APPROVAL SHEET

This project entitled “Preparation of Topographic Map of Jigjiga University by

Using GIS and Remote Sensing” by Surafel Wondimu, Tekalign Kifle, Seid Muhammed,
Natinael Abate, and Mustafa Ibrahim is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Surveying Engineering.

Examiners

___________________

___________________

___________________

Supervisors

___________________

___________________

___________________

Chairman

___________________

Date

___________________

PLACE JIJIGA UNIVERSITY

i
 DECLARATION

We declare that:

1. This document is done by following guidelines prepared by the surveying engineering

department.

2. This written submission represents our idea in our words and where others idea or words have
been included.

3. We have efficiently cited and referenced the original source.

4. We also declare that we have adhered to all principle of academic honestly and integrity.

S.NO Name of Student ID No Signature

1. Surafel Wondimu ………………………R/1602/09 _____________________

2. Tekalign Kifle….………………………..R/1635/09 _____________________

3. Seid Muhammed……………………......R/1509/09 _____________________

4. Natinael Abate……………………….….R/1337/09 _____________________

5. Mustafa Ibrahim………………………..R/1313/09 _____________________

ii
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT REPORT ENTITLED

PREPARATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF JIGJIGA UNIVERSITY BY

USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

IS GENUNE WORK DONE AND SUBMITTED

BY

THE GROUP MEMBERS

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE

OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (BSC) IN SURVEYING ENGINEERING

AT

JIJIGA UNIVERSITY

PROJECT ADVISOR Mr. KRISHNAN DEVENTHIRAN

&

HEAD OF SURVEYING ENGINEERING & CO-ADVISOR

Mr. ABDIFETAH SHEIKMOHAMED AHMED

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 ACKNOLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to thanks to the God for successful completion of our project in
peaceful way.

Secondly we are very much indebted to thank respectfully our instructor and advisor Mr.
KRISHNAN DEVENTHIRAN for his precious ideas, support and tolerance throughout the
course of our studies program and this thesis project work.

Finally, we would like thank our head of department and co-Advisor Mr. ABDIFETAH
SHEIK MOHAMED AHMED for the support he has provided throughout our project
preparation.

iv
 ABSTRACT

Topographic map have proved to be effective, legitimate and convincing media to

demonstrate to external agencies how community value, understands interacts with its traditional
lands and immediate space. Topographic maps represent features on the earth's surface by means
of symbols and labels; separate colors distinguish the main classes of map features. The amount
of information shown on a topographic map depends on the map scale, the purpose of the map.
This project describes the main preparation of map information and the methods by which they
are shown. Topographic maps Jijiga University also detail both the natural and manmade
features of a landscape, Natural features includes tree while manmade features include roads,
fences, buildings and fountain. Jijiga University is depends on natural feature, manmade feature
of Jijiga university generate topographic map by using GIS software.

v
TABLE CONTENT

Contents
APPROVAL SHEET ....................................................................................................................... i

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii

CERTIFICATE .............................................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................. iv

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... v

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1

1. Inroduction ................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Back Ground of the Study...................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Objective ............................................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 General objective ............................................................................................................ 2

1.3.2 Specific Objective........................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Project Questions ............................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Scope of the Project............................................................................................................... 3

1.6 Significance of the Project .................................................................................................... 3

1.7 Description of the Study Area ............................................................................................... 3

1.7.1Climate............................................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Questions to be answered for Literature Review for the Project .......................................... 5

vi
 2.2 Guiding the Literature Review about the Project .................................................................. 6

2.3 Steps to be followed for the Literature Review..................................................................... 8

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 9

3 Methodology And Material Used For The Project ............................................................. 9

3.1 Project Methodology and Materials ...................................................................................... 9

3.2 Materials and Software........................................................................................................ 10

3.2.1 Geographic information system (GIS): ........................................................................ 11

3.2.2 Google earth ................................................................................................................. 11

3.2.3 Digital elevation model (DEM) .................................................................................... 12

3.2.4 Satellite image .............................................................................................................. 12

3.2.5 Total station .................................................................................................................. 13

3.2.6 GPS: .............................................................................................................................. 13

3.3 Data collection..................................................................................................................... 14

3.3.1 Primary data sources ..................................................................................................... 14

3.3.2 Secondary data Sources ................................................................................................ 15

3.4 Office work ......................................................................................................................... 15

3.4.1 Arc GIS software .......................................................................................................... 15

3.4.2 Add satellite image of Jijiga University in to ARC MAP ............................................ 15

3.4.3 Create personal geo database, feature dataset, and feature class .................................. 16

3.4.4 Georeferencing ............................................................................................................. 17

