5ᵗʰ (Richard Swinburne

September 2022
to be
good they just are
Nobody causes
things
Philosophy
.

(Rush
Rhees )
Super
has
power frankenstein
to

Euthyphro enforce ethanol torment Not matter the amount

.

power
is
of
impossible to change Morality
associated with are associated
Piety
.

gods
and gods
with

religion
Piety : Religion
and
goodness .

Ex .
A now is
expected to
pray
that is associated with
pious
.

Euthyphro :
says
that .
is what the
gods love .

The Euthyphro Dilema

loved
Are
things by the
because
gods because
are loved
they are
the
pious?
gods
or

are there
pious they by
Ex Does the
speedometer show 70 because the car is
going
fast ? Correct answer

or is the car
going fast because the speedometer shows -70 ?
Gods could be
useful with ethnical
di / ema
Dre
things loved by the gods because
they are
pious

because
they loved But
are
they pious are
by
no

the
gods > Makes NO sense doe
powerful
→
Vooluutaranism that its impossible
God makes
bad
good teings on to
change Don't make
rules but
Murder morality perhaps
Ergo, Making
.

enforce them
:

cruelty good ?
.
ex .
what if god is not a
good peqson ; God is
goodness itself
God cannot
change moral
laws
,
so the moral laws you can have
film
a in which
are More powerful than
god ! the Main car aether is the main

object .

exWho is
.
more
powerful
or Iron Man
Thor
ROTLA
what can thor do that Iron Man can't At the end
of
lift a hammer .

Indy shows a

sign of
reverence

tᵈ"ᵗ-
Athene : Wisdom
wisdom
Odysseus /
athene
↳ Telemacus posesing
talksto

Ark = The numinous

>
Mysterious
>
frightening
→ fear
7ᵗʰ
September 2022

Powerful argument : appeals to a

premise your opponent is commited to .

Socrates
example of a
style irony is Columbo

measured
✓ Do
you accept this
premises
too?
>
if you claim to
think
change , you must

something unchaining
> have access to
you

transcendental Argument : intended to show you must

is
be commit ed to
them
certain
propositions you have to
-

rely on .

towards moral
Have
maturity ? if you
→ this
you grown
measure

change there must be

a

standard
unchanging
 Murphy
Young professor
↓ educated
a in a catholic school in 1980 's
during AIDS pandemic
the chief of police
in Manchester said that
gey
men
brought this punishment
on them
self s

Boys ( homophobic humour) : bad at sports =

gag
A practice by Andrew Davis
very peculiar

David Troughton :
Hulk and makes
in a
TV show
facing bloke
a

athlete friend
who's
and
basic
1kg
he and
men in she an
baisically
his friend get very closely and
baisically he
fell in love with him .

due to culture but does not count

change Morag this
can

you
as
growing towards maturity Evidential argument : what do we observe ?

the child
the room :

that the
at the end the
film
ofsmaller because
says
room has
got
he
grew Morally .

standards should

↳n ¢yµag
"
Walter Wh . be
unchanging
that
says chemistry is
yard Stick not perfectly
-

the
study of change unchanging
but close
-

enough best possible

-
.

Making an alussiow to

the series .

Measure standard that

less
change
than what
presuppose
measured
changes
is
being
Perfect should
measure : be
unchangeable
 Plato 's Idea the
powerful cant change Next class

MCNO
ex .
the ash
changed Judy but not the ark .

September 14
12ᵗʰ
September Luiz
's
Euthyphro
view ↳ thinks the
gods
are
just↳ be lives
two views
of gooks )

the Most
Myths are

powerful literate true

Not even
could not ↳ Zeus cheats
* crate 's person on

Chang what is his wife

good
.

View

standard ↳
Platonic
concept god ofis measurement
a "" ↳
← very
.

good Anthropomorphic
story
god is
goodness itself God
.

. :

Unchangeable Can we
% buiisness to the

How does
gods .

There
god
are our

Socrates think peers

protect him
.

will

Focus on Good
> something more

important
the Remains of # Day by Kazugo Ishiguro
Stevens :B "
%
I did in't
"
Mistakes where
even made
my
?
own . .
. .

by
is the
dignity in that

\ /ord
Darlington > Honor → Dies in
Disgrace
 what Island for
I know
this is mistake it is
-

mistake
I am
willing to risk
everything ; if
my
a .

