SOCIAL CONTRACT

Hobbes:

 The main purpose of the social contract is to provide a secure environment for people to live in,
escaping from the state of nature.

 The state of nature is a condition in which everyone is at war against everyone, and the struggle
for survival is at its peak.

 The social contract aims to limit individual freedoms under state authority to ensure security.

 The role of the state is to have absolute authority to protect people's lives and property and to
govern them.

 The social contract is based on the idea that people should have absolute dependency on the
state.

Locke:

 The main purpose of the social contract is for people to come together to protect and secure
their natural rights (life, liberty, and property).

 The state of nature is a condition in which people can cooperate with each other to protect their
natural rights, but if cooperation fails, they can resort to defending their rights with force.

 The social contract enables people to delegate certain powers to the government to secure their
rights.

 The role of the state is to have limited authority to protect people's natural rights and govern
them.

 The social contract is based on the idea that people should benefit from the services provided by
the state in return for paying taxes.

Rousseau:

 The main purpose of the social contract is to establish a society where natural freedoms are
preserved, and social equality and justice are ensured.

 The state of nature is a condition in which people have natural freedoms, but protecting these
freedoms is difficult.

 The social contract aims to establish a society where individuals have equal rights and freedoms.

 The role of the state is to be an institution established to protect individual freedoms and social
equality.

 The social contract envisions people establishing a state to govern themselves based on their
own will.
STATE OF NATURE

Hobbes:

 The state of nature is a condition in which everyone is at war against everyone else

 Life in the state of nature is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

 There is no moral or political authority in the state of nature, and there are no laws or social
contracts to regulate behavior.

 The only way to escape the state of nature is through the establishment of a strong central
government that has the power to enforce laws and maintain order.

Locke:

 The state of nature is a condition in which people are free and equal, but where there is also a
risk of conflict over resources.

 Natural law provides a moral and political authority in the state of nature, and individuals have
the right to protect their natural rights (life, liberty, and property).

 In the state of nature, individuals have the right to punish those who violate natural law, but only
to the extent necessary to defend their rights.

 The primary purpose of government is to protect natural rights, and individuals enter into a
social contract to establish a government that can enforce laws and protect their rights.

Rousseau:

 The state of nature is a condition in which people are free and equal, and where there is a
natural compassion and concern for others.

 In the state of nature, individuals have natural freedoms and are not subject to external
constraints or laws.

 However, the state of nature is also marked by a lack of social organization and coordination,
which can lead to conflict and inequality.

 The establishment of a social contract is necessary to preserve individual freedom while ensuring
social equality and justice.

 Overall, while Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau all recognized the state of nature as a theoretical
concept, they had different views on what the state of nature entailed, the nature of human
beings within it, and the purpose of government in relation to it.
  ROUSSEAU: NOBLE SAVAGE

 Rousseau's theory of the Noble Savage is a philosophical concept that he introduced in his work,
"Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men". According to Rousseau, humans
are naturally free, equal, and benevolent. The concept of the Noble Savage refers to the state of
humanity before civilization and socialization, where humans lived in a natural, harmonious state
with each other and with nature.

 Rousseau believed that in the state of nature, humans were free to pursue their own interests
and desires, without any constraints or limitations imposed by society. In this state, humans lived
in small, egalitarian communities where everyone had equal access to resources and
opportunities. They were self-sufficient and relied on nature for their sustenance.

 The Noble Savage was characterized by simplicity, innocence, and happiness. Humans were in
tune with their natural instincts and desires, and their lives were not complicated by the
corrupting influence of civilization and culture.

 However, Rousseau acknowledged that the state of nature was not perfect. Humans faced
threats from natural disasters, disease, and other dangers. Moreover, without any formal
institutions or laws, disputes and conflicts could arise within communities. Nevertheless,
Rousseau believed that the state of nature was superior to civilization because it allowed
individuals to maintain their natural freedom and equality.

SLAVERY

Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau had different views on slavery. Hobbes did not directly address the
issue of slavery in his political works. However, his view of the social contract emphasized the need
for security and stability in society, and it is unlikely that he would have been supportive of slavery as
it would destabilize society and create insecurity.

Locke was critical of slavery and argued that it was a violation of natural rights. In his "Two Treatises
of Government," he wrote that all men have a natural right to life, liberty, and property, and that no
one can be rightfully enslaved. However, he also believed that slavery could be justified in certain
circumstances, such as as punishment for a crime, or if someone sells themselves into slavery
voluntarily.

Rousseau was strongly opposed to slavery and believed that it was a violation of natural freedom. In
his "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men," he wrote that slavery was a
product of social inequality and that it was the duty of the state to protect individuals from such
exploitation. He argued that all individuals should have the same natural freedoms and that slavery
was incompatible with such freedoms.

Overall, while these thinkers had different views on slavery, they generally saw it as a violation of
natural rights and incompatible with their ideas of individual freedom and social justice.