UNIT 12: THERMOCHEMISTRY

In chemistry, energy is given the symbol H and is defined as the capacity to do work

Energy comes in many forms:

heat solar friction

light hydro sound
chemical wind electric
kinetic potential nuclear

Thermal energy can be transferred from place to place:

 Conduction: when objects or molecules physically touch. Hotter (more energetic) molecules bump
into nearby particles and transfer some of their energy to them. This then continues and passes
the energy from the hot end down to the colder end of the substance.

 Convection: in fluids, such as gases and liquids, warmer particles rise to cooler areas. Cooler fluid
then takes its place. This results in a continuous circulation pattern. As the fluid circulates,
particles contact and heat is transferred by conduction. Water boiling in a pan is a good example
of convection currents. Another example is the atmosphere: the earth’s surface is warmed by the
sun, the warm air rises and cool air moves in.

 Radiation: heat transfer does not rely upon any contact between the heat source and the heated
object. Heat can be transmitted through empty space by thermal (infrared) radiation. No mass is
exchanged and no medium is required in the process of radiation. Examples: heat from the sun, or
heat released from the filament of a light bulb.

To summarize: heat always flows from ____hot____ (high energy) to cold (low energy)

1
Hons Chemistry
The Law of Conservation of Energy (the First Law of Thermodynamics):

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but is converted from one form to another

We have said it before: kinetic energy increases with temperature and is measured in Joules (J) or calories (cal)

ENERGY AND PHASE CHANGES

Vocabulary

potential energy
the energy stored in bonds that hold a substance together (ionic, dipole, H-bonds, dispersion, etc.) Energy
is required to break these bonds (melting, boiling, sublimation: ΔH = +) and energy is released when
these bonds are formed (freezing, condensing, deposition: ΔH = -).

kinetic energy
the energy an object has because of its motion. As substances are heated kinetic energy increases and as
substances cool kinetic energy decreases.

heat of fusion, ΔHf – phase change from solid ↔ liquid. Potential energy changes, kinetic energy does not.
The energy required to convert one mole of a solid substance to a liquid at constant temperature.

heat of vaporization, ΔHv – phase change from liquid ↔ vapor. Potential energy changes, kinetic energy
does not. The energy required to convert one mole of a liquid substance to a vapor at constant
temperature. Hv is always larger than Hf as more energy is required to overcome the IMFs in a liquid and
separate the particles into vapor form.

specific heat capacity, c

The energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 °C.

conductors of heat: are materials that have a low specific heat capacity (e.g. metals)

insulators of heat: are materials that have a high specific heat capacity (e.g. wood)

Think about it: what are cooking pots made of? Stirring spoons?

2
Hons Chemistry
water: has a super high specific heat capacity (takes much energy to heat it up), hence its use as a coolant
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Assume temperatures are exact when using them in calculations

ΔH = m c ΔT

Joule: metric unit for heat/energy, unit is J conversion factor:

1 calorie = 4.184 J

calorie: amount of energy needed to change 1 gram of water 1 °C, unit is cal

kilocalorie (Calorie or food calorie) 1 kcal, = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie

low specific heat capacity: it takes less energy to raise the temp (e.g. metal)

high specific heat capacity: it takes more energy to raise the temp (e.g. water)

Look at the table of specific heat capacities below.

substance specific heat capacity, c

aluminum 0.897 J/g°C
iron 0.454 J/g°C
lead 0.130 J/g°C

Which substance heats up the quickest? ______lead_________________

If each of the substances above absorbs 1000 J of heat, which would become the hottest? Why?

lead – it has the lowest specific heat capacity

specific heat capacity problems:

1. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is 0.897 J/g°C. Determine the amount of heat released when
10.5 g of aluminum cools from 80.0 °C to 25.0 °C.

ΔH = m c ΔT

ΔH = 10.5 x 0.897 x (25.0-80.0) = -518 J

2. The specific heat capacity, c, of aluminum is 0.897 J/g°C. What mass of aluminum can be heated from
33.0 °C to 99.0 °C using 450.0 J of heat?

ΔH = m c ΔT, so m = ΔH / c ΔT

3
Hons Chemistry
 m = 450 /(0.897 x (99.0-33.0) = 7.60 g
HEATING CURVE FOR WATER an attempt should be made to draw
the graph so as to reflect the magnitude
of the data, that is the gradient on the
slopes and the length of Hv/Hf

T
E
M
P G ΔH = m cv ΔT
E kinetic energy change
R ΔH = m ΔHv
A potential energy change
100 T boiling/condensing
U
R
E

(ºC) L ΔH = m cl ΔT
kinetic energy change

ΔH = m ΔHf
potential energy change
0 melting/freezing

S A steep gradient indicates a low c, a shallow

ΔH = m cs ΔT gradient indicates a high c.
kinetic energy change A short plateau indicates a low Hv/Hf, a long slope
indicates a high Hv/Hf. Generally, Hv is
substantially higher than Hf.

Time

Why are there plateaus on the graph?

The energy added is used to overcome the IMFs holding the solid or liquid together. The energy is
used for a phase change and not a temperature change.

Summary
During a temperature change, the heat added is used for:
 kinetic energy increases/decreases
 molecular speed increases/decreases
 One state of matter present (solid, liquid, OR gas)

During a phase change:

 there is a mixture of two states of matter
 temperature is constant (at boiling-point or melting-point)

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Hons Chemistry
  Heat curve levels out (molecules are not moving faster and energy is being used to break IMFs)

5
Hons Chemistry
The data below is for water
melting- boiling- ΔHf, heat of ΔHv, heat of sh capacity sh capacity sh capacity
point point fusion vaporization, (solid), cs (liquid), cl (vapor), cv
0.0 C 100.0 C 334 J/g 2260 J/g 2.05 J/gºC 4.18 J/gºC 1.90 J/gºC

a. Draw a heating curve so as to reflect the magnitude of the data for water going from -20 ºC to 125 ºC on the
axis below. Write in all formulas used to calculate heat.

125
ΔH = m cv ΔT
ΔH = m ΔHv
100

ΔH = m cl ΔT

ΔH = m ΔHf
0

ΔH = m cs ΔT
-20

b. Determine the amount of heat required to convert 15.0 g of water at 100.0 ºC to steam at 100.0 ºC.

ΔH = m ΔHv = 15.0 x 2260 = 33,900 J

c. Determine the amount of heat required to convert 15.0 g of ice at 0.0 ºC to liquid at 0.0 º C.

ΔH = m ΔHf = 15.0 x 334 = 5,010 J

d. Determine the amount of heat given off when 25.0 g of water cools from 56.2 ºC to 33.5 ºC.

ΔH = m cl ΔT = 25.0 x 4.18 x (33.5-56.2) = -2,370 J

e. Determine the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 19.6 g of water from -15.0 ºC to -2.0 ºC.

ΔH = m cs ΔT = 19.6 x 2.05 x (-2.0-(-15.0)) = 522 J

6
Hons Chemistry
MORE HEAT PRACTICE

The data below refers to an unknown substance, X.

melting- boiling- ΔHf, heat of ΔHv, heat of sh capacity sh capacity sh capacity
point point fusion vaporization, (solid), cs (liquid), cl (vapor), cv
32.0 C 112.0 C 425 J/g 695 J/g 2.30 J/gºC 5.90 J/gºC 1.10 J/gºC

a. Draw a heating curve so as to reflect the magnitude of the data for substance X going from 15 ºC to 125 ºC
on the axis below. Write in all formulas used to calculate heat.

125

ΔH = m cv ΔT
112 ΔH = m ΔHv

ΔH = m cl ΔT

ΔH = m ΔHf
32

ΔH = m cs ΔT
15

b. Determine the amount of heat released when 15.0 g of gaseous X at 112.0 ºC changes to liquid at 112.0 ºC.

ΔH = m ΔHv = -(15.0 x 695) = -10,400 J

c. Determine the amount of heat required to convert 15.0 g of solid X at 32.0 ºC to liquid at 32.0 º C.

ΔH = m ΔHf = 15.0 x 425 = 6,380 J

d. Determine the mass of X that can be heated from 38.0 °C to 102.0 °C using 4580 J of heat.

ΔH = m cl ΔT, so m = ΔH / cl ΔT

m = 4580 /(5.90 x (102.0-38.0) = 12.1 g

e. Find the final temperature if 150.0 g of X at 19.00 °C receives 651 J of heat.

