The Era of Imperialism

Imperialism
• The world experienced the era of ___________ imperialism
with the colonial period of the Americas.
• New Imperialism occurred with the colonization and
European influence in Africa, Asia, and Oceana.
• Imperialism is the practice or policy of extending a state's
rule over other territories or nations.
• Direct Imperialism: through ________________,
economic, or military means, the imperial power may take
over the government of a particular territory
• What are examples of direct imperialism?

Colonialism
• The effort by one country to establish _______________
and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles
on such territory.

New Imperialism Emerges

• European countries were focused on _______________
since the Age of European Exploration.
• The 1500s and 1600s saw European settlements and
trade with the Americas.
• The Industrial Revolution gave _______________ a
technological edge which helped to usher in the era of New
Imperialism.
• Industrialization made Europeans desire more raw
materials, markets for their manufactured goods, and places
to invest their capital for higher rates of return.
Five Reasons for Imperialism
• Economic: Imperial governments and _______________
companies wanted maximum profits. Expanding into other
areas helped them get cheaper labor, natural resources,
and new markets
• Exploratory: Some people went out to _______________r
areas that were unknown to them, others went for scientific
or medical research, while others loved the adventure.
• Ethnocentric: Imperial nations believed that they were
somehow superior to other nations or ethnic groups.
• Political: Patriotism, power, or the ability to reduce a threat.
• Religious: People went out to convert others to their
religion.

Age of Exploration
• Portugal and _______________ led the way for European
exploration and colonialism.
• Prince Henry the Navigator was a major patron of
exploration.
• Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of
Africa.
• Spain funded Columbus’ travels to find a route to the
East Indies – He found the Americas but didn’t realize
it.
• Amerigo Vespucci explored the coast of
_______________ and wrote that this must be a new
continent.
• Ferdinand Magellan's fleet was the first to
circumnavigate the world.
Cortes & the Aztecs
• Cortes landed at Tabasco in __________ without the
permission of the Spanish monarch.
• He had 500 soldiers, 100 sailors, and 16 horses
• Cortes defeated the coastal American Indian groups
and found an enslaved female translator, Malinche,
who spoke Aztec and Maya.
• Cortes learned of strife within the Aztec Empire and headed
towards the capital all while gaining allies like the Tlaxcala.
• When he and his now 1000 soldiers arrived at the capital,
Tenochtitlan, they were invited into the city where they
kidnapped Montezuma II.
• Montezuma was killed when the Aztec rebelled
against the Spanish.
• __________________ hit the Aztecs and ravaged their
population diminishing chances to defeat the Spanish.

The Collapse of the Inca

• Pizarro went into South America 180 Conquistadors.
• Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca was consolidating his new
power and wanted to use the Spaniards as an example
• He invited them to the capital without having his army
have _______________.
• The Spanish attacked and kidnapped Atahualpa and held
him for ransom.
• The Inca gave the largest _______________ in the
history of the world to that point, but still put
Atahualpa on trial and executed him by strangulation
• Smallpox also came in and ravaged the Inca
The Slave Trade
• Portugal 1st introduced _______________ in Brazil to farm
• After 1621 Dutch West India Co. transported thousands to
the New World
• England's Royal Africa Co. entered in the late 1600's
(Caribbean & N. America)
• 50 million Africans died or became _______________
during the 17th & 18th century

The Columbian Exchange

• For Europeans: improved _______________ (potato,
tomato, corn, beans, vanilla, chocolate, & tobacco),
increased wealth, and the rise of global empires
• For the American Indians: catastrophic diseases
• Disease: From 1492-1600 90% of the population died from
smallpox, syphilis, and other diseases
• Diet: Wheat, sugar, _______________, and coffee
• Animals: Cows, pigs, goats, sheep, chickens, & horses

Independence
• 1776 – 13 of the 26 British colonies declared independence
• The United States wins the Revolutionary War.
• The Caribbean Colonies remain in _______________
hands.
• 1804 – Haitian Revolution liberated Haiti from the French
• Toussaint L’Ouverture was a self-educated former
slave who led the revolt but was captured by the
French.
• Simon Bolivar, inspired by the concept of
“_______________, equality, and fraternity”
• When Napoleon took control of Spain for a time, the
 colonies sought to have self-rule

Mexican Independence
• Father Miguel _______________ started to call for freedom
within Mexico but would eventually be captured and
executed by the Spanish.
• “My children, will you be free?” -Hidalgo
• Hidalgo’s following shrank when he called for an end
for slavery and improved conditions for Native
Americans.
• Father Jose Morelos tried to follow in the footsteps of
Hidalgo, but was also captured and _______________ in
1815.
• Agustin de Iturbide fought against the revolutionaries, but
then switched to their side for fear that they would win and
bring in sweeping liberal change, he was successful at
defeating the Spanish, gaining independence in 1821.
• Agustin named himself Emperor Agustin I, but was
overthrown and a republic was set-up.

