Read the passages given below: (12 Marks) PASSAGE 1 Indian Classical Dances 1. What is a classical dance? A dance which is created or choreographed and performed according to the tenets of the Natya Shastra is called a classical dance. The two broad aspects of classical dancing are the tandava and the asya. Power and force are typical of the tandava; grace and delicacy, of the lasya. Tandava is associated with Shiva, and lasya with Parvati. Dance which is pure movement is called nritta, and dance which is interpretative in nature is called nritya. A dance in the classical tradition has to have years of training before he or she can begin to perform on the stage. 2. What are the main schools of classical dancing? The four main schools of classical dancing in India are: Bharata Natyam, Kathakali, Manipuri, Kathak. Bharat Natyam is the oldest, and most popular dance-form of India. Earlier, it was know by various names. Some called it Bharatam, some Natyam some Desi Attam and some Sadir. 3. The districts of Tanjore and Kanchipuram of Tamil Nadu were the focal points in the development of Bharata Natyam. I was danced as a solo performance by devadasis (temple dancers) on all auspicious occasions. Later, kings and rich people lent their patronage to it and it started shedding its purely sacred character. 4. The dancer is directed by the natuvanar, who is a musician and, invariably, a teacher, Another musician plays the cymbals. The music for Bharata Natyam is the Carnatic School of music. The mridangam (a drum), played on both sides with the hands, provides the rhythm. 5. The home of Kathakali is Kerala. Kathakali literally means ‘story-play’. It combines musie, dance, poetry, drama and mime. Its present form has evolved out of older forms such as_ Ramanattam and Krishnanattam. 6. Kathakali dance-dramas last from dusk to dawn. The artistes use elaborate mask like make-up and towering head-dresses, The dancers are all males: are usually played by boys. There is no stage - a few mats are spread on the the audience to sit on. The only 'stage-lighting’ is a brass lamp fed with cocom ‘Two singers provide the vocal music. The chenda, a large drum, whi side with two slender curved sticks, is an integral part of the Kathakali metal gong, a pair of cymbals and another drum complete the orchestra. Besid the beat, they are also the means by which all the sound-effects are created. 7. Manipur, in the north-east is the home of Manipuri. It has evolved out of the fa the land, which are religious in nature. Lai Haroba is the oldest dance-drama_ and is based on folk-lore and mythology. But Ras Leela is the most popular one. It of the legendary love of Radha and Krishna. In the Manipuri style of dancing, the ac is on grace and softness. The women's costumes are extremely picturesque. Besit singers, the khol, the manjira and the flute also accompany the dancers. _ 8. Kathak has its home in north India. ‘Kathak’ means 'story-teller’, In ancient storyteller used gestures and movements while narrating the great epics. In c it became an elaborate art, rich in beautiful movements and facial expressions. — Scanned with CamScanner9. Later, under the Persian influence, the original dance form un gradually losing its religious and moral character. It became a cu women danced. With the passing of years, the Kathak performance was reduced to being an evening's entertainment, and the girls, who danced, were no more than pretty entertainers 10. Kathak, however, was revived under the patronage of the rulers of Lucknow andi Jaipur, and this gave rise to two styles known as the Lucknow gharana and the Jaipur gharsea Gharana means ‘house’ or 'schoo!' In Kathak, the accent is on footwork. A dancer wears anklets with several rows of bells and skilfully regulates their sound, sometimes sounding just one bell out of the many on his feet. The singer who accompanies the Kathak dancer not only sings, but reproduces the drum syllables also, The sarangi, a string instrument, provides the musi¢ at ¢ Kathah performance. —Swarn Khandpur Word-Meaning: Aspect—appearance, 4®4l interpretative—explaining, @T@ITI auspicious—lucky, {4 patronage—support, Heri! integral—necessary, 3f45, 1av7q1 mythology—traditional story, ttf" #41 picturesque—charming, 7317l gesture—action, wa-41a Hefei FE mime—copy, 7a \derwent many changes, urt dance. Both men and Questions: A. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the questions given below by choosing one of the options that follow: (1 x 6 = 6 Marks) 1, What is the Natya Shastra? (a) Scientific study of'a classical dance (b) Science of dances (c) A book written by a sage (d) A book which deals with a drama 2. Choose the appropriate meaning of the phrase- ‘The four main schools of classical dancing in India’. (a) Places where children are taught (6) Training centers for artists (c) Groups of artists having a similar style. (d) Schools that are purely for dance 3. When did Bharata Natyam start shedding its purely sacred character? (a) When Devadasis stopped dancing —_(b) When danced as a solo performance (c) When kings & rich patronised it (d) When they used Carnatic music 4, In which drama form are the dancers all males? (a) Bharat Natyam (6) Manipuri (©) Kathak (@) Kathakali 5. Which dance form has its origin in folk dance? (@) Ras Leela (6) LaiHaroba —(c) Manipuri (d) Kathak 6. In Kathak, the accent is..... ; (a) Onthe basis of dancer's anklets _(b) On sound ereated by bells (c) On the regulation of sound (@) On footwork a B. Answer the following questions briefly: x 4=4 Marks) 1. How did the story tellers perform Kathak in ancient times? 2. How is ‘Kathkali’ dance performance different from other dance form? 3. What is the difference between ‘Lai Haroba and Ras EE 4, How has Khatak’ changed from ‘elaborate art”? abe 3 C. Pick out the words/phrases from the passages whieh are similar in meaning to the following: (x 2=2 Marks) 1. Softness (para 1) 2. Shortened (para 8) READING COMPREHENSION—| B13 Scanned with CamScannerPASSAGE 2 Food And Stress 1. We are what we eat. The type of food we eat has both immediate and long-term effect on us, at all the three levels - the body, the mind and the spirit. Food which is tamasik (ie, stale or leftover) in nature is bound to generate stress as it tends to upset the normal functioning of the human body. Fresheners should be avoided Taking piping hot tea or milk or steaming hot food, whenever available, must be preferred. Excessive use of condiments also disturbs one's usually calm attitude. Further, it is a mistaken belief that smoking or drinking, even in moderation, relieves stress/ Simple meals with one or two food items, rather than too many lavish dishes, are advisable. Thus, vegetarian diet is preferable. Although it is customary to serve fruits with food, it is not the right thing to do. This is because different kinds of digestive secretions are produced by the stomach for variant foods. Mixing up too many varieties of food items at one meal creates problems for the digestive system. In fact, anyone type of fruit, preferably taken in the morning, is better. . On an average, we eat almost three to four times the quantity of food than we actually need. A lot of body's energy is used up for digesting the excess food. It is said that after a particular level of food intake, the ‘food actually eats one up’. It is always good to eat a little less than your ‘full-stomach' capacity. Besides, never eat food unless you are really hungry. Having dinner at 8 or 9 pm after a heavy snack at 5 or 6 pm in the evening is asking for trouble. In fact, skipping an odd meal is always good if the stomach is upset. There are varying views on the benefits of fasting, but we will not discuss them here. However, giving a break to one’s stomach, at least once a week, by having only fruit or milk, etc. may be worth trying. i While a little bit of water taken with meals is all right, drinking 30 to 60 ml much water with _ food is not advisable. Water, taken an hour or so before or after meals, is good for digest One's diet must be balanced with all the required nutrients for a healthy living. Also remember, excess of everything is bad. Related to the problem of stress, excessive int of salt is definitely bad. Too much of sugar, fried food and chillies are not good either. Over indulgence and excessive craving for a particular taste / type of food generates rajasik (aggressive) or at worst, tamasik (dull) tendencies. ‘An even more important aspect of the relationship between food and stress lies not so much in what or how much we eat but how the food is taken. For example, food eaten in great hurry or in a state of anger or any other negative state of mind is bound to induce stress. How the food is served is also very important. Not only the presentation, cutlery, crockery, ete, play a role, the love and affection with which the food is served is also significant. wo s > a 14m EnctsH-Core-XI (READING) Scanned with CamScanner7. Finding faults with food while it is being eaten is the worst habit. It is better not to eat the food you do not like, rather than finding fault with it, : 8. It is good to have regular food habits. Workaholies who' do not find time to eat food at proper mealtimes invite stomach ulcers. 9. One must try to enjoy one’s food, and therefore, eating at the so-called lunch / dinner meetings is highly inadvisable. Every morsel of food should be enjoyed with a totally peaceful state of mind. Food and discussions should not be mixed 10. There are accepted ways to ‘charge’ the food we eat. Prayer is perhaps ‘the best method for energizing the food and it will do some definite additional good at no extra cost. —Lt. Gen. M. M. Walia Word-Meaning: Condiments—substances used to give flavour to food, Wart, Bt! moderation—under limit, 874 Hi secretions—production, ara"! over indulgence— too much liking for food and drink, #Terfvam! excessive—too much of something, safe! significant—important, 44T"il energizing—giving energy, 341 34 FT! Questions: ‘A. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the questions given below by choosing one of the options that follow: (1 x 6 = 6 Marks) 1. How does tamasik food influence the person? (a) Generates stress (b) Makes a person energetic (c) Generates large amount of energy (4) Makes a person bold 2, What is a mistaken belief people practise at the table? (a) Smoking helps to digest () Smoking and drinking even in moderation relieves stress (c) Pickles add the taste (d) Condiments help to enhance appetite 3. Why does the writer say that food actually eats one up? (a) Digestive system takes too much time (0) Excessive intake of food takes a lot of body's energy to digest it (c) Food sustains the body (d) It makes the person healthy 4, What generates rajasik & Tamasik tendencies? (a) Over indulgence of fried food (b) Too much use of spicy food (c) Over indulgence and excessive craving for a particular taste (d) Excess of everything 5. Where does the root cause of stress generated by food lie in? (a) How much we eat () What we eat (c) How the food is taken (d) Because of irregular food habit 6. What does ‘induce’ mean? (a) Reduce (6) Cause, influence (c) Aggressive (d) To intake B, Answer the following questions briefly: (1x 424 Marks) 1. Why are fruits combined with food not advised? 2. How should water be consumed with food? 3. What is the important aspect of relationship between food and stress? 4, What could be the negative impact of missing meals on workaholics? READING CoMPREHENSION—| 15 Scanned with CamScanner. A loamy soil is a well-balanced amalgamation of sand, silt and clay, which’ . The particle consistency of sandy soil doesn’t hold water well, with the result that | . Clay soil is most difficult to work, usually becoming waterlogged, so they are vi . There are various methods of improving your soil’s texture. Essentially this . The presence of chalk in soil can also affect the growth of plants: some prefer slight] 46M Enctist-Core-XI (Reaoine) PASSAGE 3 Soil Soil is your garden's natural growing medium, so it’s vital for the health and successful growth of your plants and crops that you keep it well maintained. Soil is basically rock that's been ground down by the effects of the weather over a long period of time and made fertile by decayed organic matter (derived from dead insects and leaves). There are hundreds of different soil types, but they can broadly be classified as sandy, loamy or clay, referring to their basic texture. Tt is the texture that affects the drainage, aeration and nutrient content of the soil and you may have to take steps to improve on this in certain types of soil. . Take a handful of soil and run a small amount between your forefinger and thumb. ‘Although all soils contain varying proportions of sand, silt and clay, you'll readily be able to tell the difference between the main types Sandy soil feels gritty when dry and even it’s wet particles will not stick together. Loams, on the other hand, can be moulded in the hand when moist, but aren't at all sticky and gritty and are fairly loose when dry. Clay soil is sticky and smooth when wet, but becomes polished when rubbed and baked hard when dry. | | excellent drainage with sufficient moisture retention to assure good growing for most plants. It’s fairly easy to look after, although loamy soils do benefit applications of well-rotted organic matter to prevent getting tightly packed. foods are often taken away by rain before they ean do any good. Again, well-rotted matter can be added to bind the soil particles together. are impossible to dig. Artificial drainage will probably be the first step in improving the of the soil and various additives will break down the structure to make use of its e food stocks. regular applications of a well-rotted organic substance called humus, which is ob from decayed plant and animal matter (manure, compost, and seaweed, each pr ample sources). (chalk-free) soils, while others grow more successfully in alkaline, chalky soils, Most and vegetables, however, grow better in neutral soil. t Scanned with CamScanner8. Although benefiting the soil in some ways, compost, manure and fertilizers can actually add to its acidity, as organisms break them down, Over-acid soils can be treated with applications of lime—either hydrated (slaked) lime, or ground limestone (chalk). Of the two, ground limestone is your best choice. 10. To apply lime, sprinkle it on the broken top soil and mix it lightly but don’t dig in; leave to wash down by rain. Apply lime every other year if need be. An alkaline soil can be treated with manure, garden compost or peat, well dug in. Word-Meaning: Soil—upper layer of earth in which plants, trees, etc., grow, Yai #1 ut 4G@l_medium—means; #741 vital—important; Haq decayed—rotten, decomposed; 7W-aS EU derived—obtained; 34! organic—formed by living things; sift wet & #71 El aeration—exposure to the chemical action of air; 47] #1 carta fren a fet @eil_varying—differing; J4F| gritty—consisting of small, hard particles; téten, fafa loamy—fertile soil; =vaT& frzgii_amalgamation—mixture, blend; f¥4™11 consistency— firmness; #cil! additives—substance added in small amount; at arm 4 fafa ware humus—rich, dark organic material formed by the decay of dead leaves; Weal Ft ari organism—living being with parts that work together; sffaa wrt a tem Questions: A. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the questions given below by choosing one of the options that follow: (1 x 6 = 6 Marks) 1. We should keep soil well maintained as .. (a) it absorbs and retains water (&) it responds to the effects of weather (c) it raises water table (d) itis the garden's natural growing medium. 2. Soil is divided into various types on the basis of. (a) colour (b) drainage (c) texture (d) aeration 3. Loamy soil is the best for plant growth because (a) it is a well-balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay (0) it has weak drainage and retention (c) its texture responds slowly to decayed organic matter (d) it gets tightly packed unless looked after well : 4, Clay soils are the most difficult to work as . (a) they don't hold water well : (6) they usually become waterlogged (c) the soil particles are not held together (d) they require natural drainage and additives 5. Soil must be tested before growing fruits and vegetables because .... (a) they need alkaline soil (©) they prefer slightly acidic soil (c) they grow better in neutral soil __(d) they flourish in over-acidic soil 6. ‘Consistency’ in para 5 means .... (a) in agreement with (6) having same opinion (©) thickness @ firmness B. Answer the following questions briefly: (1x 4=4 Marks) 1. Why should soil be tested before growing fruits and vegetables? 2. How can texture of soil be improved? 3. How is soil formed? 4. How is ‘Humus’ helpful in improving soil’s texture? C. Pick out the words/phrases from the passages which are similar in meaning to the following: (1x 2=2 Marks) 1. Firmness (para 5) 2. Collection or accumulation (para 4) EN ION | 7 Scanned with CamScannerPASSAGE 4 Attitude Problems Fear of failure is an attitude problem. All of us postpone things. We procrastinate. We rationalize. We make excuses. We foolishly believe that to be creative and to have a positive attitude and to simply do things, we have to have all kinds of preconditions. 2, You can find several excuses for waiting to be more creative. But scratch the surface of these smooth and logical rationalizations, and if you're honest, you'll see the face of a little demon, the fear of failure, hiding there. Zig Ziglar reminds us that this is nothing but an attitude problem: “The future can be depressing or magnificent—it is not correlated to the present or the past, past failures or successes. It is only our attitude towards these failures or successes which determines our future.” You can change yourself by changing your attitude without fear of error. 4, Problems cause stress and stress reduces our effectiveness. So it is very logical that once we solve our problems, we should be able to increase our efficiency and effectiveness, Incidentally, we can’t eliminate problems unless we opt for the final exit—the very thought of this itself is stressful! 5. What causes our problems? Well, roughly speaking one third of our problems are there because we are alive and kicking; another one-third of our problems are created by ourselves; and the remaining one-third of our problems exist because of greed and ego. 6. When too many problems are causing you enormous stress and strain, do the following: (@ Think...there must be a better way to solve these problems. It helps to remember the crow and jug story! Recall similar stories and incidents. (ii) Ask, ask, ask...from yourself and from others, how to do things in better ways. May be certain things should not be done at all or: be clubbed with other setiies| forget that even stupid questions will ge (iii) Do it now! Start doing it. Don’t forget th to begin. The first step is the most diff disease or a problem in itself. Do n which are “C” category jobs should and recheck till these get done. ‘There is always a silver lining in any gloon and feed the opportunities. For every | solutions point towards opportunities. e a 18 mf EncusH-Core-XI (READING) Scanned with CamScanner8. Apply the MISER concept to solve problems. MISER...where M stands for Merge, I for Improve, S for Simplify, E for Eliminate and R for Reduce. MISER is an excellent conceptual sieve that helps in reducing many problems to a very few ones. —Pramod and Vijay Batra Word- Meaning: Attitude—way of thinking or behaving; {72417 consider—think; frat FU! postpone—defer; zafia a1, Zell procrastinate—delay or postpone action; fara = za-wia oH rationalization—justification; sifeii magnificent—splendid; Wg! correlated—mutually related or connected; WE" Wait! determines—decides; froa cM stress—pressure or worry resulting from mental or physical distress; *@'al logical—correctly reasoned; 749° efficiency—ability to work well; ‘ar4-gre| incidentally—by the way; yarazii eliminate—remove; 74 FE! enormous—huge; fet! strain—severe demand on ‘one’s mental or physical strength, resources, abilities etc.; 77141 exist—continue living; f= i clubbed—grouped together; 7#2a1 Fe! stupid—foolish; ydarpii priorities—ranking according to importance; Hea & aqar maferrat delegated—entrust; #71! conceptual— based on idea; 4411 sieve—wire mesh or gauge; Bl Questions: On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the questions given below by choosing one of the options that follow: (1 x 6 = 6 Marks) 1. Most people procrastinate because .... ‘ (a) they are not creative (6) they adopt a wrong attitude (c) they are too lazy to do anything _(d) they wait for better opportunity 2. Our future is determined by ... (a) past failure (b) success in the present (c) efforts in future (d) attitude towards past failures or success 3. Our effectiveness gets reduced as z " (a) problems multiply (b) depressing time is painful (c) stress is caused by problems (@) problems dishearten us 4, We can’t eliminate problems because 2 (a) we are alive and kicking (b) we are inactive canes (c) we are afraid of final exit (d) we postpone actions - 5. The best way to tackle a problem is od * (a) to defer it for sometime () to seek help of a friend (c) to think of an easy solution (d) to begin at once 6. The word ‘procrastinate’ in para 1 means a n (a) obtain with difficulty (6) natural tendency to do something bad (c) delay or postpone action (d) start a court case B, Answer the following questions briefly: (1x 4=4 Marks) T Yow ean we justify that fear of failure is an attitude problem? 2. How can efficiency and effectiveness be inereased? 3. What are factors that cause our problems? 4. What steps should be taken to avoid stress? uid r C. Pick out the words/phrases from the passages which are similar in meaning to the following: (1x 2=2 Marks) 1. Delay or postpone action (para 4) 2, Hopeless (para 7) Scanned with CamScanner