Cambridge IGCSE™(9–1)

* 2 2 9 6 0 6 6 0 6 5 *

GEOGRAPHY 0976/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2022

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed) Ruler

Calculator
Protractor

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total, one from each section.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question
number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 75.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 32 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (DE) 320595
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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows information about the population structures of Africa, Asia and
Europe in 2018.

0%
90 10
0%
80 20 90 10
80 20
70 30
60 40 70 30
50
Europe
Europe 60 40
50
0% Asia
90 10
80 20

70 30
60 40
50
Africa

Key
percentage of total population

0–24 years

25– 49 years

50 years and over

Fig. 1.1

(i) Define the term population structure.

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(ii) Complete Fig. 1.1 using the following information about the population of Europe.

age (years) percentage of total population

25–49 35

50 and over 38
[2]

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(iii) Describe the differences between the population structures of Asia and Africa in 2018.

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(iv) Explain why life expectancy has increased in many countries during the last 50 years.

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(b) Study Fig. 1.2, which is a population pyramid of Japan (an MEDC in Asia).

male age female

(years)
95–99
90–94
85–89 old
80–84 dependent
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
economically
40–44
active
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14 young
5–9 dependent
0–4
10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10
percentage of total population

Fig. 1.2

(i) Describe three features of Japan’s population structure which are typical of an MEDC.

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(ii) Explain why the percentage of young dependents in an LEDC is likely to be larger than
that of Japan.

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(c) For a named country you have studied, describe the difficulties which result from having a
large dependent population.

Name of country ..........................................

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2 (a) Study Figs. 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 (Insert), which are photographs taken in three different urban
land use zones.

(i) Which urban land use zone is shown in Fig. 2.1?

Underline one answer in the list below.

CBD industrial open space residential [1]

(ii) Describe the land use shown in Fig. 2.2.

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(iii) Suggest a possible location within an urban area for the land use zone shown in Fig. 2.2.
Give reasons for your answer.

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(iv) Explain why land use zones such as the one shown in Fig. 2.3 are often located in the
rural–urban fringe.

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(b) Study Fig. 2.4, which is a map showing land use changes in Paris, France (an MEDC in
Europe).

N
modern
inner ring road airports
(motorway) built
built
growth poles
(areas of new
houses, office
high-rise
parks and
flats built
shopping
centres)

people moved
out of the
centre
new houses
new towns
built in rural
built
surroundings

express metro
system (RER)
0 5 10
built
km

Key
airport city boundary growth pole
new town high-rise flats express metro (RER) line
river

Fig. 2.4

(i) Identify the three land use changes which would be most likely to reduce traffic problems
in Paris.

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(ii) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of building new airports in the rural–urban
fringe of Paris for the people who live in the city.

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(c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe the effects of urban sprawl on the natural
environment.

Name of urban area ..........................................

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows two weather instruments used to collect information about the
wind.

NW N

W NE

SW E

S SE

Fig. 3.1

(i) Using Fig. 3.1, state the direction from which the wind was blowing.

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(ii) Name the two weather instruments shown in Fig. 3.1.

1 ....................................................................

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(iii) Where should the instruments in Fig. 3.1 be located?

Give reasons for your answer.

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(iv) Describe the impacts of tropical storms on people living in coastal communities.

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(b) Study Table 3.2, which is information collected at a weather station at Damas, Costa Rica, in
2016.

Table 3.2

temperature
month max min relative humidity rainfall
(°C) (°C) (%) (mm)
Jan 31 22 81 59

Feb 32 22 78 30

Mar 33 23 77 43

Apr 32 24 81 163

May 31 23 85 416

Jun 31 23 86 415

Jul 31 23 86 437

Aug 31 23 87 490

Sep 30 23 87 532

Oct 30 23 88 606

Nov 30 23 88 386

Dec 31 22 85 153

(i) Using Table 3.2 only, compare the conditions experienced at Damas between January
and March with those experienced between August and November.
Do not use statistics in your answer.