Bolivar & San Martin

• San Martin joined the fight for independence in South
America
• He helped _______________ gain independence in
1816 , Chile in 1818, and the rest of the Spanish
colonies of South America with Bolivar by 1824.
• Bolivar tried to create a unified nation known as Gran
_______________ but it failed due to bitter rivalries and
power struggles.
• “We have achieved our independence at the expense
of everything else”
 • These rivalries caused civil wars to break out in
various locations, slowing the progress of South
America

New Imperialism: Markets

• In the late 1800s, many _______________ and industrialists
believed that annexing overseas territories was the only way
for their nations to ensure economic success. So, one
reason for the new imperialism was economic.

New Imperialism
• The Industrial Revolution brought in the new
_______________, communication, science, transportation,
and industry giving Europe an advantage when seeking new
colonies.
• It also pushed nations to find raw materials & new
markets.
• Contradiction:
• Many of the areas claimed by _______________ and
Americans, however, were not profitable sources of
raw materials or wealthy enough to be good markets.
The philosophy was new colonies also showed power
by kilometer.
• The economic justifications for imperialism cannot be
separated from intensely nationalistic ones.

Nationalism
• Nationalism is a common bond shared by a
_______________ of people who feel strongly attached to a
particular land and who possess a common language,
history, and culture, marked by shared achievements and
 sufferings.
• Nationalists state that one’s highest loyalty should be given
to the nation.
• They exhibit great _______________ in their
people’s culture and history and often feel that their
nation had been chosen or is simply better than the
others.

New Imperialism Mixes with Nationalism

• Politicians and _______________ hoped that possession of
colonies would unite the nation with pride and end political
instability in certain areas.
• This was important to newly unified countries such as
Germany and _______________.
• Nationalism led to imperialism.

Social Darwinism
• Social Darwinism was a theory that stated
_______________, groups, and peoples were subject to the
same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and
animals
• The theory of evolution justified the exploitation of
“lesser breeds” by “superior races” and was an
incorrect theory.
• Descent of Man (1871)
• Applied Evolution to the social order (people).

Social Darwinism and Imperialism

• Europeans (and Americans) would repeatedly suggest that
 they had evolved more than _______________ and
_______________, which allowed them the right to rule
others.
• The Japanese would also say they evolved more
than the Chinese.

Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903

• Spencer coined the phrase “survival of the fittest” to
describe the outcome of competition between
_______________social groups.
• Social Darwinists were blatantly racist.
• They applied evolution to the social order.
• Ideas of racial superiority associated with Social
Darwinism gave Europeans the conviction that
natural laws destined them to lead “the civilizing
mission.”

Lasting Implications
• Social Darwinism had long-lasting implications.
• It promoted the __military_____________ build-up
that led to World War I.
• It would become the core doctrine of the Nazi party.
• Provided a “scientific” and “ethical” justification for
genocide in the 20th century.
• Some of this racist ideology is still observed
today, like among Neo Nazis.

Rudyard Kipling’s White Man’s Burden

Take up the White Man’s Burden –
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simply,
An hundred times made plain,
To seek another’s profit,
And work another’s gain.
• What does Kipling think are the duties of imperial nations?

• Who makes the profit?

• Why would the “White Man” exhibit pride?

The Scramble for Africa

• European expansion in Africa occurred at a
faster_______________ rate than anywhere else during the
era of New Imperialism.
• As late as 1880, European nations ruled only a tenth
of the continent.
• By 1914, Europeans claimed everything except
_______________ (a small territory for freed slaves
from the U.S.) and Ethiopia (who defeated the
Italians).

What were the Motives for Colonization?

Berlin Conference
• Otto von Bismarck felt that the _______________scramble
could cause war among the European states.
• Bismarck called an international conference in Berlin in 1884
for the nations to discuss boundaries and prevent a war.
• African nations were not invited.
• They made the Congo a __________free_____ trade
zone. Belgium’s King Leopold was supposed to help
the nation.
• Outlawed slavery and the slave trade.
• Allowed Liberia to remain free.

Explorers
• Dr. David Livingstone was a
missionary_____________________ in Africa but worked
like an anthropologist.
• Adamantly opposed the African slave trade.
• Wrote about the culture and people of Africa.