3.4.5 Digitizing ...................................................................................................................... 18

3.4.6 Layout view .................................................................................................................. 35

3.4.7 Topographic Map Of Jigjig University ........................................................................ 37

3.4.8 Data interpretation: ....................................................................................................... 38

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CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................... 40

4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................... 40

4.1. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 40

4.2. Recommendation ................................................................................................................ 40

4.3 Reference ............................................................................................................................. 41

viii
 List of Figure

Figure 1 Location of study area ..................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2 Methodology Of Flow Chart ......................................................................................... 10

Figure 3 Satellite image of Jijiga university area 30 m resolutions .............................................. 15

Figure 4 Adding satellite image of Jijiga University .................................................................... 16

Figure 5 Connecting Folder .......................................................................................................... 16

Figure 6 Create feature data and feature class .............................................................................. 16

Figure 7 Change the spatial reference of satellite image ............................................................. 17

Figure 8 Georeferencing satellite image ...................................................................................... 17

Figure 9 Satellite image of Jijiga university area map .................................................................. 19

Figure 10 Jijiga University satellite image boundary map .......................................................... 20

Figure 11 Jijiga University boundary map................................................................................... 21

Figure 12 Jijiga University blocks map ...................................................................................... 22

Figure 13 Jigjiga University Management Building .................................................................... 23

Figure 14 Jijiga University Main Road Map ............................................................................... 24

Figure 15 Jijiga university Main road map .................................................................................. 25

Figure 16 Jijiga university tree map........................................................................................... 26

Figure 17 Jijiga university Green area map ................................................................................. 27

Figure 18 Jijiga university bare land map ................................................................................... 28

Figure 19 Jijiga university Sewerage map .................................................................................. 29

Figure 20 Ethiopia Digital elevation model map ........................................................................ 30

Figure 21 Jijiga university Digital elevation model map ............................................................ 31

ix
Figure 22 Jijiga university contour map ..................................................................................... 32

Figure 23 Jijiga university slope map ......................................................................................... 33

Figure 24 Jijiga university aspect map......................................................................................... 34

Figure 25 Topographic map of Jijiga University ......................................................................... 37

x
 List of Table

Table 1 Software And Materials ................................................................................................... 10

xi
 ACRONOMY

GIS-Geographic Information System

GPS-Global Positioning System

DEM-Digital Elevation Model

JJU- Jigjig University

IOT Institution of Technology

MS Microsoft office

WGS 1984 World Geographic System

xii
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INRODUCTION

1.1 Back Ground of the Study

A topographic map is typically published as a map series made up of two or more map
sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line segments that connect but dot not
intersect elevation on a topographic map. A topographic map is a detailed and accurate graphic
representation of cultural and natural features on the ground. Other authors define topographic
maps by contrasting them with another type of map; they are distinguished from smaller-scale.
Our study area is bounded regarding to Jijiga campus; since it is one of the large government
institutions, it contains different feature classes that should be represented by topographic map.
Maps have been used for human being for long time for different purposes like exploration and
essential tools to define, explain and navigate the way through the world. Topographic map have
proved to be effective, legitimate and convincing media to demonstrate to external agencies how
community value, understands interacts with its traditional lands and immediate space.
Topographic maps on the other hand do deal with the third dimension by using contour lines to
show elevation change on the surface of the earth, (or below the surface of the ocean). Contour
lines placed on the map represent lines of equal elevation above (or below) a reference datum.
To visualize what a contour line represents, picture a mountain (or any other topographic
feature) and imagine slicing through it with a perfectly flat, horizontal piece of glass. A
topographic map is a two-dimensional representation of a three- dimensional land surface.
Topographic maps are differentiated from other maps in that they show both the horizontal and
vertical positions of terrain. Through a combination of contour lines, colors, symbols, labels,
and other graphical representations, topographic maps portray the shapes and locations of
mountains, Forests Rivers, lakes, cites, roads, bridges, and many other natural and manmade
features. Topographic surveying is the process of determining the positions, on the earth's
surface, of the natural and artificial features of a given locality, and of determining the
configuration of the terrain. The location of the features is known as plan meter and the

1
configuration of the terrain is known as topography. The topographic map shows by means of
suitable symbols, the spatial configuration of the earth's surface, which includes such features as
hills and valleys; other natural features such as streams, oceans, seas and man-made features
such as buildings, roads, canals, cultivation, etc. The principal data required for topographic
mapping are elevation and distance. Topographic mapping to describe any features that found on
the earth surface by its symbol. For this project it is possible to identify (describe) the objects on
map or on topographic mapping. The feature that found in Jigjig University such as building,
different of road, pole, different types of trees, electric pole and describe the parking of the road
on the map. To prepare the topographic mapping the Jijiga campus by using different types of
surveying instruments such as global position system GPS and using surveying software.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In Jijiga campus, the construction of any design work is based on the oldest topographic map.
But the oldest map does not include the currently built buildings, green areas, new fences, new
road, waste disposal sewage area, fresh cafeteria. Therefore, this makes problem in order to
know the information of the feature of topographic map of Jijiga University. The previous
topographic map of our campus does not describe some features with their clear symbol for a
person who has not full information of the location of the area. The topographic map of the
Jijiga University does not prepared in modern way. This may make problem for new comers of
the area to identify what is present earlier and what is added now. The earlier topographic map
of Jijiga campus is not attractive based on current feature condition and topography.

1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General objective

The general objective of the project is to identify the exact location of natural and manmade
features or objects such as building, road, green area, tree, on the map with their symbol clearly
in Jijiga University as Topographic Map.
1.3.2 Specific Objective
• To identify the terrain type of the area whether it is up or down of the land for the
construction of the building and roads.

2
 • To locate the features on the paper format that present on real world.
• To identify the position of any feature using 3D coordinate.
• To prepare topographic map by using GPS instrument and geographic information
system software.
• To indicate features with symbolic representation on map.
1.4 Project Questions

1. What are the advantages of using topographic map?

2. What does topographic map show?
3. What are the problems in existing topographic map of Jijiga campus?
4. What types of instruments and software’s are necessary to prepare topographic map?

1.5 Scope of the Project

The scope of this project is the preparation of a Topographic Map is bounded of the Jijiga
University. The Topographic Map shall show all natural and man-made features of the Jijiga
Campus which shall be collected by the GPS instrument and shall be processed and generated
by GIS. All the on-going improvements and construction at the Campus shall be shown as well
as the future land expansion and development areas.

1.6 Significance of the Project

Topographic maps are used for different activities and the Topographic Map of the Jijiga
University might prove beneficial to the whole university Community specifically for the
Planning Department. Also it increases better understanding how to represent futures on map.
Generally, for this project topographic map helps established vertical accuracy, horizontal
control points, boundary determination of the deformation and selection of new planning
pipelines.

1.7 Description of the Study Area

Jijiga University, founded in 2007 E.C, it’s a public university located in Ethiopia Somali
region at a distance of 629km far from the center of Addis Ababa. The total catchment area of
Jijiga university have 350 hectare puts the university it includes all classrooms, student dorm,

3
staff residence, green area, pod soil, tree area, lecture residences, building, different types of
road, trees, green area and blocks etc. the Jijiga university provides under graduates with an
extra ordinary range of academic programs .The project area is in Jijiga university. At the Jijiga
University there are different features or objects that can be founded. The blocks are divided into
class room, cafeteria, library, management offices, dormitories, toilet, waste disposal based on
their location and service. Generally, on the topographic map of Jijiga University, there are
different manmade and natural features, which can be found with different shapes and uses for
different services. This location can be seen on the satellite images taken from the world earth
Google.

Figure 1 Location of study area

1.7.1Climate

In Jijiga ,the climate is warm and temperate .in winter, there is much less rainfull in Jijiga than in
summer. The kopper-Geiger climate classification is CWB.the average annual temperature in Jijiga is
19.4C.the rainfall here averages 712mm.the driest month is december.there is 6mm of precipitation in
december.with an average of 127mm,the most precipitation falls in august.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Questions to be answered for Literature Review for the Project

The questions to be answered in Literature Review of the project include the questions which
are raised in thesis projects. These includes:-

➢ What are the advantages of using topographic map?

Topographic map is a great importance in many important studies that relate to various areas of
life, because they accurately represent all phenomena on the surface of the earth. That means, all
natural monuments and land marks that are manmade. The topographic map of the most
important tools used by the geographical and geological engineer, planned, agricultural, and
schools, the soil, military and others, because it is the basis for land use classification and
planning for engineering projects, and in urban planning, and evaluation of urban, agricultural,
and expense trends on the surface of the earth, and prepare designs of road and rail ways and
extending pipes and building air ports. It is also used to choose towers and power lines, and in
the study of soil erosion and irrigation projects and mineral exploration, and national defense,
and as the basis for map. One of the most important means of studies Geomorphologic and
geological, because it shows comprehensive information about region. It also helps contours on
map topographic on relating forms of the surface of the earth and knows the aspects of
geological and geomorphologic in the region.

➢ What does topographic map show?

Major geographic land forms may not change, but smaller scale features can alter their land
forms with in years. Symbols of a topographic map show forests, green area, political
boundaries, roads, buildings, rail road’s, block, fountain, sewerage area, rivers, lakes, dams and
swamps. The various features shown on map are represented by conventional signs or symbols.

