the Rhine River,

located about four kilometres below Eglisau, Zurich,
Switzerland. For over 100 years, the plant has been using the
gradient of the Rhine between the Thur and Glatt estuaries.
The maximum gradient was 11 meters and the process water
volume was 390 m³/s. The 114.5 meter long weir has six
openings, each with a clear width of 15.5 metres.

The hydropower plant was built from 1915 to 1920. It then

went into operation in 1920 and was extensively renovated in
2012.

At a flow rate of 500 m³/s, the seven Kaplan turbines

together have a capacity of 43.4 MW and produce an average
of 310 GWh of electricity per year. This is enough to supply
almost 70,000 households.

Figure 3 Eglisau Hydro Electric Power Plant

1.2.2. Applicability in Egypt

Diversion Type is not applicable in Egypt since the water current in the river there is not fast enough for
this technology to generate electricity.

1.3. Pump and Storage Technology

1.3.1. Implementation

Ludington Pumped Storage Plant

The facility sits on a 1,000-acre site along the Lake Michigan

shoreline in Ludington, Michigan. It was built between 1969-
1973. At the time of its construction, it was the largest
pumped storage project in the world.

The power plant consists of a reservoir 110 feet deep, 2.5

miles long, and one mile wide which holds 27 billion US
gallons of water, six reversible turbines that can each
Figure 4 Ludington Pumped Storage Plant
generate 312 megawatts of electricity for a total output of 1,872 megawatts — enough electricity to
serve a community of 1.4 million residential customers. 

At night, when electric demand is low, Ludington’s reversible turbines pump water 363 feet uphill from
Lake Michigan. The water is pumped through six large pipes, or “penstocks”, to the 842-acre reservoir.
During the day, when electric demand is high, the reservoir releases water to flow downhill through the
penstocks. The flowing water turns turbines and generators in the powerhouse to make electricity. 

1.3.2. Applicability in Egypt

This type is applicable In Egypt. There are a lot of mountains in Egypt, so we can use them to implement
this type and store water for future use to generate electricity. There is already an ongoing pump nd
storage plant in development at the Attaqa Mountains.

1.4. Percentage of Hydroelectric Generation Installed Capacity Worldwide

According to the International Hydropower

Association’s report, global installed
hydropower capacity increased by 1.9 % to
reach 1,360 gigawatts (GW) at the end of
2021 while global hydropower generation
decreased by 1.6% to reach 4327 (TWh).
Hydropower plants account for almost 30% of
the world’s capacity for flexible electricity
supply.

1.5. Percentage of Hydroelectric Generation Installed Capacity in Egypt

As of 2021, the total hydropower energy capacity in Egypt amounted to 2,832 megawatts. Moreover,
throughout the period under review, hydropower energy capacity in the country remained stable. In
2021, 45.5 percent of the total renewable energy capacity in Egypt was hydropower, representing the
highest share.
2. Nuclear Generation Technology

2.1. Implementations

Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant

The power plant is located in the city of Balakovo, Saratov

Oblast, Russia. Built on the shore of Volga River, about 900
kilometres (560 mi) south-east of Moscow, 145 km from
Saratov city.

Balakovo station consists of 4 operational reactors (WER-1000),

The installed capacity is 4,000 MW. 

The 4 reactors at Balakovo were commissioned between 1985

and 1993. Unit 1 at Balakovo was commissioned on December
28, 1985; unit 2, October 10, 1987; unit 3, December 28, 1988;
and the unit 4, May 12, 1993. Construction on Units 5 and 6 at
Balakovo has been suspended until design changes to improve Figure 5 Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant aerial
reactor safety have been completed. view

Blayais nuclear power plant

The Blayais nuclear power plant is a nuclear power generation

center located near the town of Blaye, not far from Bourdeaux,
in the heart of the Blayais marsh, in the town of Braud-et-Saint-
Louis, on the edge of the Gironde in France. It was
commissioned from 1981 to 1983.

The power plant has 4 pressurized water reactors – producing

951 MW gross and 910 MW net each. The installed capacity is
3640 MW. The four reactors produce about 25 TWh per year
which is about 5% of the total electricity consumption in France.

Since its commissioning, the Blayais nuclear power plant has

produced more than 800 TWh, nearly twice the equivalent of the
French electricity production in one year.
Figure 7 Blayais nuclear power plant

Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant

Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant is located in Yeonggwang-gun, South Jeolla Province, South Korea. This is a
large nuclear power plant and one of the top 10 largest nuclear power plants in the world. 

It began construction on June 4, 1981, and opened its first reactor and started power generation on
August 25, 1986. The construction of the last reactor began on November 20, 1997, and was put into
operation on December 24, 2002 to generate electricity. Figure 8 Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant

All Hanbit units are of the pressurized water reactor (PWR)

reactor type. It has 6 reactors. The total installed capacity of
Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant is 5875 MW.

Figure Unit-level capacity details for

2.2. Applicability in Egypt Hanbit nuclear power plant

El Dabaa Nuclear Energy Plant Project

Egypt is currently constructing the first nuclear energy plant which will be located in El Dabaa, Matrouh
Governorate. El Dabaa is a 60-km town in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt, about 320 kilometers northwest
of Cairo. In 1980s, a French company selected the best 23 locations for the construction of the first
nuclear reactor in Egypt where El Dabaa came on top of the list and was praised by IAEA’s experts. This
location is close to the water, which can be used for cooling nuclear plants, and far from the
earthquakes belt and residential blocks.

The site approval permit for the plant was obtained in March 2019 while the construction permit for the
first unit of the plant is expected in 2021. The commissioning of the first unit is expected to begin in
2026 while commissioning of the remaining three reactors is scheduled for 2028.

The plant will consist of four VVER-1200 nuclear reactors of AES-2206 design, which are capable of
producing 1.2GW each giving it a total capacity of 4.8 GW. The VVER-1200 reactor is a third-generation
pressurized water reactor that is fully compliant with all international safety and post-Fukushima IAEA
requirements. It is designed to withstand the crash of a 400t airplane or earthquakes up to an intensity
of 9 on the Richter scale. The design lifetime of the plant will be 60 years.

2.3. Percentage of Nuclear Generation Installed Capacity Worldwide

Nuclear energy now provides about 10% of the world's electricity from about 440 power reactors with a
nuclear capacity of 393,351 MW and a nuclear generation of 2,653,344 GWH. Nuclear currently provides
almost 30% of the world’s low-carbon electricity, making it the second largest source after hydropower.
References

Three Gorges Dam Completed Amid Technical Victories, Controversy (powermag.com)

Three Gorges - the world's biggest hydropower plant (nsenergybusiness.com)

Case 16: Three Gorges Dam—The World’s Largest Hydroelectric Plant | SpringerLink

Three Gorges Dam (stanford.edu)

Three Gorges Dam Hydro Electric Power Plant, China (power-technology.com)

Hydropower plant Eglisau | Axpo

Eglisau Hydroelectric Power Plant Switzerland - GEO (globalenergyobservatory.org)

Ludington Pumped Storage | Newkirk Electric (newkirk-electric.com)

DOE Global Energy Storage Database (energystorageexchange.org)

Status Report: International Hydropower Association

Hydroelectricity – Analysis - IEA

Executive summary – Hydropower Special Market Report – Analysis - IEA

Egypt: total hydropower energy capacity 2012-2021 | Statista

Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant - Super Engineering Website (reduper.com)

Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant - Super Engineering Website (reduper.com)

El Dabaa Nuclear Energy Plant Project-SIS

El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant, Egypt's first nuclear power plant (power-technology.com)

World Nuclear Generation and Capacity (nei.org)

What is the role of nuclear in the energy mix and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions? - Grantham
Research Institute on climate change and the environment (lse.ac.uk)