September 14ᵗʰ famous teacher that does

of teacher
Meno
praise as a

virtue ? it would be harder

Recollection ( Anamnesis ) due that is hard to recall the
.

Name
Plato's
.

theory was

continued by :Augustin Hippo the

right Prout sparks
and Descartes leibnez Off information
'
Rene -
more .

Rationalists know
: we some
things
↳ usually by ofpure reasons
independent
Mathematical the senses

/
Empiricists : All
knowledge
come
from experience
ex .

History and experiment a science

John Loche ( Philosofeo )

David Hume ( Historiae)

mind
Empiricism
blank slate
: At birth a
baby 's is
a
/Tabula rasa .

Not : recollection
from previous life .

is based ON reevaluation Descartes : is rationalist

a

ergo is
mystical and know for his
theory that
Timeless realm
religious .

if the world is real in

he also contributed
of ethereal truths

Mathematical
mathematic
by doing
Platonism : Ethernet realm of
change less
objects _ e.
g
Numbers .

y=x

Gottlob Forge
Kurt Godel
 Can we know the answer to . .
What is knowledge ?
Epistemology :
Naturalize
W V 2 vine
.

epistemology
Science
purely
Empiricists
Meno :
knowledge is not the same as a
lucky guess

certainly must be
:

relatable method
A
Lucky ⑤ is true
Ness
a
knowledge )
A
lucky guess
is not tied down

Science Studies what causes

what :
byobseovaitiow your belief
of belief
is tied
the
to the
objects casual
kind
by right of
change .

truth makers
if false false
( ) makers

26ᵗʰ
September ,
2022

Problems
from Meno : -
what is
knowledge
at what
¥1T
Example :
caosrequigasoline Must
is known
be true

21-2=4
,,
¥ know my car
requires
Must Not be

gasoline .
a
Lucky Guess
 connected
→ Not a

guess
→ to the
objects -0 Causal
change
I Truth Makers
My gasoline
know car
requires
=

How do abstract
objects fits don't
into ?
this
they change
→

don't
so
, they move
are not in one

Anamnesis Reelection
they
=
place
↓
How do we enter
the sum
of two odd numbers is even their
field
Necessarily
is
something we can
New empiricism
prove
causal
Old
Change
All
Empiricism :
knowledge based on
perception : you know what

" you see

we are born with a. blank slate? Can

evolutionary Inheritance
be
updated Anamnesis ?
We inherit knowledge from our ancestors

based tried and tested

knowledge
chains .
is on
process
utilizing
casual

Stanislaus Dehaiwc
 Scientific studies tend to be central

humanities is
divergent
classes
what is the
point of having that are
divergent ?
what is critical thinking? ✓
it so
why is
useful ✓ what is the race
pie for critical thinking
Ruiz colors
:
Primary of morality
-

Edward Wilson -

Mars -

wt
October 12ᵗʰ 2022

How much does moral

psychology help with moral philosophy?
Wilson : look at the constrains
that all of us even Moral philosophers
- -

.
Human Nature
within
operate
Do we

otherwise?
understand
why is it true that
Not
21-2=4
, if we can't think
same as
Psicology
-

ForgethinkPsicologism
: is a dead end
,
we must look at how
think
we
ought
to Not how
,
we are
programmed to
Human
_

Nature

Jonathan Hai dit :

Primary colors of Morality All
"

different
Cultures
colors
of Human Nature
-

Help ,
dont hurt -

authority
Respect -
Maintain Purity
-

Be Fair -

support your community

 Edward Wilson :
sociobiology
Pinker :
Steven
Psycology
Evolutionary Psycdogy Disgust stops from being poisoned
us
-
•

Jonatan Martes Why

.

I am
•

Useful for survival

Not a scientist

Human Nature
isn't a
possible
Idea of scientific study of
•

object of study .

Nature is Chimera a
human

• Culture is
inseparable from
'
being human .

Et

Pure Human Nature Ibn

:
Tufagl -

Baby would believe in

Natural
God but not in
any particular
Religion Natural
religion
and Cacus Mau
-

Prophetic Religion

John Jaques Rossow •

The Noble
Savage
Barbara The Poison wood Bible
kingsolver
-

- Dress stand arts

Refine Behaviour Men had problem with

Fear
topless African women

of
African
with
men
us
had
women
issue

wearing trousers
Jonatan Marks
culture
We cannot
study human nature due is
inseparable
from humans .
we can
agree
culture is
insepratle but disagree
in human nature isn't a subject of study

lhauingacultureisnatoralbousdogweiemammIMS.ci entific about human Nature :

biology

we know what do
'

we can or cannot .