➢ What are the problems in existing map?

5
There is problem in design standard of the existing topographic map, renewal of the existing
map, improvements to be needed in the area of existing map, including of different feature
classes, brief description of features in their color, shape, type and geographical location where
they are located. Additionally, the involvement of new infrastructures, green areas, buildings,
trees are necessary to improve. The planning body in Jijiga University has the responsibility to
improve the topographic map of Jijiga University in correlation with Jijiga municipality,
Ethiopian map agency and regarding body. Previously, topographic map of this area may be
done for different purposes of construction of any design work. But it is necessary to include to
have newly included information attentively.

➢ What are the software and surveying instruments used for preparation of topographic
map?
The software’s used for preparation of topographic map includes:-GIS software’s, Google earth
The materials used for preparation of topographic map includes:- GPS, GIS software, Google
earth, total stations, MS EXCEL, and so on.

2.2 Guiding the Literature Review about the Project

The first basic guiding Literature Review that we have used for our project is conceptual
modeling. It includes mental mapping, comparing what is the previously existing situation and
current situation, what should be improved, and realizing what we have learnt in previous
courses. The second guiding Literature Review is historical development of Topographic Map.
The word topography is derived from the Greek words topo, meaning a place, and grapier,
meaning to write. Thus topography is the written, or drawn, description of a place. Although the
basics of land surveying were known as early as 1200 B.C and perhaps even earlier, the use of
surveying techniques in preparing maps was limited to cities and other small-scale areas. Larger-
scale maps were prepared from sketches or journals kept by explorers and sometimes reflected
more imagination than observation. As a result, the exact position of points on a map was often
grossly in error. In 1539, the Dutch mathematician and geographer Reiner gamma frisius
described a method for surveying an area by dividing it into triangles. This concept of
triangulation became one of the basic techniques of field surveying and is still used today. One

6
of the first large-scale mapping projects using triangulation was started in the 1670 by Giovanni
Domenico Cassini, who had been persuaded to make a detailed map of France. After Cassini
death, his children and grandchildren continued to labor on the project. The final result, called
the carte de Cassini was published in 1793 and was the first accurate topographic map of an
entire country. Its only shortcoming was the general lack of elevation measurement, other than a
few spot elevations determined by measuring the variation in air pressure with altitude using a
barometer. The concept of contour lines to show different elevations on a map was developed by
the French engineer J.L. dupain-triel in 1791. Although this method allowed the accurate
depiction of land contours and elevations on flat, two-dimensional map, it was not widely used
until the mid-1800s.In the United States, the federal government recognized the importance of
accurate topographic maps in a rapidly growing country. In 1807, President Thomas Jefferson
established the survey of the coast to map the Atlantic coastline as an aid to travel and
commerce. In 1836, this organization was renamed the U.S. Coast survey, and in 1878 the name
changed to the U.S. Coast and geodetic survey. US Topo maps are the current generation of
USGS topographic maps. The first of these maps were published in 2009. They are modeled on
the legacy 7.5-minute series of the mid-20th century, but unlike traditional topographic maps
they are mass produced from GIS databases, and are published as PDF documents instead of as
paper maps. US Topo maps include base data from the National Map and other sources,
including roads, hydrographic, contours, boundaries, woodland cover, structures, geographic
names, and an aerial photo image. Additional features such as Federal land boundaries, a symbol
legend (as a file attachment), and shaded relief are being added to newly produced or revised US
Topo maps. Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys. Performed at large scales,
these surveys are called topographical in the old sense of topography, showing a variety of
elevations and landforms. This is in contrast to older cadastral surveys, which primarily show
property and governmental boundaries. The first malty-sheet topographic map series of an entire
country, the Carte geometrique de la France, was completed in 1789.The Great Trigonometric
Survey of India, started by the East India Company in 1802, then taken over by the British Raj
after 1857 was notable as a successful effort on a larger scale and for accurately determining
heights of Himalayan peaks from viewpoints over one hundred miles distant

7
2.3 Steps to be followed for the Literature Review

Topographic surveying and the preparation of a topographic map of the terrain is therefore
generally the first step in the planning and designing of a major civil engineering project. There
are necessary steps that are needed for the execution of the project. The first stage in Literature
Review is the determination of the location of the study area needed. This focuses on at where
the study environment located. It involves consideration of newly built or constructed features.