ΔH = m cs ΔT, so ΔT = ΔH / m cs = 651 / (150 x 2.30) = 1.89 °C

Energy is absorbed so T increases: final T = 19.00 + 1.89 = 20.89 °C

7
Hons Chemistry
MULTI-STEP HEAT PROBLEMS

The data below refers to an unknown substance, X.

melting- boiling- ΔHf, heat of ΔHv, heat of sh capacity sh capacity sh capacity
point point fusion vaporization, (solid), cs (liquid), cl (vapor), cv
14.0 C 86.0 C 150.0 J/g 550.0 J/g 4.30 J/gºC 5.20 J/gºC 1.10 J/gºC

a. Draw a heating curve so as to reflect the magnitude of the data for substance X going from 2 ºC to 120 ºC
on the axis below. Write in all formulas used to calculate heat.

120
ΔH = m cv ΔT
ΔH = m ΔHv
86

ΔH = m cl ΔT

ΔH = m ΔHf
14
ΔH = m cs ΔT
2

b. Determine the amount of heat necessary to change 30.0 g of X from solid at 4.0 °C to liquid at 14.0 °C.

STEP 1: STEP 2:
ΔH = m cs ΔT ΔH = m ΔHf
ΔH = 30.0 x 4.30 x 10.0 = 1290 J ΔH = 30.0 x 150 = 4500 J

TOTAL: 1290 + 4500 = 5790 J

c. How much heat will be released when 25.0 g of X cools from 110.0 °C to 50.0 °C?

STEP 1: STEP 2:
ΔH = m cv ΔT ΔH = m ΔHv
ΔH = 25.0 x 1.10 x (86.0-110.0) = -660 J ΔH = -(25.0 x 550) = -13,800 J

STEP 3:
ΔH = m cl ΔT
ΔH = 25.0 x 5.20 x (50.0-86.0) = -4,680 J

TOTAL: -(660 + 13,800 + 4,680) = -19,100 J (adding – keep least precision, in this case 100s)
8
Hons Chemistry
Calorimetry: heat gained by water = heat lost by process 1 mL of water is 1 g
mwater cwater ΔTwater = -mmetal cmetal ΔTmetal
CALORIMETER

1. 55.0 g of a “mystery metal” at 93.0 °C is placed in a calorimeter containing 100.0 g of water at 25.0 °C. The
metal sits in the water until the temperature levels off at 29.0 °C. At this point, both the metal and the water
are at 29.0 °C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/g°C.

metal water
mass 55.0 g 100.0 g
specific heat capacity ? 4.18 J/g°C
Tinitial 93.0 °C 25.0 °C
Tfinal 29.0 °C 29.0 °C
ΔT -64.0 4.0

a. Use ΔH = m . c . ΔT to find the amount of heat gained by the water.

ΔH = 100 x 4.18 x 4.0

ΔH = 1700 J (2 sf)

b. How much heat was lost by the metal?

-1700 J (same amount of energy gained by the water!!)

c. Use ΔH = m . c . ΔT to find the specific heat capacity of the metal.

-1700 = 55.0 x c x (-64.0)

c = 0.48 J/g°C

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Hons Chemistry
2. 84.0 g of a metal is heated to 112.0 ºC, and then placed in a coffee cup calorimeter containing 60.0 g of
water at 32.0 ºC. The final temperature in the calorimeter is 42.0 ºC. What is the specific heat of the metal?

metal water
mass 84.0 g 60.0 g
specific heat capacity ? 4.18 J/g°C
Tinitial 112.0 ºC 32.0 ºC
Tfinal 42.0 ºC 42.0 ºC
ΔT -70.0 ºC 10.0 ºC

-mmetal cmetal ΔTmetal = mwater cwater ΔTwater

-84.0 x c x (-70.0) = 60.0 x 4.18 x 10.0
cmetal = 0.427 J/g°C

3. The specific heat of aluminum is 0.902 J/gºC. 15.0 g of aluminum is heated to 115.0 ºC, and added to a
calorimeter containing water at 25.0 ºC. The final temperature in the calorimeter is 45.0 ºC. What mass of
water was in the calorimeter?

metal water
mass 15.0 g ?
specific heat capacity 0.902 J/g°C 4.18 J/g°C
Tinitial 115.0 ºC 25.0 ºC
Tfinal 45.0 ºC 45.0 ºC
ΔT -70.0 ºC 20.0 ºC

-mmetal cmetal ΔTmetal = mwater cwater ΔTwater

-15.0 x 0.902 x (-70.0) = mwater x 4.18 x 20.0
mwater = 11.3 g

ΔH
positive negative
absorbed released
reactant product
endothermic exothermic
Tf > Ti Tf < Ti

10
Hons Chemistry
Calorimetry to Measure Enthalpy Change of Reactions
 aka coffee cup calorimeter
 the reactants mix and the whole solution heats up, hence the need to add the masses of the reactants

Given the data and the balanced equation showing the reaction between magnesium oxide and nitric acid:

MgO (s) + 2 HNO3 (aq)  Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l)

Mass of MgO used 0.560 g

Heat capacity of calorimeter: 10.5 J/°C
Concentration of HNO3 1.60 M Density of HNO3: 1.02 g/mL
Volume of HNO3 used 160.0 mL Specific heat of solution: 4.184 J/g °C
Initial temperature of solution 20.00 °C
Final temperature of solution 22.49 °C

Determine the value for ΔHrxn, in kJ/mol for MgO.

-ΔHrxn = ΔHsolution + ΔHcalorimeter

-ΔHsolution = -(0.560 + (160.0 x 1.02) x 4.184 x (22.49-20.00)) = -1710 J

-ΔHcalorimeter = -(10.5 x (22.49-20.00)) = -26.1 J
ΔHrxn = -1740 J = -1.74 kJ

Moles MgO = 0.560 = 0.0139 mol

40.31

ΔHrxn = -1.74 = -125 kJ/mol

0.0139

Bomb Calorimetry
 note the diagram of the bomb calorimeter
 one material heats up the other, so it’s energy transfer, so –qhot = qcold
 the substances do not mix so do not add the masses together

If 21.60 grams of butane gas (C4H10, molar mass = 58.14 g/mol) are combusted in a bomb calorimeter
containing 3331 grams of water, calculate the molar enthalpy change (enthalpy change per mole) for butane if
the water temperature rises by 31.04 oC. You may ignore the small heat capacity of the calorimeter apparatus.
Water: c = 4.184 J/g oC.

qbutane = -qwater
= -3331 x 4.184 x 31.04 = -432.6 kJ

Moles butane = 21.60 = 0.372

58.14
ΔHrxn = -432.6 = -1164 kJ/mol
0.372

Note the rounding if you do the calculation in one go!

11
Hons Chemistry
 HW1: CALCULATING ΔH FOR TEMPERATURE CHANGES USING SPECIFIC
HEAT CAPACITY

1. Define the terms below:

specific heat capacity: The energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by
1 °C

enthalpy: The heat content of a system at constant pressure

2. Read the paragraph and the sample problems below. Using your calculator, work through each sample
problem.

The amount of heat gained or lost during a temperature change depends on three factors: the amount of
the substance heating or cooling, the identity of the substance, and how much the temperature changes.
Those factors can be put together in the formula:

ΔH = m c ΔT

o ΔH is the amount of heat gained or lost

o m is the mass of the substance
o c is the specific heat capacity (which is unique to each substance)
o ΔT is the temperature change (which is calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the
final temperature)

SAMPLE 1: Determine the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 15.0 g of lead from
22.0 °C to 68.0 °C. The specific heat capacity of lead is 0.130 J/g°C.

Formula: ΔH = m c ΔT

Substitution: ΔH = (15.0 g) x (0.130 J/g°C) x (46 °C) (Note: ΔT = 68.0 °C – 22.0 °C = 46.0 °C)

Answer: ΔH = 89.7 J

SAMPLE 2: What mass of water can be heated from 15.0 °C to 75.0 °C using 6500 J of heat? The
specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g°C.

Formula: ΔH = m c ΔT

Substitution: 6500J = m x (4.18 J/g°C) x (60.0 °C) (Note: ΔT = 75.0 °C – 15.0 °C = 60.0 °C)

calculator math: m = 6500 J ÷ 4.18 J/g°C ÷ 60.0 °C

Answer: 25.9 g water

3. Complete the problems on p. 19.

12
Hons Chemistry
For each problem below, show the formula, substitution and answer for complete credit.

a. What mass of lead can be heated from 23.0 °C to 44.0 °C using 125 J of heat? The specific heat capacity of
lead is 0.129 J/g°C.

ΔH = m c ΔT

So m = ΔH = 125 = 46.1 g Pb
c ΔT 0.129 x (44.0 – 23.0)

b. When 32.0 g of a substance cools from 85.0 °C to room temperature (25.0 °C), 2410 J of heat are released.
Find the specific heat capacity of the substance.

So c = ΔH = -2410 = 1.26 J/g°C

m ΔT 32.0 x (25.0 – 85.0)

c. A 16.0 g piece of iron absorbs 1090 joules of heat energy, and its temperature changes from 25.0 ºC to
175.0 ºC. Calculate the heat capacity of iron.

So c = ΔH = 1090 = 0.454 J/g°C

m ΔT 16.0 x (175.0 – 25.0)

d. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 10.0 g of aluminum from 22.0 ºC to 55.0 ºC,
if the specific heat of aluminum is 0.900 J/gºC?

ΔH = 10.0 x 0.900 x (55.0 – 22.0) = 297 J

e. To what temperature will a 50.0 g piece of granite rise if it absorbs 5275 joules of heat and its heat capacity
is 0.500 J/gºC? The initial temperature of the granite is 20.0 ºC.

So ΔT = ΔH = 5275 = 211. So Tf = 211 + 20.0 = 231 °C

mc 50.0 x 0.500

f. Calculate the heat capacity of a piece of silver if 1501 g of the silver absorbs 6.80 kJ of heat, and its
temperature changes from 32.0 ºC to 57.0 ºC.

So c = ΔH = 6800 = 0.181 J/g°C

m ΔT 1501 x (57.0 – 32.0)

g. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/g°C. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of
150.0 g of water from 17.0 °C to 55.0 °C?

ΔH = m c ΔT

ΔH = 150 x 4.18 x (55.0 - 17.0) = 23,800 J

Is this process endothermic or exothermic? endothermic

What would be the sign of ΔH? Positive

13
Hons Chemistry
 HW2: HEAT CALCULATIONS

The data below refers to an unknown substance, X.

melting- boiling- ΔHf, heat of ΔHv, heat of sh capacity sh capacity sh capacity

point point fusion vaporization, (solid), cs (liquid), cl (vapor), cv
-12.0 C 76.0 C 65.0 J/g 88.0 J/g 5.20 J/gºC 2.10 J/gºC 1.70 J/gºC

a. Draw a heating curve so as to reflect the magnitude of the data for substance X going from -20 ºC to 125 ºC
on the axis below. Write in all formulas used to calculate heat.

125
ΔH = m cv ΔT
ΔH = m ΔHv
76

ΔH = m cl ΔT

ΔH = m ΔHf
-12

ΔH = m cs ΔT
-20

b. Determine the amount of heat released when 24.0 g of liquid X at -12.0 ºC changes to solid at -12.0 ºC.

ΔH = m ΔHf = -(24.0 x 65.0) = -1,560 J

c. What mass of X can be converted from liquid to vapor at 76.0 ºC using 425 J of heat?

ΔH = m ΔHv, so m = ΔH / ΔHv

m = 425 /88.0 = 4.83 g

d. Determine the amount of heat given off when 25.0 g of X cools from 96.2 ºC to 83.1 ºC.

ΔH = m cv ΔT = 25.0 x 1.70 x (83.1-96.2) = -557 J

e. Find the final temperature if 17.0 g of X at 115.0 °C absorbs 725 J of heat.

ΔH = m cv ΔT, so ΔT = ΔH / m cv = 725 / (17.0 x 1.70) = 25.1 °C

Energy is absorbed so T increases: final T = 115.0 + 25.1 = 140.1 °C

14
Hons Chemistry
 HW3: CALORIMETRY (2 pages)

metal water
mass 38.0 g 75.0 mL = 75.0 g
specific heat capacity ? 4.18 J/g°C
Tf 20.0 °C 20.0 °C
Ti 115.0 °C 15.0 °C

1. A metal cube with a mass of 38.0 g and a temperature of 115.0 °C is placed into 75.0 mL of water at
15.0 °C. The final temperature of the system is 20.0 °C. The density of water is 1.00 g/mL. What is the
specific heat of the metal?

-mmetal cmetal ΔTmetal = mwater cwater ΔTwater

-(38.0 x c x (-95.0)) = 75.0 x 4.18 x 5.0
cmetal = 0.43 J/g°C

2. A piece of gold (c = 0.129 J/g°C) is heated to 100.0 °C and placed into 60.0 mL of water at 20.5 °C. The
final temperature of the system is 22.0 °C. What was the mass of the metal?

-mmetal cmetal ΔTmetal = mwater cwater ΔTwater

-mmetal x 0.129 x (-78.0) = 60.0 x 4.18 x 1.5
mwater = 37 g

3. 25.0 g of copper (c = 0.389 J/g°C) at 95.0 °C is placed into water at 25.0 °C. The final temperature of the
system is 28.5 °C. What was the mass of the water?

-mmetal cmetal ΔTmetal = mwater cwater ΔTwater

-(25.0 x 0.389 x (-66.5) = mwater x 4.18 x 3.5
mwater = 44 g

4. A sample of aluminum metal (c = 0.900 J/g°C) with a mass of 55.0 g is heated and placed into 45.0 mL of
water at 18.0 °C. The final temperature of the system is 22.0 °C. What was the starting temperature of the
metal?

-mmetal cmetal ΔTmetal = mwater cwater ΔTwater

-(55.0 x 0.900 x ΔTmetal) = 45.0 x 4.18 x 4.0
ΔTmetal = 15 °C

Initial T = 22.0 + 15 = 37 °C
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Hons Chemistry
5. A 0.500 g sample of naphthalene (C10H8) is burned in a bomb calorimeter containing 650.0 g of water at
20.0 °C. After the reaction, the final temperature of the water is 26.4 °C. The heat capacity of the
calorimeter is 420 J/°C. Calculate the heat of combustion of naphthalene in kJ/mol.

-qnaph = qwater + qcalorimeter

-qnaph = (650.0 x 4.18 x 6.4) + (420 x 6.4)
= 2.0 x 104 J
= 2.0 x 101 kJ
moles of naphthalene = 0.500 ÷ 128.18 = 0.00390 mol

ΔH = 20 ÷ 0.00390 = 5,100 kJ/mol

6. A bomb calorimeter containing 900.0 g of water was calibrated by burning a sample of benzoic acid
(C6H5COOH), whose heat of combustion is -3227 kJ/mol. When 1.890 g of benzoic acid is burned in the
calorimeter, the temperature of the water and calorimeter increases by 8.32 °C. Calculate the heat capacity
of the calorimeter in J/°C.

moles of acid = 1.890 ÷ 122.13 = 0.01548 mol

qacid = -3227 x 0.01548 = -49.94 kJ

-qacid = qwater + qcalorimeter

qcalorimeter = - qwater - qacid
= -(900.0 x 4.18 x 8.32) - (-49,940)
= 18,640 J

ΔH calorimeter = 18,640 ÷ 8.32 = 2240 J/°C

7. A 0.500 g sample of TNT (C7H5N2O6) is burned in a bomb calorimeter containing 610.0 g of water initially
at 20.0 °C. The heat capacity of the calorimeter is 420 J/°C and the heat of combustion of TNT is 3374
kJ/mol. Calculate the final temperature of the water and calorimeter once the reaction is complete.

qrxn = heat of combustion x moles

= 3374 x (0.500 ÷ 213.04)
= 7.9187 kJ
= 7918.7 J

qrxn = qwater + qcalorimeter

7918.7 = (610 x 4.18 x ΔT) + 420(ΔT)

7918.7 = 2969.8ΔT
ΔT = 2.66 °C

Final temp = 20.0 + 2.66 = 22.7 °C

16
Hons Chemistry
 HW4: ENERGY AND STOICHIOMETRY

1. Consider the following reaction:

2 NH3  N2 + 3 H2 H = +92.0 kJ/mol

a. Does the reaction absorb or release heat? ___________________

b. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? ___________________
c. What is the value of ΔH? ___92.0 kJ/mol _______
d. Which side of the reaction would H go on? ___left____________

e. How much heat is needed to produce 10.5 L of hydrogen gas at STP?

