ENGLISH Ff WORDS DEFINITIONS EXAMPLES [7 [SENTENCE [A group of words which makes complete |1 am a boy, Salposses: sense is called a sentence 2. | SUBJECT Tire part which names the Tam a boy F pe person or thing we are speaking about___| Rama kicked the aba. 3. [ PREDICATE The part whichtells us something Yam a boy 75 ial [about the subject ‘4. [NOUN JA noun is a word used as the ‘Akbar was a great king, name of a person, aplace a thing The Rose smells sweet, DEFINT The Sun Shines bright. 8. |ADJECTIVE [An abjective is a word used to He is a brave boy. 22AACT jadd something to the meaning of anoun | Sitais a clever gir, He gave me five mangoes, 6. [PRONOUN 7. [VERB 8. [ADVERB to the meaning of a verb The flower is very beautiful lof objective of another adver The man walks very slowiy, 8. [PREPOSITION (A preposition is a word placed before ‘There is a cow in the garden, a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation |The girl is fond of music the person or thing denoted [A pronoun is a word used instead Shon is absent because he Wp lof a noun “The books are left where you eg, \ rd them, [A verb is a word which expresses ; doing Rama walks. (or) being (or) possessing The pen is black. aM lan adverb is a word used fo add something | The worked the sum quick \25\F 26, by it stands in regard to something else. 0. | CONJUNCTION A conjunction is a word used to join wards | Rama & Hari are cousins, 4. JINTERJECTION [An interjection is @ word which expresses | Hurrahl We have won the game a lor sentences. (ran fast but missed the train, F some sudden feeling, Surprise, Joy, Sorrow. _| ALAS! She is dead. | COMMON NOUN 3. |PROPER NOUN (A Common Noun is 2 name given in Girl, Boy, Town, Country. common to every person or thing of ithe sane class or kind. he |A’proper noun is a name of some particular | Sita, Hari, Caicutla, India. person of place. | COLLECTIVE NOUN |A Collective Noun is the of a number {Crowd, team, heard, army, nation, | | 1 (or collection of persons of things taken | parliament, committee. together and spoken of as one whole. { ABSTRACT NOUN |An abstract noun is usually the name Goodness, brightness, honesty. \ lof a quality, action or state cst theft,childhood, youth, slavery from the object to which is belongs death, poverty. x] NOMINATIVE CASE |When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the | Rama kicked the ball. ject of the verb. John threw a stone. ACCUSATIVE OR When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the | The horse kicked the boy. —- object of the verb. The book is in the desk.; |POSSESSIVE Ca DATIVE CASE called the D; 20] INDEFINITE ative Case, 21 DEFINITE ARTICLES 22, ACTIVE VOICE This a's is is Ram, ‘SUmbrelia, Rama gave Hare tar A doctor an aN a i 8, aN enemy boy, @ union, [Rese wa; | ) The cat loves comfort Who did this? 25 PASSIVE VOICE Hariis helped by Rama By whom Was this done? 24 {MOOD = Waite to my brother even wea 25 |PARTICIPLE A participle is a word which = parily Ahunting & | Verb and partly an abjective We met ott carrying a basket of et of flowe 26|GERUND A Gerundis that form of the verb th 27,/DIRECT SPEECH which ends in ing and has the force of a noun ans a verb. Hunting tigers is a favourite {Sport in this country, We may quote one’s actual words Rama said “Tam very busy now" 28] INDIRECT SPEECH L We may report what one said without quoting one’s exact words Rama said that he was very busy then, TENSE iS THAT FORM OF AVERB WHICH SHOWS THE TIME AND THE STATE OF ACTION OR EVENT, STUDY THE FOLLOWING TABLE ON TENSES OF THE VERB TO LOVE. Voice Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous | Present —Aative Tiove Tam Pe : T fave Bed 4 | he BecnTovng loved | am being lover have been love Pact: Rave. | Kaede | had loved | had loved {had been foving passive Iwas loved’ | {was being loved | had been ved, tu i st t shall have ial possve _- [1ahek be kved | mM Sette eas | “teattmeteen ney Active Voice to Passive Voice in past tense Tense Form Active Voice Bassive Voice: Past Indefinite ‘Sachin Wrote a letter Aletter was written by Sachin Past Continuous: Sachin was writing a letter ‘Aletter was being weiter by Sachin Past Perfect Sachin had written a letter ‘Alelter had been writtem by Sachin Active to Passive in future tense Future indefinite Zia will sing a song ‘A song will be sung by Zia Future Perfect Zia will have sung @ song “Asong will have been sung by Zia_|DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Ex: He said “lam unwell” He sald thiat he was unwell, Past Continuous Present Continuous x He seid "My father He said that his father Is writing a Book" was writing a Book Present Perfect Past Perfect Ex He said "I have He said that the had passed the examination” the examination. Future Tenes Shatt Should wilt Would ‘Simple Past Past Perfect Ex: He said "The horso He said that the horse died in the night” hhad died in the night. imperative 5 “Said tot Ordered, requested wamiag ‘tc., depensting on the : Nature of sentence, Don't oF D0 not to rot to Ex: The masier said to the The mastered ordered ‘servant ‘o ‘post the etter. the servant to post the at once" ietter at once. Exclamation Alas Exclaimed with sorrow Hurrah | Exclaimed with Joy Sony Exclaimed with regret Oh Exclaimed with contempt Brave ‘Applauded x They said ‘Hurrah! we ‘The exclaimed with have wor the match Joy they had won the match. Simple Present Simple Past ae DIRECT SPEECH CHANGE OF VERB. is oram = INDIRECT SPEECH ‘ShallWill ‘ShouldAwould has or have Had Was or Were: Hedbson May... Might Can, Could CHANGE OF WORDS DENOTING NEARNESS Now Then This: That Thess Those Here There Thus So P90 Before Today: Thatday Tonight That night Tomorrow The next day Yesterday ‘The previous day Just Go Next Week The following Week Ex: eeid "Lam glad to He said that ne was glad be here this evening tobe thers that evening OPERATIVE Good Moming Wished Good night bade Good bye bade Farowell boie Wish or Prayer Wished or preyed Ex he said tome Exc He wished me “Good Morning Good Morning Sx: The old women x The old woman wished said to her son that her son might “May you live long live tong, PREPISITIONS| Enemity Grif Hated | key } Longing tepe On | Match Nead Passion Quarrel ae at Regret t WORDS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS Certain Verbs, Nouns Adjectives are always followed by a Particular Prepositions VERBS FOLLOWED | NoUN PREPOSITIONS|ADJECTIVE PI Witt ‘Accepisbia To Accumes For Afraid To Bind In Blessed With Confident For Eligible For Engaged in "amous af Gifted With Hostlie At Honesty, in impatient To deatous For Lisbie For Necessary or Nobdous Or jiged With Open For Preferable of 1 Qualified REPOSITIONS|GRAMMAR a ‘ONE - WORD SUBSTITUTIONS Positive; Noothertowm in india as large ar Calcutta | 1; Fel: Thatch ends nda Comparative: Caleta ager anany orto nls 2 Endist a person wh thinks only of himsotf ‘Suppurative : Calcutta is one ofthe largest town in Ince 3. Riset |: Ono who blows in God INTERCHANGE OF EXCLAMATORY +. jous : Person with bad reputation SENTENCES 7 ICES TOASSERTIVE SENTENCES Same: | Somaon i nate pu dais 1. How bonus is might can be hei . gS | Arson who Is Iaeant to pain or | 2, im geysumtatles ye, % Its sad to think that you Semite, _¢ Toffee anything fom gern. 3. Totinxotourmestig heey Rmiie A iacoct parame te its strange that wo should meet ner. : focussed ata meeting | INTERCHANGE: IVE SENTENCES iSrewman | “Scoeaget Seance’ | NTERCHINGE OF AEFRUAT Gemipoient = Who all overt NEGATIVES SENTENCES: Qmaipotent: Whalis present every whore 1+ was doubt wheter was you. jotimist who looks at the bright side of lie Saree ckeire tet RGR eee gg wtehcantbe easly akan ~ Brutus was not who fve for Caesur . Tee Totaler: a person wha is total abstainer form all alcoholic '3,- He is greater than me. is moat Damonre To. speak Va not so great as he. Gua UND CONJUNCTIONS 18. Glutton who eats too much: COMPOUND. 39. Parasiie = who ives on others Word See in lotrel 20, Sxeculive : a man of singular ten oor he s mad, or he feigns madness Sees Ce meme nethernor Its nother useful nor omamental 22. Naromcibataperson mba canet be saslyappscied. | Sane, ebahlow ant nono Sena open ae ae 24. Transient : ‘which lasts for a short time. Whether-or Ido not care whether you go for stay 25. infalibie = who cannot maka a mista NotonioutslsoNotonly hes foolsh but also obstinale 26. Patricide : The murder of one’s own father Even if Se eee 27. Regicide : The murder ofa king vas just | 2 See oie eo fone SeEatnnctaevensem poe Tel: Very Reo Asif He looks as if he ware weary INTERCHANGE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ESSAY’ IN JOASSERTIVE SENTENCES: 4. Wes he not a villain to do such a deed? He was a villain to do such a deed 2. When can thelr glory fade? Their gloy can never fade 3. Why wasie - time in reading trash? , i extremely fooish to wasle me tn reading rash, CONVERSION OF SIMPL SENTENCES TO ‘COMPOUND SENTE! He mst work very aro make vp for elastin. emurlworkvery herd ard ste un forte est tne Compound: He must work very herd or he wal not paces sone Hing teat gest nee Compound: You must elther pay the bil at ence or DEGRE! MPARISION, fly dear Fother. Dar Uncie, +. Write the Essay dividing into paragraph 2, The Essay should consiat of introduction, body and corculsion 2) Make the Introduction interesting ') Keep the parts of the body of the essay in proper proportion and take pains in choosing ‘up paragraphs } Make the conculsion affective and satisfying. Write na simple, concise, clear direct and natural style. PRECIS HINTS Supply a short ttle which will express the subject. ‘Tae length or number of words should not exceed more than presoribed. Express the passage in your own words, and not in quotation from the passage. Condense the passage by remodelling rather than by more omission. 8: Your precis must eelf contained and connected whole. 6. Add nothing, make no comments, correct not faci. 7, Lotthe language be simple. he ops Yours affectionately, your loving 608 oF | Deor Brother, ec, tector ' 5 Doar Kama, Sear Gop Near long tend t 32, BUSINESS Dear Sire, Gentieman ste Yours faithfully, yours truly | 3 News PAPER Es Yous ty | 3 ABPLICATION Sr, Your respacty Tom Adwots& Date should be wien on the top sght hand sie of heer ) 8.R.K. AGENCIES, VAYAWADA-12. Rs. 4-00