The second stage is mental mapping or conceptual modeling. It is related with determining what
is the problem regarding to the existing situation (problem identification). The third stage is
documentary work. It includes reading of different sources regarding to the topic from internet,
topographic books and so on. This makes to decide the weakness and strength of the work. The
purpose of Topographic surveying is to gather data necessary for the construction of the
topographic map that displays both the plan metric and topographic features such as industrial
plants, rail ways & high ways, irrigation & drainage scheme, hydroelectric power station, a
building complex and bridges, tunnels and dams. The user of the map should be able to interpret
the map as a model of the ground. They are necessary aids in the design of any engineering
project that requires consideration of landforms, elevations or gradients. They also furnish
necessary data for economists, geologists, and others interested in the general development of
natural resources. Topographic surveying and the preparation of a topographic map of the terrain
is therefore generally the first step in the planning and designing of a major civil engineering
project. Topographic maps also use standardized cartographic conventions to represent
additional features such as the color blue for water and green for forests. A topographic map, is
distinguished from other kinds, portrays by some means the shape and elevation of the terrain.
Geological Survey topographic maps usually represent elevations and landforms, the shapes into
which the earth’s surface is covered by natural forests and the contour lines. Other features are
shown by a variety of conventional signs, symbols, lines, and patterns, which are printed in
appropriate colors and identified by names, labels, and numbers.

8
 CHAPTER THREE

3 METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL USED FOR THE PROJECT

3.1 Project Methodology and Materials

For well execution of the project the team uses different methodologies and procedures, develop
and gather necessary data. In a simple form all the methods that are method of data collection,
analyzing and procedures are demonstrated below.

Flow chart

Downloaded Satellite Image

Google Earth 7.3.2
1-Satellite Image Of Jigjiga
University

2-Digital Elevation Model Of

GIS Add Satellite Image

Of JJU And DEM OF
ARC catalog
ETHIOPIA

line
Road
UTM
database
Polygo Georeferencing
Adindan
Block 37N
n
point Bare Land Digitizing
Green Area Feature Of
Tree
JJU
Sewerage
-Boundary
Manageme Layout

nt Building View Of -Block

Each -Tree
Water Tank
Features
-Green Area
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF JIGJIGA UNIVERSITY 9
-Bare Land
Roads
Figure 2 Methodology Of Flow Chart
3.2 Materials and Software

Different material and software used this project

• Google earth:
• GIS:
• Digital elevation model(DEM)
• Satellite image
• Total station:
• Global position system (GPS):
• Personal computer(pc)
• A4 paper
• MS office word
Table 1 Software and Materials
No Name Uses
To editing or digitizing, analysis and
1 Arc GIS 10.3 version software
make map.
For reconnaissance and locate the
2 Google Earth
blocks.
For Arc GIS and digital work, write
3 Personal computer(pc)
excel sheet
4 MS office word To write attribute and GPS data.
used to collect data by using of
5 Global position system(GPS)
survey style.
To record GPS data, register socio
6 A4 paper economic data, used to prepare
documentation.
is to measure horizontal and vertical
7 Total station angle and slopes distance is a single
integrated unit.

10
3.2.1 Geographic information system (GIS):

Geographic information system/GIS/ is defined as an information system that is used to

input, store, retrieve, manipulate and analyze output geometrically referenced data or geo spatial
data in order to support decision making for planning and management of land use, natural
recourses, environment, transportation, urban facilities and other administrative records.

Geographic information system

• It is information about placed on earth’s surface

• It is knowledge about what at a given location

What is GIS?

• A GIS data base that is designed to work with map data

• All information is GIS must be linked to a spatial referenced.
• A data base is a collection of related information that permits the entry, storage, input,
output and organization of data.
• GIS is a digital system for the acquisition, management, analysis and visualization of
spatial data and the event /attribute/ for the purpose of planning.

3.2.2 Google earth

Google earth is a computer program formerly known as key whole view that renders a
BR representation of earth based primarily on satellite imagery. The program maps the earth by
super imposing satellite image aerial photography and GIS data on to a BR globe analyses user
to see cities and land scups from various angle. User can explore the globe using a keyboard or
mouse the program can also be down loaded on a smart phone or tablet using a touch screen on
stiller to navigate. Users may use the program to add their own data using key hole markup
language upload them through various sources such as for much or blog. Google earth is able to
show various kind of image over laid on the surface of the earth and it’s also a web map service
client. Recently Google has revealed that Google earth now covers more than 98 percent of the
world and has captured 10 million mile of street view imagery a distance that could circle the
globe more than 400 times. Google earth is could base geo spatial analysis satellite image of our

11
planet scientists and nonprofit uses earth engine for remote sensing research, predicting distance
outbreak, natural resource management and more.