Egypt
• Sold cotton as a ________cash crop on the international
 market
• Financed the Suez Canal through foreign loans,
encouraged to do so by France and Britain
• The loans were too burdensome, and the government went
bankrupt and was overthrown by the army in
1881__________
• Britain defeated the army and installed administrators to
ensure repayment of their loans for the Suez Canal and
access to the path to India

West Africa
• In the early 1800s, Usman dan ______pido revolted against
the European rulers and set up a nation in northern Nigeria.
• Literacy rates increased_______________, local
warfare decreased, and trade improved.
• In time, new rulers asked Europeans to help get rid of
the Asante rulers, ending their independence from
within.
• In due time, France controlled much of sub-Saharan West
Africa minus 4 British colonies.

German Empire in Africa

• In 1884 and 1885, germany_______________ declared
protectorates over Southwest Africa.
• German imperialism was short-lived, involved few Germans,
and produced no significant economic returns.
• Genocide in Southwest Africa
• 1904 genocide_______________ of the Herero
people.
King Leopold
• King Leopold II was a leader of a small country, Belgium,
but had large ambitions.
• He sought to gain a colony_______________ in Africa by
making a “non-profit” organization in the Trade-Free in
independent Congo.
• The Non-profit was a front for his colonial aspirations.
• The Belgium congo_______________ is known for its
extreme brutality in search of profit.

Rubber Harvest
• Congolese would be kidnapped and forced to collect rubber,
high up in the trees.
• They had to make sure they did not ruin the tree or
cut off the _______________,tree if they did, they
would be killed.
• Their families would be held as prisoners until the
individual harvested enough rubber.
• If he did not harvest enough rubber for that
day, he would watch his family members be
punished.
• All the _______________profits from the harvest went to
King Leopold II as it was his personal colony.

Southern Africa

The Dutch Arrive

• The Dutch arrived in southern Africa in 1652__________
and set up a colony.
• This was a settler colony, but the Dutch government
did not back them.
 • Voortrekkers or Boers
• They stayed in Southern Africa until the British set up a
colony. When they could not defeat them, they moved
north.
• The event is known as the great_______________
Trek.
• When the Dutch moved north, they started to fight
against the Zulu for land.

Shaka Zulu
• Unified the Nguni People
• He has been called a military genius_______________ for
his reforms and innovations, and condemned for the
brutality of his reign.
• While unifying his area militarily, a mass migration to the
north occurred as people escaped from war.
• Matters grew worse when the _______________, or
Dutch showed up, as they were escaping from the
British.
• The Dutch guns were too strong against Zulu spears.

The Boers and the British

• When _______________diamonds were discovered in the
north, the British sought to take over the territory as well.
• The Boer Wars lasted from 1899-1902.
• Bitter guerillar_______________ fighting
• British sent up concentration camps where they
would put captured family members of Boer fighters.
• In the end, the British were victorious.

South Africa
 • After a series of bloody wars, the British arranged with the
Boers for a white-only _______________ruling class.
• Apartheid
• “Separateness” – the policy that segregated non-
whites and granted virtually no civil rights in South
Africa.
• This system would continue until 1990s.
British India

Mughal India
• The Mughal Empire had reigned in _______________ for
more than 200 years but was weak in the mid-1700s.
• 1600s—Portuguese control trade in Goa.
• 1661—British East India Co. controlled trade in
_______________.
• 1691—British establish port of Calcutta.
• The Indians were annoyed with Europeans but did not see
them as a threat.

The British Move In

• British, French, and _______________ companies
established trading posts and strategic places.
• These were not run by the European governments,
but by companies.
• Often, the man of the companies married Indian
women and some adopted some of their customs.
• They hired Indian troops (_______________) to
defend them.
• By the early 1800s the British East India Company had
pushed the French out of south India and controlled vast
territories.
 • Britain used military force to subdue local independent rulers
in India.

Sir Robert Clive

• He fought for the British East India Company and the British
Crown in 1757 against the French and Indian
_______________ that allied themselves to the French.
• He had a key victory over the French and Indians was at the
Battle of _______________.
• This solidified British power in South Asia.

The British East India Company

• The main ambition was to make money.
• The British started to make changes like building
_______________, sending out missionaries, and setting up
an education like in Britain.
• The British desired to end _______________, the
Hindu practice where a widow would join her
husband in death by throwing herself onto the funeral
pyre.
• Some changes were not welcomed.

