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Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 – Module 2 :
Arenes and
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
General Chemistry 1 – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Arenes and Hydrocarbon Derivatives
October 2020
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This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Chemistry. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course.
What I Know
I. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in a separate sheet of
paper.
A. 1, 2-dimethylbenzene C. ortho-xylene
B. meta-xylene D. para-xylene
For numbers 4 to 7, identify the class of compound for the given hydrocarbon
derivative based on its structure.
4.
5.
A. aldehyde B. amide C. amine D. ether
6.
7.
A. C.
B. D.
9. The general formula for amines is _________.
A. R-CH2 B. R2CH C. R-NH2 D. R-COOH
What’s In
In the previous module, we have already been acquainted with alkyl groups.
In this lesson, we will revisit alkyl groups and become familiar with another kind of
substituent in organic chemistry – the aryl groups. Such will then be followed by the
topic on arenes or aromatic hydrocarbons. These are unsaturated hydrocarbons that
have one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings to which hydrogen
atoms are attached with the general formula CnHn. Lastly, we shall deal with
hydrocarbon derivatives which are offshoots of hydrocarbons.
What’s New
What is It
Removal of a hydrogen atom from propane can occur in two ways—from the
end of the molecule or from the middle carbon atom. The structural formula of
propane, CH3–CH2–CH3, shows that there are six hydrogen atoms on the end carbons
and two hydrogen atoms on the central carbon. Since the end carbon atoms are
identical, we can remove any one of the six hydrogen atoms to produce a propyl
group.
Since the middle two hydrogen atoms are equivalent, we can remove either of
these atoms to form an isopropyl group.
Now, let us summarize the structures of alkyl groups. The names and
formulas of selected alkyl and aryl groups are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Alkyl and Aryl Groups
Arenes
Notice that the two chlorine atoms are next to each other on the benzene ring.
When two groups are adjacent on a benzene ring, their positions are indicated by the
prefix ortho–. If the groups are separated by a carbon, their positions are indicated
by the prefix meta-. If the groups are opposite each other on the benzene ring, their
positions are indicated by the prefix para-. Since ortho-, meta-, and para- compounds
have the same molecular formula but are different, they are structural isomers.
Recall that isomers have different physical properties. We can illustrate these
isomers as follows:
Example Exercise:
Solution:
The compound contains a benzene ring. It also has two –CH3 groups on the
benzene ring in the meta position.
Example Exercise:
Answer: para-fluoroiodobenzene
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
In the 1800s, chemists began to realize that there was a huge number of
organic compounds. As more compounds were identified and studied, the subject
became overwhelming. According to the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, organic
chemistry seemed to be a “dreadful endless jungle.” Gradually, chemists began to
realize that organic compounds could be classified into only a few categories. Each
of these categories is referred to as a class of compounds and all the compounds in
each class have similar names and properties.
Hint: The symbol R represents an alkyl group and Ar represents an aryl group. The
designations R and R′ indicate different alkyl groups.
Hint: An organic compound may contain more than one functional group. Thus, an
organic compound may represent two or more hydrocarbon derivatives.
We can further divide these 10 hydrocarbon derivatives into five classes that
have a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O), and five classes that
do not. A carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond is
called a carbonyl group. The presence of a carbonyl group gives distinct properties
to a given class of compounds, such as amides that have a carbonyl group and
amines that do not.
Figure 2.2 Hydrogen Derivatives (without carbonyl)
For organic halides, X can be F, Cl, Br or I. For alcohols, R can be any alkyl
group that is not an aryl (Ar); for phenols, the ―OH group must be attached directly
to an aryl group.
Solution:
Let us first identify the functional group in each compound. We can then refer to
the general formulas to determine the class of compound.
(a) This hydrocarbon derivative does not have a carbonyl group. Since the
functional group is a halogen (―Br),
(b) This hydrocarbon derivative does not have a carbonyl group. Since the
functional group is an amine (―NH2),
CH3―CH2―NH2 is an amine.
(c) This hydrocarbon derivative has a carbonyl group. Since the functional
group has a carbonyl attached to a H atom,
is an aldehyde.
is a carboxylic acid.
Solution:
(a) Caffeine has an ―ine suffix; thus, the compound is an amine.
(b) Chloroform has ―chloro in the name; thus, it is an organic halide.
(c) Cholosterol has an ―ol suffix; thus, it is an alcohol, or phenol.
(d) Diethylether has ―ether in the name; thus, it is an ether.
What’s More
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
You are a member of the creative design team in a chemical factory. Your task
is to create an advertisement about your chosen class of organic compound. Begin
your advertisement with a creative slogan. Then give a background information on
the properties, reactions, and uses of the organic compound. Your team should
design a four-page brochure. Your brochure will be evaluated based on the following:
• creativity 20%
• accuracy of information 45%
• originality 20%
• visual impact 15%
Total 100%
Assessment
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write down your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Based on the name of the hydrocarbon derivative, identify the class of compound
of cinnamal.
A. aldehyde B. amide C. ester D. ketone
A. meta-dinitrobenzene C. para-dinitrobenzene
B. ortho-dinitrobenzene D. 1,4-dinitrobenzene
For numbers 4 to 7, identify the class of compound for the given hydrocarbon
derivative based on its structure.
4.
5.
A. ester B. ether C. ketone D. phenol
6.
A. amine B. ester C. ether D. phenol
7.
A. alcohol B. amide C. ester D. ketone
A. C.
B. D.
A. C.
B. D.
12. A/an __________ has two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the carbonyl carbon
atom.
A. ether B. ketone C. aldehyde D. carboxylic acid
13. The term ________ is used for an atom or group of atoms that provide a family of
organic compounds its characteristics properties.
A. alkyl group C. structural group
B. hydrocarbon D. functional group
14. When compounds have an -OH attached to a benzene ring, they are classified
as _________.
A. ethers C. alcohols
B. phenols D. halo alkenes
15. A _________ has at least one hydrogen atom or two hydrogen atoms attached to
the carbonyl carbon atom.
A. ether
B. ketone
C. aldehyde
D. carboxylic acid
Answer Key
References
Books
Corwin, C. H. (2018). Introductory Chemistry Concepts and Critical Thinking 8th ed. USA:
Prentice Education, Inc.
Guzman, D. F. et. al. (2012). Discover Science: Chemistry. Philippines: Diwa Learning
Systems, Inc.
Online Sources
byjus.com/chemistry/aromatic-hydrocarbons/
https://interestingengineering.com/what-is-benzene-and-why-is-it-so-useful
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Org
anic_Chemistry)/Arenes/Nomenclature_of_Arenes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrobenzene