Name 205

Shipbuilding Materials and Metallurgy

Presentation No: 16
Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Gafur
PP&PDC, BCSIR and Adjunct Faculty, MIST

CERAMICS/GLASS
 Ceramics
• The term “ceramic” comes from the Greek word
keramikos, which means “burnt stuff,” indicating that
desirable properties of these materials are normally
achieved through a high-temperature heat treatment
process called firing.
• Ceramics is commonly defined as the art that deals with
the design and fabrication of object made from fired
clay. It is no more are but becomes Science and
technology

• Ceramics can be defined as inorganic crystalline

materials. Beach sand and rocks are examples of
naturally occurring ceramics.
• Now it is considered as oxides, carbides, nitrides of
Metals and Non-metals
 Ceramic Structure

Cesium Chloride Rock Salt Zinc Blend

Fluorite Perovskite
 Coordination number in Ceramic system
Show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for the coordination number
3 is 0.155.
 Two Factors
• Charge Balanced
• CN
 Phase Diagram of Ceramics
Al2O3-Cr2O3 MgO-Al2O3
ZrO2-CaO
SiO2-Al2O3
 Ceramics
• Non-crystalline • Traditional Ceramics
• Crystalline • Advanced/Fine
Ceramics
TYPES OF CERAMICS
 Glass
• The glasses are a familiar group of ceramics; containers,
lenses, and fiberglass represent typical applications.
• They are noncrystalline silicates containing other oxides,
notably CaO, Na2O, K2O, and Al2O3, which influence the
glass properties.
• A typical soda–lime glass consists of approximately 70 wt%
SiO2, the balance being mainly Na2O (soda) and CaO
(lime).
• The compositions of several common glass materials are
contained in Table 13.1. Possibly the two prime assets of
these materials are their optical transparency and the
relative ease with which they may be fabricated.
Composition, Application of Glass
 Glass-Ceramics
• Most inorganic glasses
can be made to transform
from a noncrystalline
state to one that is
crystalline by the proper
high-temperature heat
treatment.
• This process is called
crystallization, and the
product is a fine-grained
polycrystalline material
which is often called a
glass–ceramic.
Continuous cooling transformation
diagram for the crystallization of a lunar glass (35.5
wt% SiO2, 14.3 wt% TiO2, 3.7 wt% Al2O3, 23.5 wt%
FeO, 11.6 wt% MgO, 11.1 wt% CaO, and 0.2 wt%
Na2O).
Properties and Applications of Glass–Ceramics

• Relatively high mechanical strengths; low coefficients

of thermal expansion (to avoid thermal shock);
relatively high temperature capabilities; good dielectric
properties (for electronic packaging applications); and
good biological compatibility.
• Some glass–ceramics may be made optically
transparent; others are opaque.
• Possibly the most attractive attribute of this class of
materials is the ease with which they may be
fabricated; conventional glass-forming techniques may
be used conveniently in the mass production of nearly
pore-free ware.
 Application of Glass-Ceramics
• Glass–ceramics are manufactured commercially
under the trade names of Pyroceram™,
Corningware™, Cercor™, and Vision™. The most
common uses for these materials are as
ovenware, tableware, oven windows, and
rangetops—primarily because of their strength
and excellent resistance to thermal shock.
• They also serve as electrical insulators and as
substrates for printed circuit boards, and are used
for architectural cladding, and for heat
exchangers and regenerators
 Refractory
• Refractory materials are important
components of the equipment used in the
production, refining, and handling of metals
and glasses, for constructing heat-treating
furnaces, and for other high-temperature
processing equipment.
• The refractories must survive at high
temperatures without being corroded or
weakened by the surrounding environment.
 Types of Refractories
• Typical refractories are composed of coarse oxide particles bonded by
a finer refractory material.
•The finer material melts during firing, providing bonding. In some
cases, refractory bricks contain about 20% to 25% apparent porosity to
provide improved thermal insulation.
• Refractories are often divided into three groups—acid, basic, and
neutral—based on their chemical behavior (Table 15-7).
 Acid refractories

• Common acidic refractories include silica, alumina, and fireclay (an impure
kaolinite). Pure silica is sometimes used to contain molten metal.
• In some applications, the silica may be bonded with small amounts of
boron oxide, which melts and produces the ceramic bond.
• When a small amount of alumina is added to silica, the refractory contains
a very low melting-point eutectic microconstituent (SiO2-Al2O3 P. Dia))
and is not suited for refractory applications at temperatures above about
1600°C, a temperature often required for steel making.
• When larger amounts of alumina are added, the microstructure contains
increasing amounts of mullite, 3Al2O3 2SiO2, which has a high melting
temperature.
• These fireclay refractories are generally relatively weak, but they are
inexpensive.
• Alumina concentrations above about 50% constitute the high-alumina
refractories.
 Basic Refractories
• A number of refractories are based on MgO
(magnesia, or periclase). Pure MgO has a high
melting point, good refractory properties, and
good resistance to attack by the basic
environments often found in steel making
processes.
• Olivine refractories contain forsterite, or
Mg2SiO4, and also have high melting points.
• Other magnesia refractories may include CaO or
carbon. Typically, the basic refractories are more
expensive than the acid refractories.
Neutral Refractories: These refractories, which include
chromite and chromite-magnesite, might be used to
separate acid and basic refractories, preventing them from
attacking one another.
• Special Refractories Carbon, or graphite, is used in many
refractory applications, particularly when oxygen is not
present. Other refractory materials include zirconia (ZrO2),
zircon (ZrO2 SiO2), and a variety of nitrides, carbides, and
borides.
• Most of the carbides, such as TiC and ZrC, do not resist
oxidation well, and their high temperature applications are
best suited to reducing conditions.
• Silicon carbide is an exception, however; when SiC is oxidized
at high temperatures, a thin layer of SiO2 forms at the
surface, protecting the SiC from further oxidation up to about
1500°C.
• Nitrides and borides also have high melting temperatures
and are less susceptible to oxidation. Some of the oxides and
nitrides are candidates for use in jet engines.
End