There is no such
thing purely Natural human
•

as .

Facial expression
: are universal

Thinking zoomorphic ly 6kt a

Cultural
differences humans

left side side road

"

right
-

or

and
Uk
police officers officers
US in
guns
-

Wilson & Pinker model of human Nature

_

Instinct can
be
refined
different
in

ways .
 Friends Tolkien
•

teologicw
Christi
•

with gp.pe
•
Wrote Narnia
•
Novelist
C. S Lewis Prof of literature
.

philosopher
↳ The Abolition of Mao
•
that Hideous strength written
Prof of .
literature during World War II
with an interest in
philosophy and theology
Literature refines sensibility

crossing road

October 24th

Marks vs Wilson Pinker

,

a.
Can
study human nature

can'tstudy human limits

Nature study
possible
•

on
any
culture

target
.

•
Human
culture
always have •

Misses the

••
we cannot observe

[
•

Nature Nurture
pure
human .

natural
is culture refines
instinct .

- Moral cognitive .sn

Attacked iscientism
' "
C.S Lewis •

Not science

• Use science to build

humanities 2.0
 Aristotle : Nature becomes second Nature as
parents
train children in
good habits .

Sensibility is refined

How do we learn
courage : trick
, force ,
reward them or use a

hero figure .

Onomatopoeia ! a snake

sensibility truth: snake are

dangerous
shared emotional
responses
-

rat
enables us to know certain truths .
ew :
yuck ,
a

truth : rat
slavery is evil are
dirty : transmit
diseases
•
A truth -
like the earth
revolves around the How cute a
baby : we should
sun .
protect
them

the first chapter of abolition of now

Chinese writings
CS lewis
what is
cognitive is true or
false
Moral
cognition eg .

desk

!
there is a in this classroom

Basic idea of moral there is a crocodile in this

class
cognition :

Feelings are
cognitive -
true or
false -

100in
Going 0 Is is
impressive
-

µ .
guy . µ, , , ,, ,

Warm
glow You did
-

something good
•

serotonin

if you pay for serotonin to fell theglow

it's like would
damage you're Moral compass .

a Nodding dog in a car

I feel humility the waterfall is sublime

Fear the snake is

dangerous

{ Says Nothing about waterfall the

Feeling is

debunked
says nothing important

wrong to debunk all feelings and thus all statement

of value
Literary critism refines

Dulce et Decorum est Horace

patria Mori -

Pro
-

Wilfred Owen

oct 31ˢᵗ
Monday 1

IN class writing in
Wednesday (
open book)

E
Lewis and Pinker

Gaius and tedius debunk everything

if it's just undermine an

emotional reaction
_

someone with
a mask? a

Nothing Buttery
"
•

Evolutionary Moral Psia

illusionsology enables us to see
through
certain moral

F- Genetic
× .

eugene ringers
thus bad
are
generally represented as

mad scientists .

reputation lgeneticengeneering
to .

Wilson Need
peopole
that
a
myth ;
a story give us
meowing
Terry Foxton :
in the world of
our ancestors

our emotions fit the environment

but now exiles in
we are
,
,
a world that dose n
't
feel like
ours .

illusions in
throughMore
Learning to thruths see a e* .

way
of seeing clearly •

there Moral I know deceive me this time

becausemy I
eyes
are •

illusions ≠ Morality illusion trust

My eyes
is an

target doubt is useful life gives us

plenty of Non
Universal doubt
•

is Not Zero-sum
.

games .

Cooperation benefits
-

<

both We both end with

can
up more

•
Rules about cooperation
still function
*

Cooperation works
Enduring rule
-

Wilson
Lewis V .
Pinker

enables
psycology
Evolutionary thought
us moral
if all
you
debunk
do illusions
Moral
is
people _

you
can
grasp[ Moral
clearly
,
loose all truths more
Mayvalue sense

of ?)
coguitivism
 The trolley car
problem
Elizabeth Anscombe (Married to Peter Creach )

evil ;
carpet bombing of cities is never do this .

Why differences are

" "
intention difference does Push the Fatman
the is moral •
Why
evil .
Seem more
complicated than
ten towards
away from
steer

•
Unintentional
killings no evil one ?