Sepoy Mutiny
• Indian troops within the British East India Company Army
lead a revolt which lead to imperial rule in India.
• They received many new rifles in __________; the British
told the Hindus and Muslims to open these cartridges with
their mouth and they later found out that the cartridges were
surrounded by fat.
• Animal fat was tried for awhile, but it was not practical
in the heat of India, and a plant-based covering was
 used. However, the were not told it was a plant-
based fat.
• Not knowing where the fat came from the Hindus and
Muslims revolted against the British. Why?
• Peasants and _______________ joined in on the revolt
which turned it in to a huge rebellion. Now known as the
Sepoy Rebellion.

Sepoy Mutiny
• Eventually the British defeated the _______________.
• The fighting was horrible for civilians on both sides. Sepoys
killed British men, women, and children and the British took
their revenge on various Indian villages, torching them and
killing _______________ men.

British Rule
• 1858 British parliament took direct control of India from the
East India Company
• Mughal rulers were sent into _______________.
• 1877 Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India.
• India became the main source of cotton for English textile
mills.
• One reason why the _______________ did not assist
the South during the American Civil War, they had
cotton from India.
• Finished goods were re-sold in India and the local
population was discouraged from making their own
clothes.
• Indians were known for beautiful cloth works
for centuries.
The Good and the Bad
• Britain improved:
• Hospitals
• _______________
• Communication
• Road
• _______________
• Education
• Laws & safety
• Improved status for women
• Britain ruined
• _______________
• Self-determination
• Social system
• Habits/customs
• Increased racism
• Economic exploitation

Imperialism in Asia
• China, Japan, and Southeast Asia

Qing Dynasty 1644-1912

• The Qing Dynasty was the last _______________ dynasty
in Chinese History.
• The Qing were Manchu (Manchurian), not Han Chinese, so
for many within China, they were seen as foreigners.
• They were highly integrated into Chinese culture,
 unlike the Mongols during the Yuan Dynasty.
• Continued Chinese involvement in the government.
• The capital was _______________.

Economics and Social Disorder

• When the Qing conquered _______________ in 1636, they
restored peace and stability.
• Like other new dynasties, they focused on the agricultural
economy first.
• The Chinese population will _______________ between
1650 and 1800.
• By 1800, population pressure was a major issue.
• Discontentment grew over time as they saw the government
as weak and corrupt.
• Various minority groups were driven off their land.

Emperor Kangxi
• Emperor Kangxi _______________ from 1662-1722,
starting at the age of seven when his dad died of smallpox.
• Longest reign of any Chinese emperor & golden age
of the Qing.
• Had a new dictionary _______________.
• Had a collection of great Tang poems compiled.
• Led military campaigns against Tibet, Taiwan, nomadic
northern tribes, and Russia, expanding the empire.
• He also invited in Jesuit missionaries to run an observatory
and do some governmental work.
• This started the European push into China.

Trade between Britain and China

• Prior to the 1800s, China experienced a trade surplus with
 Europe.
• Silver and _______________ flowed into China from
Europe and Japan.
• The Industrial Revolution and China’s political provided an
opportunity to European powers to have more influence over
China.
• In the late 1700s, many Chinese became addicted to the
opium that was in the tea made in _______________.
• The British supplied the opium.
• China called for a stop in the trade, but the Britain
refused.

The Opium Wars

• The Opium Wars are also known as the Anglo-Chinese
Wars.
• China versus the __________
• The wars would be fought from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to
1860
• When the Chinese passed laws against
_______________use and trade, the British smuggle it into
the country, which eventually led to war.
• The British did not want to import opium into Britain
because they felt it was a dangerous drug.

The Opium Wars Timeline

• 1773: Opium was introduced in China.
• 1838: The Manchu edict was given, forbidding the sale or
use of _______________.
• 1839: Chinese seized illegal British opium in Canton.
• 1839-1842: The first conflict is fought.
 • Treaty of Nanjing: “_______________ treaties” were signed
giving Britain the rights to expand trade with China and right
to create more opium addicts.
• Qing dynasty lost influence in Southeast Asia, losing
tributary states.
• Vietnam: France in 1886
• Burma: Great Britain in 1885
• Korea, Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula: Japan in 1895

The Opium Wars

• The Treaty of Nanking was signed between the Qing and
various Western powers.
• It gave foreigners special privileges and resulted in
the colonization of small pockets of Qing territory.
• Extra-territoriality: right of _______________ residents in
a country to live under the laws of their home country and
disregard the laws of the host country (China).
• Indemnity: exemption from incurred penalties or liabilities.
• Most-favored-nation-status: any _______________
granted to another country are automatically extended.

The Taiping Rebellion

• (1850-1864)
• The Taiping Rebellion was the most ___________________
peasant revolt in history.
• It caused the deaths of 20-30 million Chinese and forced the
Qing to share power with regional commanders.
• Hong Xiuquan led rebels to _______________ of the Qing.
• Taiping rebels controlled vast territories for over a
decade, but eventually the Qing were able to defeat
the rebellion.
Boxer Rebellion
• Anti-Manchu, anti-European, and anti-Christian Rebellion
led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists or
Boxers.
• Empress Dowager ______________ supported the “Boxers”
militia.
• In time, she switched sides.
• Fighting broke out in 1899.
• They used _______________warfare tactics and
slaughtered Christian missionaries and seized foreign
embassies.
• They attacked foreigners throughout China.

A Multinational Response
• The militia members were misled to believe that European
weapons would not harm them.
• If you believe hard enough, the _______________
cannot hurt you.
• 140,000 Boxers were crushed by coalition of European,
Japanese, and _______________ forces.
• The Qing had to pay for any costs associated with the
rebellion and allow foreign troops to be stationed in China.

The Collapse of the Qing

• The Qing Dynasty did not recover _______________ after
the recent defeats.
• The nation continued to grow economically and allowed
women to go to school.
• Chinese nationalism grew and a constitutional monarchy
 was introduced.
• Sun Yet-sen became the first _______________ of the
Chinese Republic in 1911.
• Ci Xi died in 1908 and a 2-year-old was placed on the
throne. A rebellion spread leading to the formation of
the Republic.

Three Principles of the People

• Sun Yet-sen promoted three principles.
• Nationalism: Freeing China from _______________
domination
• Democracy: Having a representative government
• Livelihood: _______________ security for all Chinese.

Imperial Japan

Japan
• Japan successfully kept out foreigners for centuries by
closing their borders.
• Citizens were not allowed to _______________
abroad.
• Only China and the _______________Dutch could
trade at the port in Nagasaki.
• With the Industrial Revolution, Japan was now
technologically inferior to the Western Powers.
• Their navy could not protect them anymore.
• 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry (USA) arrived on a
steamboat.
• Japan realized quickly that they needed to
modernize.
The United States & Japan
• Japan and the US signed the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854.
• The treaty favored the United States causing
nationalists to rise up against the _______________
(Meiji Revolt).
• They restored power the Emperor Meiji.
• Japan sent people to _______________ to see what the
outside powers were doing and saw that they needed to
modernize quickly so they would not follow down the same
road as the Chinese.
• They then sent people to Europe to learn how to initiate their
own Industrial Revolution
• Japan industrialized in 50 years.

Meiji Revolt
• A powerful group of _______________ overthrew the
Shogun.
• They felt the foreigners were attacking the traditional
ways and values of Japan
• They believed that Japan was
_______________ ground
• They also felt that the Emperor was a god-like
figure
• “Revere the Emperor – Expel the Barbarian!”
• Sakamoto Ryoma, the hero, helped Japan emerge from
feudalism into a unified modern state.

Japan
• Meiji Restoration: Shogun Out, Emperor In, Westerners Out
• Although they wanted foreigners out, they had their
own Japanese Westernization.
 • Metric system, _______________, calendar,
fashions all came from the west, but they did
not accept western religions.
• Emerged a world power, which was seen after the
Russo-Japanese War.
• 1876 samurai class abolished, and
_______________ military service was established.
• 1890s able to reduce European & US influence in
their country and area.

Meiji Reforms
• Land Redistribution
• Westernize education system
• New _______________ system
• Written constitution
• Human rights
• Religious _______________
• Emperor worship
• Modern and industrialized navy and army.

Japanese Imperialism
• Meiji Imperial Victories
• 1895 defeat China for control of Korea and Taiwan
• 1904 Russo-Japanese War kicked
_______________ out of Manchuria and established
its own sphere of influence there
• Japan was an IMPERIAL Power

Comparing and Contrasting the Industrial Revolution in Europe and

Japan
• Japan’s was _______________ (a few decades to Europe’s
 century)
• Helps when all you need to do is copy and paste
• Japan didn’t have to _______________, but
implement
• Old samurai families focused on building private
corporations (Ex. Mitsubishi family became wealthy)
• Built factories
• Urbanized
• Initiated reforms

Sino-Japanese War
• 1894-1895
• The Qing Dynasty of China fought against the Meiji
Japanese Empire over who should control
_______________.
• Japan took control of the Korean Peninsula, Formosa
(Taiwan), the Penghu Island, and the Liaodong Peninsula.