3.2.3 Digital elevation model (DEM)

Is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference
datum, DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. DEM is used to
determine terrain attributes such as elevation at any point, slope and aspect. Terrain feature like
drainage basins and channel network can also be identified from the DEM. DENs are widely
used in hydrologic, analyses, hazard monitoring, natural resources exploration, agricultural
management, etc.,. Hydrologic application of the DEM include ground water modeling
estimation of the volume of proposed reservoir, determining land sued probability , flood prone
area mapping, etc.. DEM is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain model /DTM/ and
digital surface modeling/DSM/. DEM is a subset of the DTM which also represents other
morphological element.

3.2.4 Satellite image

Satellite image has properties of high resolution and multi spectral; it is originally used in
the military and environment field. but it is used more and more in field of map production,
agriculture, forestry, planning of national land establishment of city plan, etc. lately possibility
of periodic data acquisition of satellite image and diverse satellite image between hyper spectral
and high resolution satellite image makes the satellite image makes the satellite image and the
important resources for the record of national land. So, it is necessary to preserve the satellite
image which contains the change of geographic information, national land, and environments
for the form of digital library or museums. Through many government organizations self-
governing body and public research institution make use of satellite image and do its own
project under the base of satellite image now in Korea insufficient corporation and co-work
result in over lapping purchases of satellite image widely. In addition processing of satellite
image is done using foreign soft ware because of non-systematic management of the
developing technology and this facts result in the mass budget waste for each year. For the
solution of these problems it is necessary to establish the service which gives and manages the

12
information of satellite image systematically and distributes information to the institute which
needs Greely.

3.2.5 Total station

Modern surveying system typically consists of an electronic total station; electronic field
book and software used the office for processing data. Total station is a function is to measure
horizontal and vertical angle and slopes distance is a single integrated unit. It usually connected
to an electronic field book. The principal reason for this is that the field book keyboard does not
transfer the force used to press the key to the total station. In operation the total station is set up
over the required point and its height over the survey station measured. Then the operator points
at a prism or target and initiates a reading. Usually this is done by pressing a key on the field
book. In some system it may be a key on the electronic total station. While the basic data sent by
the electronic total station consists of slope, distance, horizontal angle and vertical angle, other
data may be included in the data stream. This may include units settings, parts per million
(PPM) value for the electronic distance measurement (EDM), and prism constant being used,
etc. additionally, calculated values such as coordinates, azimuths, and horizontal distances may
be transmitted. electronic total station can also have a variety of function to improve efficiency
and accuracy. Some of these may be correction for columniation, curvature and refraction and
horizontal angle and vertical angles to compensate for the tilt of the vertical axis. The electronic
field book basic function is to store the raw data gather in the field including horizontal and
vertical angles, slope distance height for instrument and target, temperature, and pressure, point
numbers and descriptive codes. .

3.2.6 GPS:

GPS which stands global positioning system is the only system today able to show your
exact positioning on the earth any time, in any whether. The global positioning system originally
harvester GPS, is a satellite based radio navigation system owned by the united state
government. Once the receiver calculates its distance from four or more GPS satellites, it can
figure out where you are earth is surrounded by navigation satellites. GPS is the space based
global navigational satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all

13
weather and at all time. It can measure the distance; coordinate. While collecting data, we used
stop and go technique. GPS is used to:-

To determine and decide the best window (s) to be used to collect GPS data based on satellite
availability and geometry.

To decide the optimal number of GPS receivers and personnel for the project and make the
necessary arrangements. To plot the survey design, taking into account of control requirements,
network configuration, travel time between sites, satellite window and logistical constraints.
Generally the field work process by GPS instrument is defining as the following; before start the
collect field data by GPS adjust the time of geographical position system. After adjust the time
start survey control to create new folder or new job and adjust all of geographical position
system (GPS) operation to do the collect field data.

3.3 Data collection

Basically, there are two types of data sources that helped us to provide this project successfully.
These are primary data sources and secondary data sources.

3.3.1 Primary data sources

Primary sources include: - down loading satellite image of Jijiga University at 30m resolution
from the Google earth maps.

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 Figure 3 Satellite image of Jijiga university area 30 m resolutions
3.3.2 Secondary data Sources

Secondary data sources includes:-

Field data collection by using GPS, Google earth, GIS, DEM, document from internet access, journal
paper from Google and different written books and so on.