10.5 L H2 x 1 mol H2 x 92.0 kJ = 14.4 kJ

22.4 L H2 3 mol H2

f. What mass of ammonia will decompose with the addition of 125 kJ of heat?

125 kJ x 2 mol NH3 x 17.03 g NH3 = 46.2 g NH3

92.0 kJ 1 mol NH3

2. Consider the following reaction:

2 Na + 2 H2O  2 NaOH + H2 + 184 kJ

a. Does the reaction absorb or release heat? ___________________

b. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? ___________________
c. Determine the sign of H. _______-__________
d. Draw an enthalpy diagram for the reaction. ___________________

e. What mass of sodium, when reacted with excess water, will release 500 kJ of heat?

500 kJ x 2 mol Na x 22.99 g Na = 125 g Na

184 kJ 1 mol Na

17
Hons Chemistry
 HW5: HESS’S LAW

1. Calculate the enthalpy change by using Hess’s law for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, using
the following information:
a. 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 H2O (l) H = –512 kJ
b. H2O2 (l)  H2 (g) + O2 (g) H = +376 kJ
___________________________________________________________
2 H2O2 (l)  2 H2O (l) + O2 (g) H =
a + 2b (-512) + 2(+376) = 240 kJ

2. Find ΔH for the reaction below, given the following reactions a and b and subsequent ΔH values:

PCl5 (g)  PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)

a. P4 (s) + 6 Cl2 (g)  4 PCl3 (g) ΔH = -2439 kJ

b. 4 PCl5 (g)  P4 (s) + 10 Cl2 (g) ΔH = +3438 kJ

¼ (a + b) ¼ ((-2439) + 3438) = +249.8 kJ

3. Find ΔH for the reaction below, given the following reactions a-c and subsequent ΔH values:

2 CO2 (g) + H2O (g)  C2H2 (g) + 5/2 O2 (g)

a. C2H2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)  C2H6 (g) ΔH = -94.5 kJ

b. H2O (g)  H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) ΔH = +71.2 kJ
c. C2H6 (g) + 7/2 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (g) ΔH = -283.0 kJ

-a - 2b - c -(-94.5) - 2(71.2) – (-283.0) = +235.1 kJ

4. Use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate ΔH°rxn for the combustion of methane.

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

ΔHof (CO2) = -394 kJ

ΔHof (H2O) = -286 kJ
ΔHof (CH4) = - 75 kJ
ΔHof (O2) = 0 kJ
ΔH°rxn = ΔHof (CO2) + 2 ΔHof (H2O) - ΔHof (CH4)
= -394 + 2(-286)-(-75) = -891 kJ

18
Hons Chemistry
 HW6: ENTROPY & SPONTANEITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. Determine whether ΔS will be positive (disorder increases) or negative (disorder decreases) for each process
below:

a. burning paper ________+_____________

b. organizing your binder ________-_____________

c. water freezing ________-_____________

d. dry ice sublimating ________+_____________

2. Determine the sign of ΔS for each reaction below. Then determine under which conditions (if at all) the
reactions will be spontaneous.

a. N2 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  2 NO2 (g) ΔH = +67.6 kJ/mol

ΔS = ____-_____ spontaneous? _____no________

b. CH4 (g) + H2O (g)  CO (g) + 3 H2 (g) ΔH = +1087 kJ/mol

ΔS = ____+_____ spontaneous? ____yes @ high temp____

c. CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) ΔH = -890.4 kJ/mol

ΔS = ___-_____ spontaneous? _@ low temp____

d. 2 Na (s) + 2 H2O (l)  2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) ΔH = -446 kJ/mol

ΔS = ___+_____ spontaneous? ____yes________

3. A student tries to dissolve a salt (ionic compound) in water. He is having a hard time, so he decides to use
the Bunsen burner to heat up the water as the salt dissolves. It works! Determine the signs for ΔH and ΔS
for this process.

ΔH ___positive_____ ΔS ___positive_____

19
Hons Chemistry