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(ii) Explain how information about relative humidity can be collected for a period of one
month.

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(c) For a named river you have studied, explain how flooding is being managed.

Named river ..........................................

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4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), which is a map showing the distribution of earthquake zones and
volcanoes.

(i) Identify the compass direction in which the Nazca plate is moving.

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(ii) Identify the type of plate boundaries at Y and Z shown in Fig. 4.1.

Y ........................................................................................................................................

Z ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Describe the distribution of earthquake zones in Fig. 4.1.

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(iv) Explain why earthquakes cause more deaths and injuries than volcanic eruptions.

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(b) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), which shows information about Montserrat where the Soufrière Hills
volcano erupted between 1995 and 2000.

(i) Using Fig. 4.2, describe the location of Montserrat. You should only refer to plates and
their boundaries.

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(ii) Explain why there was a volcanic eruption on Montserrat.

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(c) For a named area you have studied, explain what has been done to reduce the impacts of
earthquakes.

Name of area ..........................................

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Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows information about the number of people using tourist
accommodation in France (an MEDC in Europe) between August 2015 and June 2017.

25

22.5

20

17.5
number of
arrivals 15
in millions
12.5

10

7.5

0
g
p
t
v
c
n
b
r
r
y
n
l
g
p
t
v
c
n
b
r
r
y
n
Ju
Oc

Oc
Ma
Ap

Ma
Ap
No
De

Ma

No
De

Ma
Au
Se

Ja
Fe

Ju

Au
Se

Ja
Fe

Ju
2015 2016 2017

Fig. 5.1

(i) How many people used tourist accommodation in France in September 2015?

...................... million [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the seasonal variation in the tourist industry in France.

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(iii) Suggest reasons why the number of people visiting tourist destinations in France varied
during the period shown in Fig. 5.1.

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(iv) Explain two likely benefits for people living in an area where there are many tourists.

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(b) Study Figs. 5.2 and 5.3 (Insert), which are photographs taken in Kotor, a tourist destination in
Montenegro, Europe.

(i) Describe three different attractions for tourists in the area shown in Figs. 5.2 and 5.3.

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(ii) Suggest how the tourist industry may cause problems for people living in or around
Kotor.

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(c) For a named example of an area where tourism is important, explain why there are concerns
about its impact on the natural environment.

Name of area ..........................................

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6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which shows information about the generation of electricity in Germany (an
MEDC in Europe) in 2019.

35

30

25

20
percentage
of total
15
energy
generated
10

0
coal natural wind solar other nuclear
gas power power renewables power
energy source

Fig. 6.1

(i) Complete Fig. 6.1 to show the following information:

percentage of electricity produced from natural gas = 16% [1]

(ii) Name two types of renewable energy which could be included in the bar for ‘other
renewables’.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Using Fig. 6.1 only, compare the use of renewable and non-renewable energy in
Germany. Use statistics in your answer.

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(iv) Germany generated twice as much electricity from renewable sources in 2019 than it did
in 2010. Suggest reasons for this increase.

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(b) Study Fig. 6.2, which is a scatter graph showing information about GDP per person (a
measure of wealth) and electricity use per person.

16 000
Canada
14 000
USA
12 000

New Caledonia
10 000
Taiwan Cayman Is
electricity use Aruba Australia
per person 8000
(kWh) Russia Japan
6000
Hong Kong
Puerto Rico
4000
China
2000

0
0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000
GDP per person (US$)

Fig. 6.2

(i) Describe the relationship between GDP per person and electricity use per person shown
by Fig. 6.2. Use examples of countries and statistics to support your answer.

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(ii) Many countries use large amounts of electricity. Explain why there are concerns about
the impacts of electricity generation on the global natural environment.

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(c) For an area you have studied, explain how the risks to the local natural environment of a
named economic activity are being managed.

Name of area ..........................................

Economic activity ..........................................

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Additional pages

If you use the following pages to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be
clearly shown.

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The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply
official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
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To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
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at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

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Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 0976/12/O/N/22