 Brief Psychotic disorder - May have positive or negative symptoms for

only 1 month
 6 months with positive and negative S/Sx= Schizophrenia
 Schizophreniform Disorder - Longer than 1 month, less than 6 months

Depression
- problem in affect
- major depressive disorder/clinical
- s/sx= 2 weeks
- 5 or more symptoms during 2 weeks period
- Symptoms should be either:
 Depressed mood
 Loss of interest or pleasure
- women more than men

Epidemiology
- 50+ prone to depression- fear of being alone
- Seasonality- suicide-spring (March-May); Fall (September to November)
- Sunlight= Serotonin

Types:
1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- no history of manic episode
- at least 2 weeks

2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

- Milder than those ascribes to MDD
- no evidence of psychotic symptoms
- can last up to 2 years
- Chronically depressed mood
- 1 year for children and adolescents
- before age 21

3. Pre-menstrual Dysphoric Disorder

- occur before menstruation
- improving shortly after the onset of menstruation and becoming minimal or
absent in the week post-menses.

4. Substance/Medication- Induced Depressive Disorder

- Direct result of physiologic effects of substance
- not depression (kinda)

5. Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

- due to pre-existing complication

Predisposing Factors
1. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
-Genetics
A. Twin Studies
B. Direct Family
C. Adoption studies- does not spread

2. BIOCHEMICAL INFLUENCES
A. Biogenic Amines- neurotransmitters (norepinepherine, serotonin, and
dopamine)
- wait atleast 2 weeks to see therapeutic effect

3. NEUROENDOCRINE DISTURBANCES

4. PHYSIOLOGIC INFLUENCES
A. Medication side effects- drugs with direct to CNS (sedatives, anxiolytics,
antipsychotics)
B. Neurological disorders- Alzheimer’s, Parkinsonism
C. Electrolyte Imbalances- increase Na
D. Hormonal disturbances
E. Nutritional deficiencies
F. Other Physiological conditions

II. Psychosocial Theories

A. Psychoanalytical theories- freud (melancholia)
- loss of object, relationship, opportunities
B. Learning Theory
- lack of control
C. Object loss Theory
- frustrations, disappointment, separation
D. Cognitive theory
- all in the mind

Signs and Symptoms:

- Sleep (insomnia or hypersomnia)
- Interest (diminished or pleasure from activities)
- Guilt (excessive or inappropriate; feelings of worthlessness)
- Energy (loss/fatigued)
- Concentration ( Diminished/ indecisiveness)
- Appetite (decreased or increased; weight loss/gain)
- Psychomotor retardation/agitation
- Suicide (recurrent: thoughts of death, suicidal ideation)

Treatment:
1. Individual psychotherapy
2. Group therapy
3. Family therapy
4. Cognitive therapy
5. Electroconvulsive therapy- not responsive in medication
6. Light therapy
7. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
8. Psychopharmacology