3.4 Office work

3.4.1 Arc GIS software

The technology of GIS has developed so, fast over the past one decade that it is now accepted as an
essential tool for the effective use of geographic information. It is used to in our project. After
downloading satellite image from Google earth map
3.4.2 Add satellite image of Jijiga University in to ARC MAP

We add the data of Jijiga university satellite image that downloaded from Google earth in to ARC MAP

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 Figure 4 Adding satellite image of Jigjiga University
3.4.3 Create personal geo database, feature dataset, and feature class

Connect the folder we create previously create personal geo database, add the satellite image and create
feature dataset, and feature class

Figure 5 Connecting Folder

Figure 6 Create feature data and feature class

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3.4.4 GEOREFERENCING

We have done Georeferencing before we start any work

To make the internal coordinate system of satellite image or digital map of Jijiga University to
be related to the ground system of geographic coordinate system in the process first change the
spatial reference of satellite image to WGS 1984

Figure 7 Change the spatial reference of satellite image

Figure 8 Georeferencing satellite image

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3.4.5 Digitizing

Converting of Jijiga university satellite image into vector data by tracing the feature. During the
digitizing process, feature from the traced map or image are captured as coordinate in point, line
and polygon format

Digitized Jijiga University features

Boundary
• Blocks
• Roads; including main road and second road
• Barer land
• Green area
• Contour line
• Aspect
• Tree
• Sewerage
• Slope
• DEM

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Figure 9 Satellite image of Jigjiga university area map

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Figure 10 Jigjiga University satellite image boundary map

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Figure 11 Jigjiga University boundary map

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Figure 12 Jigjiga University blocks map

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Figure 13 Jigjiga University Management Building

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Figure 14 Jigjiga University Main Road Map

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Figure 15 Jigjiga university Main road map

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Figure 16 Jigjiga university tree map

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Figure 17 Jigjiga university Green area map

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Figure 18 Jigjiga University Bare Land Map

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Figure 19 Jigjiga university Sewerage map

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Figure 20 Ethiopia Digital elevation model map

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Figure 21 Jigjiga University Digital Elevation Model Map

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Figure 22 Jigjiga university contour map

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Figure 23 Jigjiga university slope map

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Figure 24 Jigjiga university aspect map

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3.4.6 Layout view

To this point most of the work that we have done with GIS is what is called data views. Arc
view allow us to generate specific lay outs that include multiple frames of the data, charts, tables
lay out is selected from the component of GIS.

A lay out lets us assemble all the components you want to appear in a map, arrange them
together to get the design you want, and them print it out when it’s ready. In lay out these are
available through the out tool bar Manu of these buttons have similar functions to those in the
view window except they apply to the lay out and do not change what is actually in the frame.

For example, the zoom in/out and pan options charge the amount of the page that you see but
what gets printed in the end is still what is inside the page boundaries. A new set of items are
available. From the insert menu that will allow you the frames that contain existing data

Frames, tables, charts and pictures. Select the type of frame you want to add and drag out a
square in the layout window. There are a number of frame properties available for each frame
that can be explored at your leisure.

After a data frame has been added a layout can add scale bars, north arrows, and legends etc.
that that corresponds to the view-if you have multiple frames you can chose which frame the
scale and legends are also cited with. When working with multiple frames make sure that the
one you are working with is the active frame in the table of contents. Like any frame or object in
other vector-based programs. Frames can be moved and layered, occasionally when a frame is
moved the layout display will refresh correctly click on the refresh view bottom at the bottom of
the screen. The page size of the lay out and properties can be configured by selecting page setup
in the file menu you can also create your own lay out template, so you can create a standard map
design for you or other people to use.
Creating a new layout
i. Open the view and display your view
ii. From the view menu, choose layout

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iii. the dialog box appears, click the template you want to use for you lay out i.e., either portrait
or landscape.
iv. Press ok, Arc view creates a layout of your view

Add a scale bar

Click the scale bar frame tool; Use the mouse to define where you want the scale bar to be
drawn. The scale bare properties dialog appears and Choose the name of the view frame already
in the lay out that you want the scale bare to be associated with, and the other properties of the
scale bar. Scale bar Used as scale of topographic map. The producer of add scale bar in given
map as follow.

i. From the menu go to insert dialog box

ii. Click Scale Bar Properties

iii. Apply

iv. Ok.

Add Legend

Like a scale bar, a legend on a layout is associated with one of the view frames on the layout. If
the content of the view represented by this view frame change, the entries in the legend change
automatically too. so to add a legend as follow.

i. From menu bar go to insert dialog box

ii. Click Legend Select the Content we want to view on Map Next

iii. Finish

Add North arrow:

Used for indicating the direction. To add north arrow as follow
i. From menu bar
ii. Insert dialog box
iii. Select north arrow
iv. Ok

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3.4.7 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF JIGJIG UNIVERSITY

Figure 25 Topographic map of Jigjiga University

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3.4.8 Data interpretation:

The map is a graphical representation, at an established scale, of a part of the earth's surface,
showing important natural and manmade features in their correct positions relative to a
coordinate reference system and to each other. Data can be interpreted in many ways. Among
these, feature color, size, location, type, use, generalization and so on. On the other hand, many
persons who use maps are not concerned with exact ground elevations but are more interested in
the general appearance and shape of the land. For them, contours are the graphic means of
visualizing the terrain and an aid in locating positions on the map. The map design is dependent
on the raw data that can be collected from the field using different instrument and the collected
data transferred into a computer using different software. So, topographic map design can be
started from this raw data. However, data collection is only the first step. Generally, in order to
make map more readable, it should contain:-Clarity, Order and Balance.
Color:-In our project, green color indicates trees. The mapmaker must always make a judicious
selection of the features that it is desirable to portray.
Shape:-The features on map are interpreted in different shapes such as point, line and polygon.
Each of these our project units is composed simply as a series of one or more co-ordinate points,
for example, a line is a collection of related points, and a polygon is a collection of related lines.
Point:- A zero-dimensional abstraction of an object is represented by a single X, Y co
ordinate. A point normally represents a geographic feature too small to be displayed as a line
or area; for example, in our project trees and are represented by point.
Line:-A set of ordered co-ordinates that represents the shape of geographic features too
narrow to be displayed as an area at the given scale or linear features with no area. The road is
a connection of interlinked poly lines.
Polygon:- A polygon is defined by the lines that make up its boundary and a point inside its
boundary for identification. Polygons have attributes that describe the geographic feature they
represent. The buildings, green area are represented on map by rectangular shape. In addition
to the above, the data can be interpreted by providing topographic map elements. Elements
that are found generally on all maps, specifically on topographic maps include the distance or

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scale, direction, legend, sources of information and how the map was processed, and
orientation and location.

Distance or scale:- Map scale is the relationship of the size of the map to the size of the ground
area it represents. For example, the relationship may be expressed as a linear equivalent, such as
1cm to 1 km--meaning that 1cm measured on the map represents 1km on the ground.

Distance or scale must always be indicated or implied, unless the audience is so familiar with
the map area or distance of such little relative importance that it can be assumed by the
audience. or it may be expressed in many other ways. The scale of Survey maps is given in the
form of a ratio or fraction, without dimensions; the numerator is the distance on the map, and the
denominator is the corresponding distance on the ground.

Direction:-The question of what is north can be an issue on some maps. On the earth, true north
(the direction to the North Pole) differs from magnetic north, and the magnetic north pole moves
due to changing geophysical conditions of the earth's crust and core. Many reference maps
indicate both. Most maps we compose are oriented to true north, even though compass readings
in the field are angled to the magnetic pole.

Legend:-The legend lists the symbols used on a map and what they depict. These symbols
should appear in the legend exactly as they are found in the body of the map and be described
clearly and fully. The legend should receive careful attention.

Contour Lines: - are curves that connect points of equal elevation. Contours are lines that
connect points at the same height above sea level and are plotted using vertical aerial
photographs. The closer these contours are the steeper the gradient. However, the height
difference between one line and the next is always the same throughout the map. This is called
the contour interval. The results of project are to prepare topographic map of Jijiga University
by using GIS software. By considering all the map design elements discussed above the
prepared topographic map of the project area which is Jijiga University is as follows:-

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1. Conclusions

Generally, preparation of topographic map is very essential for any engineering activities to
execute the job in different areas. Differential GPS is selected for data collection in connection
with Controller. Now a day’s the topographic map are very essential in a diverse fields of work,
which are very common in the day to day activity of human beings such as design of road ,study
of the contour interval, and to know building construction area.
Topographic map of Jijiga university is includes different features (objects) that can be found in
nature and artificial (manmade).So, topographic map is used for the university to study the
slopes, elevation, maximum contour interval, minimum contour interval, the location of
infrastructure and different types of construction.
General topographic map shows the feature of earth surface on the paper by using their symbol,
color, size and different shapes. In our project, trees are represented by green color with point
feature. Buildings are represented by polygon shape with white color. Road is represented by
poly line. Electric poles are represented by point feature.

4.2. Recommendation

The preparation of topographic map is highly useful for different purpose if the data is collected
carefully by modern instrument like GPS satellite receiver. So, the recommendation is lists as
following:
It is recommended that providing internet access for student is needed in order to get necessary
information. Enough laboratory room should be provided for the successful completion of any
project. Since Global position system and Geographic information system are the most two key
advanced sources for preparing topographic map, should be provided in better way. For the
future, the planning body should plan to provide the map with modernized way. Requirements
needed for the project like supply of instruments and adequate time schedule should be greatly
improved by the department to enhance convenience.

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4.3 REFERENCE

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