From this structure we can see that the bonds 35 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)

broken are six C–H bonds and one C–C bond.

Bonds ΔH / kJ mol–1 Bonds H / kJ mol–1
33 B The bond enthalpy is the energy required broken (endothermic) formed (exothermic)
to homolytically break 1 mole of bonds O=O +498
in gaseous molecules under standard
2H–H  2 × (+ 436) 4 × O–H  4 × (–464)
conditions. The bond enthalpy of the C≡O
bond is therefore represented by B, CO(g) → Total = +1370 = –1856
C(g) + O(g).
ΔH = ΣE(bonds broken) – ΣE(bonds formed) =
A and C are wrong because the products
(+1370 + (–1856)) kJ mol–1 = –486 kJ mol–1
formed must also be in the gaseous state
(Answers will vary slightly depending on the
and C(s) is present. C and D are wrong
values used! The bond enthalpy for the O–H
because the equations also represent the
bond given with the question differs from that in
formation of O=O bonds with O2(g) as a
Section 11 of the IB data booklet.)
product.
36 B The reaction for the hydrogenation of a
34 H2C=CH2 + H2 → H3C–CH3
double bond is
ΔH = ΣE(bonds broken) – ΣE(bonds formed)
–CH=CH– + H2 → –CH2–CH2–
Bonds ΔH / kJ mol –1
Bonds H / kJ mol –1

broken (endothermic) formed (exothermic) Bonds ΔH / kJ mol–1 Bonds ΔH / kJ mol–1

broken (endothermic) formed (exothermic)
C=C +612 C–C –(–347)
C=C +612 C–C 347
4C–H  4 × (+413) 6 × C–H  6 × (–413)
H–H  +436 2 × C–H  2 × (–412)
H–H +436
Total = +1048 = –1171
Total = +2700 = –2825
ΔH = ΣE(bonds broken) – ΣE(bonds formed)
ΔH = ΣE(bonds broken) – ΣE(bonds formed) = = (+1048 + (–1171)) kJ mol–1 = –123 kJ
(+2700 + (–2825)) kJ mol–1 = –125 kJ mol–1 mol–1
This is the full method, and is totally correct.
(Note that the bond enthalpies given in the
However, it is simpler to ‘cancel out’ the four
question differ from those in Section 11 of
unchanged C–H bonds:
the IB data booklet.)
Bonds ΔH / kJ mol–1 Bonds H / kJ mol–1
37 C C2H4(g) + F2(g) → CH2FCH2F(g)
broken (endothermic) formed (exothermic)

C=C +612 C–C –(–347 ) Bonds ΔH / kJ mol–1 Bonds ΔH / kJ mol–1

broken (endothermic) formed (exothermic)
2 × C–H 2 × (–413)
C=C +612 C–C –347
H–H +436
4C–H  4 × (+436) 4 × C–H  4 × (–436)
Total = +1048 = –1173
F–F 158 2 × C–F  2 × (–467)
ΔH = ΣE(bonds broken) – ΣE(bonds formed) =
Total = +2514 = –3025
(+1048 + (–1173)) kJ mol–1 = –125 kJ mol–1
(Answers will vary slightly depending on the ΔH = ΣE(bonds broken) – ΣE(bonds formed)
values used! The bond enthalpies given with the = (+2514 + (–3025)) kJ mol–1 = –511 kJ
question differ from those in Section 11 of the IB mol–1
data booklet.) (Note that the bond enthalpies given in
the question on page 234 differ from
6