Pinker :
through physical contact
Philippa Foot Makes
calculative
us emotional
more
,
less

kill ten people which is

or
better?
One
person
.

Judith Jarvis Thompson

Push the
fat man ?
Jeremy Bentham
•

Bernard vs FTC .
Utilitarian :Just calculate
Williams smart

!
of justice and order
Representative
-

Sherif

[ •
integrityT
the rioters are co
Without

/pralle Not the

integrity
sherif
,
fall apart
 November 9th

Marks - No scientific study

Law human of human Nature is posable because
we never observe Nature

human life always occurs

paradigm different theories fill details cultural framework

•

A : in with a

in a
different ways .

human without culture

is Not Natural
We are born with instincts
that are refined 6 jointure .

different cultures refines Nurture is natural .

instinct in
different ways .

- Lewis , Pinker, Aristotle, Confucius Mencius and ✗ unzi all

,
accepts this
paradigm
Pinker :
Psycology solves the
trolley car
problem !

Thinking about
touching •
Calculation
give us the
right answer
,
emotion
man Makes More
interfere
andyou
a

emotional less Smart is kill

utiliarism right right
'

:
is :

calculative . the innocent man

•

wiliaus is
Moral education takes
wrong :
place in the tao
preserve integrity

fwuisa.net#
Kong 7- / Confucius (551 -47913C )
Uzi tao the
is
Natural order
Zhou
Dynasty train
polititiows
vistas and
to be of the universe

promote peace
one 's intuition must discern
to realize the for potential
Mencius :( 372 -289 BC)
Mengzi / teach politicians
'

individuals wisdom .

-
to be tous
wir

Xun Zi (310-238 BC ) unite wit

'

so
they
everyone by peaceful
means .

unite all
Li :
property / rituals Tiaucheavenorsky
under

Benevolent force
 November 14th
solve what cannot ?
Can science
evolutionary pisyology phylosophy
-

C- Pinker : solved the

we
trolley car
problem

Pinker : but must dont push the fatman ?

why does everyone
steers the
trolley car

Physical contact makes us less calculative more emotional

( Mencius)
Meng Zi V. s XunZi

hin
good 4. Ñ bad but becomes effort
is is
good with
-

because ?
import
Glass half full / half empty
Rituals will good behaviour that will lead to NON violent
encourage
-

solution to
problems lets teach world to
the
sing
in
perfect harmony
D-

against your self

war is interest

Diplomacy Not war

e- War is evil

Henri Xun Zi
Bada i. the
hegemon / Bad /Not bad better
Way of
-

Battle ✓ ✓ ✗ Than Most Alternator

Famine ✓ ✗ ✗
Wu dao : way of the
king /Good /Best
Duke of Hvar : I have selfish desires but to fund
my
themoequiresefforf.HN
way thinking Zi of
November 16th

Xuwz; is
Meng Zi who was
right?
How do
your
teach?
what is the
difference - how could
Zvizes help student
=
we measure?
leasN- -

Butbeforegoodas
Human nature is
good Human nature is load

teaching should involve positive reinforcement

so use
negative reinforcement
that well
you played Praise effort
se
you a

brilliant
Musicians
owshand work
te
all

five Moral instinct

·irjustsof gooda 1.
acc.

Help
4inked
don't hurt

frotgoodat
eas is 2. befair
it 3.
Respect autority
don'thave talent
.silpoot communityan
al
s

Four hearts by Mercius Phonisis: Practical

·
wisdom
Povdvice
-

lead to
comparison
share leads
sew
to Yi

Respects leads to li (Propiest

Right leads to zhi (wisdom
wrong
is
 f

What can science do what is science?

What can science not do

/
Science cannot science cannot
do
do Now in
principle
Scientia:An
organized body of knowledge
Agrivas:
which
"Theology
desires
we
scientia: Has first
fooths.
is a
principles from
sequence of
courses

counting withthe entit

Needs a
Monkeys
method TWOPROPOI
An
algorithm this is what it nears

to be
organized
Strate mayes
syndicate
Novels the Fourla
vary
~ method all
Kohe: those
to tell us which algorith
is no
Freyerabed no
coaxy
theory
is correct.

hoovesis: Practical wisdom

objectiveE Ratiovalthingthe
P

values that
Weigh up two
incommensurable: can't benasused
use

on one scale

Food
AistesevGoveKally/ Messi v Rovaldo
copori
Ptolemy

& Simples

Easiestrate
⑳